Order CARNIV ORA Chapter 16

Transcription

1 Order CARNIV ORA Chapter 16 1 Carnivora Characteristics 1. Carnassial teeth (P4/m1) present or modified [Fig ] 2 More Carnivora Characteristics 2. Fusion of Scaphoid and Lunar (Fig. 15-7A) 3. Glenoid usually C- shaped (Fig. 15.5) 3 1

2 Feliform CARNIVORA Flynn et al., 2005 Systematic Zoology 4 Family Viverridae 1. Genets and Civets, about 34 species 2. Ethiopian, Oriental, Middle East 3. Tropical and subtropical areas 4. mainly solitary, nocturnal, arboreal 5. Primarily carnivorous, also omnivores, frugivores (Arctictis, the binturong), 6. perianal glands produce "civet" musk 5 Family Herpestidae 1. Mongooses (37+ species) 2. Native to Africa, Middle East, & Asia 3. Terrestrial and semi- arboreal 4. diurnal and nocturnal 5. Feeding generalist, mostly arthropods 6. Introduced to many places 7. Solitary or may form social groups 6 2

3 Madagascan carnivorans 1. are now placed in the Eupleuridae 2. Cryptoprocta is a cat ecomorph 7 Family Hyaenidae 1. Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental A. 2. Forelimbs longer than hindlimbs 3. Feet digitigrade 4. Matriarchal societies 8 Striped and Spotted Hyenas 1. Strongly built skulls and powerful dentition A. Crocuta 2. Scavengers and carnivores 3. Nocturnal predators

4 Crocuta 1. Female dominated hierarchies 2. Female masculinization: A. 3. developmental cause: A. 10 Proteles, the Aardwolf 1. Much smaller than other hyaenids 2. termite and ant feeder A. B. C. D. 11 Family Felidae 1. Cosmopolitan, except for Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, and some islands 2. Short rostrum 3. Number of teeth is reduced 4. Hypercarnivorous: well developed carnassial 5. Kill preys by suffocation or by biting the prey s neck 6. digitigrade 7. claws: sharp, recurved, retractile (except Acinonyx) 12 4

5 Felid Taxonomy species 2. taxonomy questionable 3. from 2 (Felis, Acinonyx) to 20 genera are recognized 4. pantherine cats can roar; flexible cartilage replaces hyoid bone 13 Cats of Texas 1. Some (*)haven t been seen here recently A. Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis B. Margay*, Leopardus wiedii C. Bobcat, Lynx rufus D. Jaguarundi, Puma (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi E. Jaguar. Panthera onca* F. Mountain Lion, Puma concolor 14 Family Felidae: Mountain Lion 1. Puma concolor 2. Cougar, puma, panther, catamount

6 Family Felidae: Jaguar* 1. Panthera (Jaguarius) onca 2. Only big cat in the New World. 3. Third largest cat in the world Cani for mia Flynn et al., 2005 Systematic Zoology 17 Family Canidae 1. Cosmopolitan, except Australia (dingoes are feral dogs) genera, 33 species kg 4. Long rostrum 5. Large nasal chamber with complex turbinals 6. Alisphenoid canal 18 6

7 Canid Dental Characters 1. Broadly adapted A. Mainly medium-sized predators B. long canines and strongly built carnassial teeth C. Postcarnassial teeth have crushing surfaces 19 Canid Characters 1. Limbs are usually long 2. Clavicle is absent 3. Feet digitigrade 4. Non-retractile claws 5. baculum well-developed 20 Family Canidae: Gray Wolf 1. Canislupus Reintroductions 21 7

8 Family Mustelidae 1. The most diverse family within the order Carnivora 2. cosmopolitan, except Australian; genera, 63 species 4. Occupy virtually every type of terrestrial habitat 22 Mustelid Characters 1. small, with long body and short limbs 2. digitigrade, non-retractile claws 3. Males about 25% larger than females 4. Well developed anal scent glands 5. Long skull and short rostrum 6. Well-developed baculum 23 Mustelid Dentition 1. Carnassials are usually well developed 24 8

9 Keystone Species Sea otters bagheera.com/inthewild/spot_spkey.htm 25 Mephitinae 26 Family Procyonidae 1. Raccoons, coatis, ringtails, kinkajous 2. Nearctic, Neotropical 3. 6 genera, 18 species 27 9

10 Procyonid Characteristics 1. Tail long, usually ringed 2. plantigrade, all can climb trees 3. baculumwell-developed 4. Reduced carnassial 5. mainly omnivores 6. Potos, a frugivore 28 Family Ailuridae 1. Ailurus--red panda 2. Himalayas 3. alisphenoid canal present 4. primarily herbivorous A. 29 Family Ursidae 1. bears, including the giant panda 2. Holarctic (including Atlas Mountains), Oriental, and Neotropical 3. Large, 4. mainly omnivores, also a carnivore (Ursus maritimus) and herbivore (Ailuropoda) 30 10

11 Ursid Characters 1. anterior premolars are small, may be absent 2. molars broad and flat; last upper molar very large, elongate [Fig ] 3. alisphenoid canal present 4. plantigrade 31 6 genera, 19 species 32 North American Bears 1. Ursus arctos 2. Ursus americanus 3. Ursus maritimus 33 11

12 Pinnipeds 1. aquatic carnivorans 2. feet modified into flippers 3. fusiform bodies 4. simplified, homodont, cheekteeth 5. derived from primitive ursoids 34 Differenc es between seals and sea lions/fur s eals 1. Seals (Phocidae) A. Lack pinnae B. flippers C. Claws 2. Sea lions (Otariidae) A. Pinnae B. flippers C. claws 35 Otariidae: sea lions, fur seals, 1. 7 genera, 14 species 2. Pacific, South Atlantic, Indian (near Australia only) 3. highly social, can have pronounced sexual dimorphism 36 12

13 1. Fig a Otariid skeleton 37 Family Odobenidae - Walrus 1. hind foot as in otariids 2. external ear absent 3. eyes and vibrissae to locate shellfish 4. males up to 1200 kg genus, 1 species [Figs , 12-30] 2. northern oceans 3. baculum welldeveloped 4. upper canines evergrowing, form tusks 5. Tusks used for 39 13

14 Family Phocidae 1. Seals (Fig 15.16) genera, 19 species 3. mainly on northern and southern oceans limbs 40 Phocid skeleton Diving in elephant seals 1. Maximum depth of 1500 m Exceeded only by sperm whales 42 14

15 CARNIVORE ADAPTATIONS Locomotion, Reproduction, Environmental Physiology 43 Cursorial adaptations 1. speed = rate of stride * length of stride 2. A. increasing the length of stride B. increasing the rate of stride C. increasing both 44 Increased Limb Length long stride 1. metapodials. 2. A. B. 3.Changing foot posture increases limb length A.Plantigrade B.Digitigrade C.unguligrade 45 15

16 Locomotor Categories 1.Ambulatory A.Plantigrade 2.Cursorial A.Digitigrade B.Unguligrade 46 Alteration of Pectoral Girdle to Increase Stride Length 1. Flat and rectangular scapula A. 2. Clavicle is reduced or vestigial A. B. C. 47 Increased Stride Rate 1. Reduction of Distal Limb Mass A. Artiodactyla: B. P erissodactyla: C. Fusion of radioulna; reduction of fibula D. Muscle mass proximal 48 16

17 Cheetah locomotion 1.increased dorso-ventral flexion of vertebral column A Spontaneous Ovulation 1.Most mammals 50 Induced Ovulation 1.several carnivores including cats and raccoons 2.Feline baculum 51 17

18 Delayed Implantation 1. bears, mustelids, all pinnipeds 2. Obligate delayed implantation A. postpartum estrus B. Seals a. Males and females are together only during mating season 52 Bear Reproduction sdnhm.org/exhibits/bears/teachersguide/backgroun d.html 53 ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLD Large Body Size 1. Surface to volume ratio. 2. Bergmann s Rule 3. races from cooler-climates in warm-blooded vertebrates tend to be larger than races of the same species living in warmer environments (Mayr 1970:197) 4. Body size increases with latitude A. B

19 Bergmann's Rule 1.Ashton (2000) A.Latitude: 78/110 species of mammals obey BR B.Temperature: 48/64 species of mammals C ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLD, 2 Increased Effective Insulation A. Pelage A. construction a. e.g. pronghorn, B. density a. e.g. sea otter C. thickness and/or length improves insulation a. e.g. arctic fox [Alopex lagopus] 56 Insulation in Aquatic Mammals 1. water is a heat sink 2. water versus air 3. Aquatic mammals with fur: A. trap air in fur B

20 Insulation in Aquatic Mammals 1.Sea otters A.wash fur B.dry by pressing it with paws C.blows air into fur, 2.Otariids 58 Increased Effective Insulation 1. Fur 2. Fat A. thick subcutaneous fat (blubber) layer [fig 8.8] B. Phocidae C. Cetacea 59 thick subcutaneous fat (blubber) layer [fig 8.8] 1. Fat insulates deep, vital organs A. 25% of body weight of Weddell seal is fat B % of harbor porpoise weight is fat

21 ADAPTATIONS TO THE COLD, 3 1. Appendages and Regional Heterothermy A. temperatures that are different from the core temp. B. Extremities lose heat rapidly C. selective vasoconstriction 61 Heat Exchange in Leg 3. rete mirabile and countercurrent heat exchange in extremities a. b. 4. Eskimo dogs exposed to cold (-30 C), core temperature = 38 C, toe pads 0 C and tops of feet at 8 C ; similarly for Rangifer. [fig 8.9] 62 Allen s Rule 1. Appendages of endothermic animals in cold climates are shorter than those of related or same species in warmer climates

22 Dormancy 1. Adaptive Hypothermia includes both dormancy and torpor A. hypothermia B. strategy for coping with heat or cold 64 Why aren't bears deep hibernators? Winter Lethargy in Ursus arctos