Anti-predator behavior: Group defense - Many eyes - Selfish herd - Dilution effects - Tonic immobility. Dispersal:

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1 Note: These are just the topics that have been covered since Exam 2. The exams are cumulative, so all the material that we have covered in this course can be included in the Final. However, there will be a heavier emphasis on material covered since Exam 2 on the final. Anti-predator behavior: Group defense - Many eyes - Selfish herd - Dilution effects - Tonic immobility Dispersal: Dispersal Home range - How to measure Philopatry Natal dispersal Breeding (secondary) dispersal Site fidelity Costs and benefits of dispersal, including: - Inbreeding avoidance hypothesis - Competition hypothesis Inbreeding depression Competition hypothesis Public information Sex-biased dispersal - Why female-biased dispersal in birds and male-biased dispersal in mammals? Migration and Navigation: Migration - Costs and benefits of migration, why do animals migrate? - The evolution of migration - Is migration a fixed genetic trait? You should know definitions of the following, how the systems work, and some examples of animals that use these systems: - Navigation - Orientation - Sun compass - Star compass - Geomagnetic compass Magnetic maps - Bicoordinate navigation Emlen funnel

2 Territoriality and Habitat Selection: Territory Home range Costs and benefits of territoriality When is territoriality beneficial, what distribution of resources favors territoriality? Dear enemy phenomenon Why do territorial owners often win territorial contests? Resource-holding potential Source and sink habitats Habitat selection under which conditions do animals settle in preferred vs. nonpreferred habitats? Ideal free distribution model - assumptions - predictions Conspecific attraction Allee effect Conspecific cueing Aggression: Game theory Hawk-Dove model including knowing how to interpret a matrix Evolutionary stable strategy Sequential assessment model Reproduction and Sexual Selection: Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Internal and external fertilization Sexual reproduction - Muller s ratchet Evolution of sex roles Critique of sexual selection and same-sex sexual behavior in animals Hermaphrodites Isogamy Anisogamy How did anisogamy evolve? Bateman s hypothesis Events promoting sexual dimorphism in parental investment Operational sex ratio, including how to calculate it and interpret it

3 Sexual dimorphism and monomorphism Sexual selection - Intrasexual selection - Intersexual selection Primary sexual characteristics Secondary sexual characteristics Understand how the degree of sexual dimorphism is related to the intensity of sexual selection in a species Intrasexual selection - Subterfuge - Infanticide - Direct competition - Dominance hierarchies - Alternative mating strategies - Extra-pair young - Sperm competition o Mate guarding o Copulatory plugs o Anti-aphrodisiacs o Advantages of first and second males o Cryptic female choice Intersexual selection - Material benefits - Nuptial gift - Spermatophore - Good parent theory - Healthy mate theory - Good genes theory - Runaway selection theory sexy sons Mating Systems: Monogamy Polyandry Polygyny Promiscuity/Polygamy Ecological influences on mating systems, the Emlen-Oring model - which environmental conditions favor which mating systems How is monogamy adaptive? When can monogamy enhance reproductive success? - Mate assistance hypothesis - Mate guarding hypothesis - Female-enforced monogamy hypothesis Social vs. genetic monogamy Extra-pair copulations for males and females Polyandry

4 - when is it a beneficial strategy? Polygyny When is it a beneficial strategy? Why would females choose polygyny over monogamy? o Polygyny threshold model Resource-defense polygyny Female-defense polygyny Lek polygyny Under which conditions are leks favored? Hotshot hypothesis Hotspot hypothesis Female preference hypothesis Parental Care: Parental investment vs. Parental care - when is each likely to evolve? - Costs and benefits K-selected species R-selected species Sexual conflict - Variation in parental care/sex-biased parental care - Robert Trivers - Under which conditions do you get higher levels of paternal care? o Paternal certainty o Internal vs. External fertilization o Oviparity vs. Viviparity o Altricial vs. Precocial young - Why is paternal care more common in fish? WD Hamilton Inclusive fitness Direct fitness Indirect fitness Hamilton s rule know what the terms mean and how to interpret the equation Coefficient of relatedness know what this means and know the r value for common relationships we ve covered in class Parent-offspring conflict - Parental care trade-off Sibling conflict - Siblicide o Obligate siblicide o Facultative siblicide o How can siblicide be adaptive for parents? For siblings? o What are some common traits of siblicidal species? Social Behavior:

5 Society The sociality continuum - When is asociality favored? - When is sociality likely to evolve? Costs and benefits of sociality Caste Eusociality Know definitions, examples of, and effects on direct reproductive success of the social donor and the recipient of the following: Mutualism Reciprocity (Reciprocal altruism) Altruism Selfish behavior Spiteful behavior The prisoner s dilemma - What usually happens in this situation? - How can cooperation evolve? What conditions are required? - Tit-for-tat Indirect reciprocity The importance of reputations Altruism how can it evolve? Cooperative breeding - How is it adaptive for helpers? Eusociality Haplodiploidy - Know why haplodiploidy is important for the evolution of eusociality - Know how the coefficient of relatedness differs for common relationships between diploid vs. haplodiplod species.