Honey Bee Biology. Elina L. Niño Extension Apiculturist
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1 Honey Bee Biology Elina L. Niño Extension Apiculturist
2 listverse.com
3 E.L. Niño Honey Bee Lab Bernardo Niño Staff Res. Assoc. Charley Nye Laidlaw Facility Mngr. Patricia Bohls PhD Student Cameron Jasper PhD Student Many undergraduate and high school volunteers and interns
4 Our mission To support the California stakeholders (no maker how big or small) through conducmng basic and applied research, and to disseminate knowledge of honey bees and contemporary research findings through extension and outreach.
5 Research IdenMfy factors regulamng queen mamng and reproducmon (P. Bohls, C. Jasper) Help inform breeding programs and improve queen quality Seek addimonal Varroa control opmons (B. Niño, P. Bohls) Help inform colony management to improve colony health ars.usda.gov
6 Extension and outreach
7 Using science- based informamon to educate stewards and ambassadors for honey bees and beekeeping.
8 Häagen- Dazs Honey Bee Haven Docent tours of the garden Self- guided tour Open dawn to dusk Many other events
9 Safety Honey bees are s5nging insects and people can develop an allergy! Wear long pants, closed- toed shoes, light- colored clothing, veil, use a smoker! Bee calm when going through the hive Stay calm, if bees are bumping you walk away quickly
10 Let s talk about honey bees!
11 Outline Individuals in the hive Development Communication
12 Outline Individuals in the hive Development Communication
13 The Honey Bee Colony Under Natural Conditions Nest in cavities Build multiple comb nests Social Insects Eusocial
14 Eusocial Cooperative care of young Reproductive division of labor Overlapping generations that share the same nest Other eusocial insects Ants, Some wasps, Termites
15 A look inside the colony Drones ADULTS Queen Workers bluefields.com
16 Queen Larger than workers Sole reproductive female in the colony She will lay eggs each day (seasonal) Lifespan: 1-5 years
17 Workers Female Facultatively sterile Hive upkeep and foraging Colony will have 20,000-60,000 in the hive Barbed stinger, die when sting Lifespan: 6 weeks
18 Drones Male Reach sexual maturity at two weeks Single purpose Mating Die after mating, if not mated forced out of the colony
19 Outline Individuals in the hive Development Communication
20 Development Larvae Eggs Adult Pupae Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
21 Haplodiploid System Haplodiploidy is a sex- determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid N 2N
22 Timeline Unfertilized eggs become drones (24 days) Fertilized eggs can become workers (21 days) or QUEENS (16 days)
23
24 Queen VS Worker development All female larvae are fed the same diet for the first 3 days Queens are continually fed Royal Jelly Special Protein Royalactin Plant compounds Workers are fed brood food Mix of glandular secretions, pollen, honey
25 Rearing of a New Queen Swarming Natural process of colony reproduction Supersedure Current queen is replaced Injury Laying few eggs/drones Emergency Queen dies We squash her
26 Basic Queen Biology Emerge after 16 days Virgin queens will search out the capped queen cells and kill the individual inside (workers will also cull queen cells) If multiple virgins emerge simultaneously then queen death match ensues A single virgin queen will survive and mate generally within a week Queens mate with multiple drones (avg ) Should start egg- laying within a week of being mated
27 Mating Flight Aaempt
28 Virgin VS mated Queen Virgin Moves erratically Slender No retinue Flies readily Mated Moves slowly and predictably Large abdomen Retinue present Will only fly if swarming
29 Retinue
30 Worker Behavior and Tasks Based on: Age of the worker Colony needs
31 House Bees ~1-20 days old Comb building House cleaning Brood care Accepting nectar and pollen from foragers Undertakers Hive guarding Climate control
32 Foragers ~20 days until death (30-45 days) Highly variable Collect Nectar Pollen Water Plant resins (propolis)
33 Dance Language Carl von Frisch - Austrian Zoologist Cracked the dance code (foraging) of honey bees Foraging - location of a food source Forage up to five miles Forage for highest quality resources Swarming
34
35 Nectar needed for sugar Provisioning for winter/dearth Wax producmon Foraging for pollen and nectar Pollen needed for proteins Brood food Pollenergie.fr
36
37 Photos by Randy Oliver
38 Foraging for water Drinking Climate control Foraging for propolis An5microbial
39 Outline Individuals in the hive Development Communication
40 Communication via Chemicals Identification of the colony members Pheromones Queen Alarm Brood Many more
41 Colony Recognition Each colony has it s own smell Workers use it to identify non colony- mates The smell is acquired (usually after first 24 hrs) Newly emerged bees can be placed into any colony
42 Queen produces many pheromones from multiple glands Composition depends on age, mating status, quality Many functions, regulate social organization of the hive Tergal glands Z. Huang Mandibular gland Hefeh lab Dufour s gland Tarsal glands Synthetic versions available
43 Adult and Brood Pheromones Alarm pheromone Brood pheromone
44 Questions???
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