Gas Phase Oxidation of Nicotine by OH Radicals: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Formation of HNCO
|
|
- Cameron Jones
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Letter Subscriber access provided by Northern Illinois University Gas Phase Oxidation of Nicotine by OH Radicals: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Formation of HNCO Nadine Borduas, Jennifer Grace Murphy, Chen Wang, Gabriel da Silva, and Jonathan P.D. Abbatt Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., Just Accepted Manuscript DOI: /acs.estlett.6b00231 Publication Date (Web): 28 Jul 2016 Downloaded from on August 2, 2016 Just Accepted Just Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides Just Accepted as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. Just Accepted manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. Just Accepted manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI ). Just Accepted is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the Just Accepted Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the Just Accepted Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these Just Accepted manuscripts. is published by the American Chemical Society Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.
2 Page 1 of Gas Phase Oxidation of Nicotine by OH Radicals: Kinetics, Mechanisms and Formation of HNCO 3 Nadine Borduas 1*, Jennifer G. Murphy 1, Chen Wang 2, Gabriel da Silva 3, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada 8 3 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia 9 ABSTRACT Cigarette smoke is recognized as having harmful health effects for the smoker and for people breathing second-hand smoke. In an atmospheric chemistry context however, little is known about the fate of organic nitrogen compounds present in cigarette smoke. Indeed, the atmospheric oxidation of nicotine, a major nitrogen-containing component of cigarette smoke, by OH radicals has yet to be investigated. We report the first rate coefficient measurement between OH and nicotine to be (8.38 ± 0.28) cm 3 molec -1 s -1 at 298 ± 3 K. We use an online proton-transferreaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) to quantify nicotine s oxidation products, including formamide and isocyanic acid (HNCO). We present the first evidence that HNCO is formed from 1
3 Page 2 of nicotine s gas phase oxidation and we highlight the potential for this toxic molecule to be an indoor air pollutant after smoking has ended. Mechanistic pathways for the oxidation of nicotine by OH radicals were investigated by theoretical calculations at the M06-2X level of theory and we find that there are many competitive H-abstraction sites on nicotine. Our findings suggest that the atmospheric removal of nicotine by OH radicals may compete with surface deposition and air exchange, and may be a source of HNCO in indoor air. 24 TOC INTRODUCTION Smoking has well-documented negative health consequences for populations worldwide, including cancer, pulmonary diseases and cardiovascular diseases. 1 Exposure pathways of concern include mainstream smoke, inhaled by the smoker, sidestream smoke (or second-hand smoke), inhaled in the presence of a smoker, and third-hand smoke, inhaled near surfaces previously exposed to cigarette smoke. 2 Both mainstream and sidestream smoking increase cardiovascular disease risk by promoting atherosclerosis and blood clot formation. 1 Nicotine is the major organic nitrogen compound emitted from burning tobacco cigarettes. It can be present at levels up to 3 mg per cigarette depending on the cigarette brand, and thus may account for ~1.5% of a cigarette s 2
4 Page 3 of weight. 3-5 Nicotine is a known health hazard and causes addiction, but is also used as a therapeutic for Parkinson and Alzheimer s diseases. 5 The atmospheric fate of nicotine has been assumed to be governed by its deposition to surfaces. 6,7 Based on the current literature, gas-phase nicotine is expected to be rapidly removed by sorption to indoor surfaces, and re-emitted during ventilation, leading to third hand smoke exposure and to concentrations up to ~10% of those observed during the smoking phase indoors. 8 Nicotine adsorption rate coefficients to surfaces in an indoor environment range from hours - 1 and 95-99% is reported to be partitioned to the sorbed phase at equilibrium. 6,7 Nicotine s heterogeneous oxidation by ozone has been previously studied at high ozone levels and found to proceed on timescales of a week or so. 9 Surprisingly, its rate coefficient with OH radicals has yet to be reported. Nicotine s gas phase oxidation may compete with deposition and air exchange rates in indoor environments despite expected lower concentrations of OH radicals indoor (~ molec cm -3 ) compared to outdoor air (~ molec cm -3 ). 10,11 In an outdoor context, nicotine emissions may be increasing through regulations requiring smokers to smoke outside, in which case nicotine may be oxidized in a higher OH radical concentration environment. In addition, electronic cigarettes generate fewer particles, allowing nicotine to partition and/or remain in the gas phase. 12 Sidestream smoke and nicotine exposure are of concern, but the aging of both the smoke and nicotine may also have negative health and environmental impacts. Nicotine has been found to contribute significantly (with yields of 4-9%) to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through reaction with ozone. 13 SOA formation has also been observed by sorbed nicotine from cellulose, cotton and paper surfaces reacting with ozone in the presence of NOx and varying RH. 14 In addition, residual nicotine from tobacco smoke sorbed to indoor surfaces may react with 3
5 Page 4 of ambient nitrous acid (HONO) to form carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. 15 These recent studies raise concerns about exposure to tobacco smoke residue, through second- and third-hand smoke. In an effort to contribute to the growing knowledge of cigarette smoke from an atmospheric chemistry perspective, we provide the first measurement of nicotine s rate coefficient with OH radicals at room temperature. Also, for the first time, we quantify formamide and HNCO as oxidation products of this alkaloid and further support nicotine s oxidation mechanism with DFT calculations. The observations of HNCO formation are especially important given this compound s recognized toxicity. HNCO is known to cause carbamylation which may subsequently lead to illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts and cardiovascular diseases HNCO has also recently been measured in ambient air at concentrations up to 1 ppb, high enough to be of health concern. 20 The fast gas phase loss kinetics of nicotine and the formation of toxic products contribute to our understanding of the fate of cigarette smoke and to the production of secondary pollutants, especially in an indoor environment MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Kinetic and product study of nicotine The kinetics of nicotine OH oxidation were studied using a quadrupole proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) (Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Innsbruck Austria) 21 connected to a 1 m 3 Teflon FEP film (American Durafilm) bag (Ingeniven) and mounted on a Teflon-coated frame, with no fan. The chamber is also surrounded by 24 UVB lamps (Microlites Scientific) centered at 310 nm used to photolyse hydrogen peroxide as the OH radical source. The signals of the 4
6 Page 5 of compounds of interest were normalized to the H3 18 O + ion, m/z 21. Experiments were conducted under dry (< 1 %) and NOx-free conditions (see SI for further details). For the calibration of the PTR-MS, known volumes of a 0.7 M aqueous solution of nicotine (Sigma-Aldrich, > 99% purity) were injected into the chamber through a glass tube connection. A flow of pure air from an AADCO 737-series generator passed through the glass tube adding nicotine to the chamber in mixing ratios up to ~700 ppbv. Nicotine was monitored at its protonated molecular ion at m/z 163, and had a linear calibration (Figure S1), a sensitivity of 2 ncps/ppbv (calculated using Equation S1) 21 and a LOD of 2.0 ppbv (3 ). Furthermore, the m/z 44 and m/z 46 PTR-MS signals were assigned to HNCO and formamide. Calibration details of the products are detailed in the SI. A typical oxidation experiment used 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) (Sigma-Aldrich, 98%) as the reference compound for the relative rate kinetics, detected by the PTR-MS at m/z An aqueous solution of 30 % hydrogen peroxide bubbled into the chamber generated OH radicals upon UVB light exposure. The hydrogen peroxide was continuously injected inside the chamber to ensure a steady state concentration of OH radicals and thus pseudo-first order kinetics (see Figure S3). The OH radical concentration was ~ 10 7 molec cm -3, estimated by the decay of the reference compound. Refer to the SI for the details on control experiments conducted. 2. Theoretical method To investigate the mechanism of the gas-phase reaction of nicotine with OH radicals, computational DFT methods were employed using the Gaussian 09 code. 23 Structures of the reactants and transition states were optimized using the M06-2X density functional method with the 6-311G+(d,p) basis set. 24 The energies reported are 0 K enthalpies and are calculated from the 5
7 Page 6 of sum of the electronic energy and the zero point energy. Optimized geometries are provided in the SI. The transition state energy represents the energy difference between the transition state and the sum of the reactants energies. The assumption is that the energy of the pre-complex formation of nicotine with OH radicals does not affect the rate of the reaction, i.e. we report transition state energy relative to the energy of the reactants as an indication of whether the mechanism is likely to occur readily RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Kinetics results The rate coefficient for nicotine s gas phase reaction with OH radicals was measured using the relative rate kinetics method. 25 Nicotine was detected in the chamber, but required the use of hundreds of ppbv for quantifiable decays. Compared to our previous experience with gas phase amines, the chamber did not require prior conditioning for a reproducible nicotine signal to be observed (see nicotine signal in Figure S3). 22 Plotting the natural logarithm of the decay of nicotine as a function of the natural logarithm of the decay of the reference compound as in Figure 1 yields a linear regression in which the slope represents the ratio of the nicotine s rate coefficient to TMB s rate coefficient. Figure 1 represents the data and fit from a single experiment, and the experiment was performed in triplicate. Based on TMB s previously reported room temperature rate coefficient of (5.73 ± 0.53) cm 3 molec -1 s -1, 26 we convert each regression to its corresponding rate coefficient for nicotine. The average of these triplicate rate coefficients leads to a value of (8.38 ± 0.28) cm 3 molec -1 s -1 for nicotine + OH radicals at 298 ± 3 K where the standard deviation represents the variability between experiments. Since the precision between 6
8 Page 7 of replicated experiments is good (3%), the uncertainty for nicotine s rate coefficient is dominated by the uncertainty in TMB s rate coefficient, leading to an overall uncertainty closer to 10%. If we assume an indoor environment with an OH radical concentration as high as molec cm -3, 10 nicotine would have a lifetime of 6.6 hours (or longer with lower averaged OH concentrations) 27, and a shorter lifetime outdoors where OH concentrations are expected to be higher during the daytime. The room temperature rate coefficient measured for nicotine can be compared to other amines reactivity towards OH radicals. Indeed, the majority of alkylamines have rate coefficients between cm 3 molec -1 s The rate coefficient of heterogeneous nicotine with gas phase ozone has been reported to be ± min -1 in the presence of 245 ppmv of ozone. 9 This rate coefficient is not directly transferable to the gas phase, but leads us to believe that the atmospheric oxidation of nicotine will be dominated by OH radicals rather than by ozone. Concerns over whether the nicotine decay observed was occurring in the gas phase versus on the wall/particle surface are justified. However, we argue that the majority of the decay was occurring in the gas phase during the first hour of oxidation. First, the decay rate of nicotine in a flushing control experiment matched the purging rate of the chamber, suggesting minimal desorption from the wall (Figure S2). Second, particle formation is inevitable during oxidation, but the exponential decay of nicotine and TMB in Figure S3 and their linear relationship in Figure 1 indicates that nicotine does not have an additional and/or growing sink as the experiment progresses. Further discussion is included in the SI. The fate of gas phase nicotine in a typical indoor environment depends on its deposition to surfaces, the air exchange rate of the room/building and its chemical reactivity. Studies have previously suggested that the majority of nicotine is removed via deposition, and may later 7
9 Page 8 of revolatilize. 7,8,14 Air exchange rates in residential homes range between h Our results suggest that chemical reactivity with OH radicals may compete with ventilation for removal in particularly well-sealed buildings with low air exchange rates. The gas phase reactivity of nicotine will also apply to deposited molecules that repartition to the gas phase Figure 1: Plot of the natural logarithm of the decay of nicotine against the natural logarithm of the decay of the reference compound TMB. Each point was taken at ~ 5 s intervals by the PTR-MS and the linear regression is represented as the black line. The nicotine decay plotted here was taken from h from Figure S3A. (See SI for further details on this regression.) 2. Product study Nicotine reacts quickly in the presence of OH radicals and so identifying its oxidation products is important to better assess its health and environmental impact in the context of cigarette smoke. Figure 2 depicts the evolution of nicotine and its nitrogenated products as a function of time, measured by the PTR-MS. The major oxidation products containing nitrogen that could be confidently assigned were formamide and HNCO. If we assume that all the nicotine injected was 8
10 Page 9 of oxidized, we can report lower limit yields of 5 % for both formamide and HNCO after 2 h of photo-oxidation. The yield of formamide is similar to measured yields from other amines like monoethanolamine (MEA). 22 We note that these yields are likely lower limits since the products do appear to continue growing after the disappearance of nicotine (Figure S4). We also add that these yields are not directly transferable to the real atmosphere as we operate in a NOx-free environment. The production of HNCO from nicotine s photo-oxidation was also confirmed by appending an acetate reagent ion chemical ionization mass spectrometer to the chamber, an instrument described by Borduas et al., 33 which does not have interferences at HNCO s molecular ion. Despite uncertainties in HNCO quantification (detailed in the SI), the observation of HNCO production from nicotine photo-oxidation is important, and may contribute to the negative health effects observed with smoking tobacco cigarettes. By plotting the mixing ratios of formamide and HNCO over time as a function of the decaying nicotine mixing ratio (Figure S5), it is clear that these compounds are not first order generation products. In fact, the exponential curve in Figure S5 suggests they are at least second or third generation products, implying a complex mechanism of formation. Recent studies have shown that HNCO is the major product of formamide photo-oxidation, yet HNCO must have other sources based on the early onset of its production during the nicotine s oxidation (see Figures 2 and S4). A similar conclusion was also made by Link et al. in their study of photo-oxidation of diesel exhaust. 37 Furthermore, Roberts et al. detected high levels of HNCO from cigarette smoke in a preliminary study. 20 Our study extends Roberts et al. s observation; even after smoking has ended, there are secondary sources of HNCO, at least from nicotine, with important implications for indoor air quality. HNCO s dominant ambient atmospheric fate is to partition to the aqueous phase, 9
11 ppbv of nicotine Page 10 of where it may have lifetimes from hours to months depending on ph, 33 but yet unknown lifetimes in the indoor environment. Finally, the signal at m/z 42 was assigned to acetonitrile and detected with a yield of ~ 1 %. Acetonitrile is typically known as a biomass tracer in ambient air and is expected to be formed from the oxidation of organic nitrogen nicotine isocyanic acid formamide acetonitrile ppbv of products hours of reaction Figure 2: The evolution of nicotine and its oxidation products upon exposure to OH radicals. The m/z with their assignments are m/z 163 (nicotine), m/z 44 (isocyanic acid), m/z 46 (formamide), and m/z 42 (acetonitrile). See also Figure S4. 3. Mechanism of oxidation To explore the mechanism of oxidation of nicotine, as well as to gain insight into the firstgeneration oxidation products, we employ computational chemistry to calculate the transition state energies of nicotine + OH radicals relative to the energies of the reactants. Nicotine s benzylic C H bond, the most electron rich bond of the molecule, is likely to be the most reactive towards OH (Figure 3 and Figure S6). Its abstraction has been observed as the primary pathway in 10
12 Page 11 of nicotine s aqueous phase oxidation. 39 We calculate a nicotine-oh radical pre-complex at 3.6 kcal mol -1 below the entrance energies of the reactants with a transition state only 0.4 kcal mol -1 above the energy of the pre-complex (Figure 3). These energies translate to a facile C H abstraction and are consistent with the large rate coefficient we measured. Nonetheless, there exist fourteen C H bonds (nine of them unique) in nicotine which could react with OH radicals, in addition to potential OH-addition sites on the pyridine ring. To identify which C H abstraction governs nicotine s reactivity, we iteratively calculated each C H bond s transition state energy. These results are presented in Figure S6 and in the inset of Figure 3 and suggest that many C H abstraction mechanisms are competitive for reaction with OH radicals. Thus, the oxidation mechanisms of nicotine appear to be complex and occur at several C H abstraction sites (in blue in the inset of Figure 3). Furthermore, we highlight unique reactivity on nicotine s pyridine ring where the OH addition mechanism is deactivated (see SI and Figure S7). 40 It becomes difficult to assign a single mechanistic pathway for the production of formamide and HNCO. We estimate that at least two closed-shell intermediates are likely prior to formamide production based on calculations of subsequent reactions of the benzylic radical product (not shown). We also cannot differentiate if the nitrogen in formamide originates from the N CH3 group or the pyridine ring N. Further studies with isotopically labelled nitrogen might help in elucidating and differentiating mechanisms leading to formamide and HNCO. 11
13 Page 12 of Figure 3: Theoretical energy diagram for nicotine + OH. Energies are 0 K enthalpies in kcal mol -1, at the M06-2X level of theory and 6-311G+(d,p) basis set. Inset: lowest transition state energies for the C H bond abstraction and OH addition mechanism. Likely reaction sites are colored in blue and unlikely reaction mechanisms are colored in red. Also see Figure S3. AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *nadine.borduas@alum.utoronto.ca, Author Contributions 12
14 Page 13 of The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript Funding Sources NB is grateful to the University of Toronto for the Adel Sedra Graduate Award as well as for the Special Opportunity Travel Grant. The authors also acknowledge funding from CFI, NSERC and the Sloan Foundation. GdS is supported by the Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT ) and Discovery Projects (DP ) programs ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank Environment Canada for lending us their VOC standard canister and John Wang for assistance using the VOC canister ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Available: Detailed information on control experiments, theoretical results and optimized geometries. REFERENCES References 1. Eriksen, M.; Mackay, J.; Schluger, N.; Gomeshtapeh, F. I.; Drope, J., Eds.; In The Tobacco Atlas; American Cancer Society: Atlanta, Georgia, 2015; pp Guerin, M. R.; Higgins, C. E.; Jenkins, R. A. Measuring environmental emissions from tobacco combustion: Sidestream cigarette smoke literature review. Atmos. Environ. 1987, 21, Charles, S. M.; Batterman, S. A.; Jia, C. Composition and emissions of VOCs in main- and side-stream smoke of research cigarettes. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41,
15 Page 14 of Charles, S. M.; Jia, C.; Batterman, S. A.; Godwin, C. VOC and particulate emissions from commercial cigarettes: Analysis of 2,5-DMF as an ETS tracer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, Hukkanen, J.; Jacob, P.; Benowitz, N. L. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacol. Rev. 2005, 57, Singer, B. C.; Hodgson, A. T.; Nazaroff, W. W. Gas-phase organics in environmental tobacco smoke: 2. Exposure-relevant emission factors and indirect exposures from habitual smoking. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, Singer, B. C.; Revzan, K. L.; Hotchi, T.; Hodgson, A. T.; Brown, N. J. Sorption of organic gases in a furnished room. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, Petrick, L. M.; Sleiman, M.; Dubowski, Y.; Gundel, L. A.; Destaillats, H. Tobacco smoke aging in the presence of ozone: A room-sized chamber study. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, Petrick, L.; Destaillats, H.; Zouev, I.; Sabach, S.; Dubowski, Y. Sorption, desorption, and surface oxidative fate of nicotine. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, Gómez Alvarez, E.; Amedro, D.; Afif, C.; Gligorovski, S.; Schoemaecker, C.; Fittschen, C.; Doussin, J.; Wortham, H. Unexpectedly high indoor hydroxyl radical concentrations associated with nitrous acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110, Jacobs, D. J. Oxidizing Power of the Troposphere. In Introduction to Atmospheric ChemistryPrinceton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey, 1999; pp Bush, D.; Goniewicz, M. L. A pilot study on nicotine residues in houses of electronic cigarette users, tobacco smokers, and non-users of nicotine-containing products. Int. J. Drug Policy 2015, 26, Sleiman, M.; Destaillats, H.; Smith, J. D.; Liu, C.; Ahmed, M.; Wilson, K. R.; Gundel, L. A. Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone-initiated reactions with nicotine and secondhand tobacco smoke. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44,
16 Page 15 of Petrick, L. M.; Svidovsky, A.; Dubowski, Y. Thirdhand smoke: Heterogeneous oxidation of nicotine and secondary aerosol formation in the indoor environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, Sleiman, M.; Gundel, L. A.; Pankow, J. F.; Jacob, P.; Singer, B. C.; Destaillats, H. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, Wang, Z.; Nicholls, S. J.; Rodriguez, E. R.; Kummu, O.; Horkko, S.; Barnard, J.; Reynolds, W. F.; Topol, E. J.; DiDonato, J. A.; Hazen, S. L. Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis. Nat. Med. 2007, 13, Mydel, P.; Wang, Z.; Brisslert, M.; Hellvard, A.; Dahlberg, L. E.; Hazen, S. L.; Bokarewa, M. Carbamylation-dependent activation of T cells: A novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. J. Immunol. 2010, 184, Jaisson, S.; Pietrement, C.; Gillery, P. Carbamylation-derived products: Bioactive compounds and potential biomarkers in chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis. Clin. Chem. 2011, 57, Verbrugge, F. H.; Tang, W. H. W.; Hazen, S. L. Protein carbamylation and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int. 2015, 88, Roberts, J. M.; Veres, P. R.; Cochran, A. K.; Warneke, C.; Burling, I. R.; Yokelson, R. J.; Lerner, B.; Gilman, J. B.; Kuster, W. C.; Fall, R.; de Gouw, J. Isocyanic acid in the atmosphere and its possible link to smoke-related health effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108, De Gouw, J.; Warneke, C. Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Earth's atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2007, 26, Borduas, N.; Abbatt, J. P. D.; Murphy, J. G. Gas phase oxidation of monoethanolamine (MEA) with OH radical and ozone: kinetics, products, and particles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47,
17 Page 16 of Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Montgomery, J. J. A.; Vreven, T.; Kudin, K. N.; Burant, J. C.; Millam, J. M.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Cossi, M.; Scalmani, G.; Rega, N.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Klene, M.; Li, X.; Knox, J. E.; Hratchian, H. P.; Cross, J. B.; Bakken, V.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Ayala, P. Y.; Morokuma, K.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Strain, M. C.; Farkas, O.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cui, Q.; Baboul, A. G.; Clifford, S.; Cioslowski, J.; Stefanov, B. B.; Liu, G.; Liashenko, A.; Piskorz, P.; Komaromi, I.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M. A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Challacombe, M.; Gill, P. M. W.; Johnson, B.; Chen, W.; Wong, M. W.; Gonzalez, C.; Pople, J. A. Gaussian 09, Revision B Zhao, Y.; Truhlar, D. The M06 suite of density functionals for main group thermochemistry, thermochemical kinetics, noncovalent interactions, excited states, and transition elements: Two new functionals and systematic testing of four M06-class functionals and 12 other functionals. Theor. Chem. Acc. 2008, 120, Atkinson, R. Kinetics and mechanisms of the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radical with organic compounds under atmospheric conditions. Chem. Rev. 1986, 86, Kramp, F.; Paulson, S. E. On the uncertainties in the rate coefficients for OH reactions with hydrocarbons, and the rate coefficients of the 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and m-xylene reactions with OH radicals in the gas phase. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, Weschler, C. J.; Shields, H. C. Production of the hydroxyl radical in indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, Ge, X.; Wexler, A. S.; Clegg, S. L. Atmospheric amines - Part I. A review. Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45,
18 Page 17 of Nielsen, C. J.; Herrmann, H.; Weller, C. Atmospheric chemistry and environmental impact of the use of amines in carbon capture and storage (CCS). Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, Onel, L.; Thonger, L.; Blitz, M. A.; Seakins, P. W.; Bunkan, A. J. C.; Solimannejad, M.; Nielsen, C. J. Gas-phase reactions of OH with methyl amines in the presence or absence of molecular oxygen. An experimental and theoretical Study. J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, Onel, L.; Dryden, M.; Blitz, M. A.; Seakins, P. W. Atmospheric oxidation of piperazine by OH has a low potential to form carcinogenic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2014, 1, Breen, M. S.; Breen, M.; Williams, R. W.; Schultz, B. D. Predicting residential air exchange rates from questionnaires and meteorology: Model evaluation in Central North Carolina. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, Borduas, N.; Place, B.; Wentworth, G. R.; Abbatt, J. P. D.; Murphy, J. G. Solubility and reactivity of HNCO in water: insights into HNCO's fate in the atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2016, 16, Barnes, I.; Solignac, G.; Mellouki, A.; Becker, K. H. Aspects of the atmospheric chemistry of amides. ChemPhysChem 2010, 11, Borduas, N.; da Silva, G.; Murphy, J. G.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Experimental and theoretical understanding of the gas phase oxidation of atmospheric amides with OH radicals: kinetics, products, and mechanisms. J. Phys. Chem. A 2015, 119, Bunkan, A. J. C.; Mikoviny, T.; Nielsen, C. J.; Wisthaler, A.; Zhu, L. Experimental and theoretical study of the OH-initiated photo-oxidation of formamide. J. Phys. Chem. A 2016, 120, Link, M. F.; Friedman, B.; Fulgham, R.; Brophy, P.; Galang, A.; Jathar, S. H.; Veres, P.; Roberts, J. M.; Farmer, D. K. Photochemical processing of diesel fuel emissions as a large secondary source of isocyanic acid (HNCO). Geophys. Res. Lett. 2016, 43,
19 Page 18 of Yuan, B.; Liu, Y.; Shao, M.; Lu, S.; Streets, D. G. Biomass burning contributions to ambient VOCs species at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, Kosno, K.; Janik, I.; Celuch, M.; Mirkowski, J.; Kisala, J.; Pogocki, D. The role of ph in the mechanism of OH radical induced oxidation of nicotine. Isr. J. Chem. 2014, 54, da Silva, G.; Bozzelli, J. W.; Asatryan, R. Hydroxyl radical initiated oxidation of s-triazine: Hydrogen abstraction is faster than hydroxyl addition. J. Phys. Chem. A 2009, 113,
Supporting Information
Supporting Information Oxidation of Ethyl Ether on Borate Glass: Chemiluminescence, Mechanism and Development of a Sensitive Gas Sensor Jing Hu, Kailai Xu, Yunzhen Jia, Yi Lv,* Yubao Li, Xiandeng Hou*
More informationSupplemental Information. Biophysical and Computational Studies. of Membrane Penetration by the GRP1. Pleckstrin Homology Domain
1 Structure 19 Supplemental Information Biophysical and Computational Studies of Membrane Penetration by the GRP1 Pleckstrin Homology Domain Craig N. Lumb, Ju He, Yi Xue, Phillip J. Stansfeld, Robert V.
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Substituted 5,6,11,12-tetradehydrodibenzo[a,e]cyclooctenes: Syntheses, Properties and DFT Studies of Substituted Sondheimer-Wong Diynes Feng Xu, 1 Lifen Peng, 1 Kenta Shinohara,
More informationSupporting Information. Nanocontainer of Fluorescence Sensor of Cadmium Ion in Water and Biological Applications
Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry This journal is (c) The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Supporting Information Nanocontainer of Fluorescence Sensor of Cadmium Ion in Water
More informationBackbone and Side-Chain Cleavages in Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD)
11332 J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 11332-11337 Backbone and Side-Chain Cleavages in Electron Detachment Dissociation (EDD) Iwona Anusiewicz,, Marek Jasionowski, Piotr Skurski,, and Jack Simons*, Department
More informationSYNTHESIS AND MASS SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HD DEGRADATION PRODUCTS. A COMPUTATIONAL ELUCIDATION OF THE RESULTS.
SYNTHESIS AND MASS SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HD DEGRADATION PRODUCTS. A COMPUTATIONAL ELUCIDATION OF THE RESULTS. Sue Y. Bae, Mark D.Winemiller, Fu-Lian Hsu, Dennis K. Rohrbaugh and Harold D. Banks* U.S. Army
More informationA Dual-Ion-Switched Molecular Brake based on Ferrocene
A Dual-Ion-Switched Molecular Brake based on Ferrocene Dong Zhang, a Qiong Zhang, a,b Jianhua Su a and He Tian* a a Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information. for
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2014 Electronic Supplementary Information for A Comprehensive Study of Isomerization
More informationSteric Effects in the Computational Modeling of Cyclization Reactions of Dieneynones
Steric Effects in the Computational Modeling of Cyclization Reactions of Dieneynones Kim Anh Hoang Faculty Mentor: Dr. Benjamin Gherman McNair Scholars Journal s Volume 17 Abstract Enediynes can undergo
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Redox Reactivity of a Mononuclear Manganese-Oxo Complex Binding Calcium Ion and Other Redox-Inactive Metal Ions Muniyandi Sankaralingam, Yong-Min Lee, Yuliana Pineda-Galvan, Deepika
More informationSupplement of Formaldehyde production from isoprene oxidation across NOx regimes
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2597 2610, 2016 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/2597/2016/ doi:10.5194/acp-16-2597-2016-supplement Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Formaldehyde
More informationModeling the Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics
J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 8979-8985 8979 Modeling the Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics Jason K. Pearson and Russell J. Boyd* Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie UniVersity,
More informationThe Length Dependent Activity of Oximes on Reactivation of Tabun Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase; A Theoretical Study
Regular Article PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY RESEARCH Published by the Iranian Chemical Society www.physchemres.org info@physchemres.org Phys. Chem. Res., Vol. 5, No. 2, 309-315, June 2017 The Length Dependent Activity
More informationThis is an author-deposited version published in: Eprints ID : 2453
Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited
More informationSupplementary Information for: Conformational Analysis of Peramivir Reveals Critical Differences Between Free and Enzyme-Bound States
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Medicinal Chemistry Communications. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supplementary Information for: Conformational Analysis of Peramivir Reveals
More informationSynthesis and reduction of (S)-(-)-nicotine-N -oxide and N,N dioxides by rat liver S-9 fraction
Synthesis and reduction of (S)-(-)-nicotine-N -oxide and N,N dioxides by rat liver S-9 fraction Koji Uwai, Hirokazu Sato, Naoe Kazakami, Hisao Matsuzaki, and Mitsuhiro Takeshita* Tohoku Pharmaceutical
More informationInternational Journal of Mass Spectrometry
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 304 (2011) 45 50 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Mass Spectrometry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijms Dissociative
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Visible Light Photocatalytic Aerobic xygenation of Indoles and ph as Chemoselective Switch Chenhao Zhang, a Sanliang Li, a Filip Bureš, b Richmond Lee, c Xinyi Ye, d and Zhiyong
More informationOutline of Presentation
Indoor Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Health Effects Annette C. Rohr, Sc.D. October 24, 2006 Health Effects of Organic Aerosols Workshop Palo Alto, CA Outline of Presentation Background Indoor
More informationPart 1: Imaging Spectroscopy: From air quality investigations to healthcare applications
Part 1: Imaging Spectroscopy: From air quality investigations to healthcare applications Part 2: Chemical Ionisation Reaction Mass Spectrometry (CIR-MS) for Breath Analysis Research 12 th March 2009 Roland
More informationCharacterization of isoprene and its oxidation products at a remote subtropical forested mountain site, South China
Characterization of isoprene and its oxidation products at a remote subtropical forested mountain site, South China Daocheng Gong, Hao Wang, Boguang Wang *, etc. Institute for Environmental and Climate
More informationWater soluble, cyclometalated Pt(II)-Ln(III) conjugates towards novel bimodal imaging agents
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Water soluble, cyclometalated Pt(II)-Ln(III) conjugates towards novel bimodal imaging agents liver
More informationConformational Study of Tyramine and Its Water Clusters by Laser Spectroscopy
1800 J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 1800-1807 Conformational Study of Tyramine and Its Water Clusters by Laser Spectroscopy Ilsun Yoon, Kwanyong Seo, Sungyul Lee, Yonghoon Lee,*, and Bongsoo Kim*, Department
More informationAb Initio Studies of Rotation and Solvent Effects for two important membrane molecules: DPPC and DMPC
Journal of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry of Islamic Azad University of Iran, 4 (3) 127-133: Fall 2007 (J.Phys.Theor.Chem.IAU Iran: Fall 2007) ISSN: 1735-2126 Ab Initio Studies of Rotation and Solvent
More informationThirdhand Smoke: A Persistent Environmental Toxin
Welcome to today s webinar: Thirdhand Smoke: A Persistent Environmental Toxin Presented by: Suzaynn Schick, PhD, University of California, San Francisco TIME: 2:00 3:00 P.M. FOR AUDIO: Call (647)723-3984
More informationShort guidelines for the use of the MEMORI dosimeter
Short guidelines for the use of the MEMORI dosimeter Introduction This guide provides advice about how the MEMORI dosimeter should be used to obtain the best information about air quality for the safeguarding
More informationCHARACTERIZING PASSIVE EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE
this Paper, the health effects literature is described and evaluated using conventional standards of evidence accepted by the scientific community, and in relation to any specific standards that have been
More informationRisk Assessment Issues: Asbestos p. 100 Review of Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects in Workers Exposed to MMMFs p. 103
Preface Contributors Introduction and Background p. 1 Characterization of Chemical Contaminants p. 2 Human Exposures and Dosimetry p. 7 Chemical Exposures and Dose-to-Target Tissues p. 7 Concentration
More informationHooman Shadnia* and James S. Wright
Chem. Res. Toxicol. XXXX, xxx, 000 A Understanding the Toxicity of Phenols: Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship and Enthalpy Changes To Discriminate between Possible Mechanisms Hooman Shadnia*
More informationAssessing and Improving the Isoprene Oxidation Mechanism
CRC Report No. A-97 Assessing and Improving the Isoprene Oxidation Mechanism Executive Summary May 2016 COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC. 5755 NORTH POINT PARKWAY SUITE 265 ALPHARETTA, GA 30022 The Coordinating
More informationVUV Photoionization and Dissociation of Tyramine and Dopamine: the Joint Experimental and Theoretical Studies
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS VOLUME 5, NUMBER 1 FEBRUARY 7, 01 ARTICLE VUV Photoionization and Dissociation of Tyramine and Dopamine: the Joint Experimental and Theoretical Studies Hui-jun Guo,
More informationENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE FORMATION FROM SELECTED BIOGENIC COMPOUNDS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBER STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE FORMATION FROM SELECTED BIOGENIC COMPOUNDS by WILLIAM P. L. CARTER DONGMIN LUO IRINA MALKINA JOHN PIERCE STATEWIDE AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH CENTER AND COLLEGE
More informationSupporting Information. Ir-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of Internal
Supporting Information Ir-atalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective ydrosilylation of Internal Thioalkynes: A ombined Experimental and omputational Study Li-Juan Song,, Shengtao Ding,, Yong Wang, Xinhao Zhang,,*
More informationSources of Organic Aerosols Soluble in Water in the Southeastern U.S.
Sources of Organic Aerosols Soluble in Water in the Southeastern U.S. Amy P. Sullivan and R.J. Weber Georgia Institute of Technology Funding: NSF and NOAA Motivation Outline Brief overview of methods for
More informationNighttime chemistry and morning isoprene can drive urban. ozone downwind of a major deciduous forest
1 2 Nighttime chemistry and morning isoprene can drive urban ozone downwind of a major deciduous forest 3 4 5 Dylan B. Millet *,, Munkhbayar Baasandorj,1, Lu Hu,2, Dhruv Mitroo, Jay Turner and Brent J.
More informationThe Study on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Nicotine
IBIMA Publishing Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/cem/chem.html Vol. 215 (215), Article ID 157781, 5 pages DI: 1.5171/215.157781 Research Article
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
1 Chapter 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Background and Motivation Organic compounds contribute a large fraction (i.e., 20 90%) towards the total mass of tropospheric fine particulate matter (PM 2.5, with aerodynamic
More informationAir Quality assessment during indoor use of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2
Air Quality assessment during indoor use of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 THS 2.2. is commercialized under the IQOS brand name Dr Catherine Goujon Ginglinger - Philip Morris International Research & Development,
More informationSmoke gets in your lungs. Assoc Prof Peter Franklin University of Western Australia Environmental Health Directorate, EHD
Smoke gets in your lungs Assoc Prof Peter Franklin University of Western Australia Environmental Health Directorate, EHD Conflict of Interest Conflict of Interest I have an open fireplace Wood smoke is
More informationIn Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Lichen Metabolites against Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme
Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 90-96, 2015 In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Lichen Metabolites against Cyclooxygenase-2 Enzyme Mohammad Firoz Khan 1, Sabreena AleemNabila 1, Ridwan Bin
More informationChristoph Zuth, Alexander L. Vogel, Sara Ockenfeld, Regina Huesmann and Thorsten Hoffmann * S-1. Supporting Information for:
Supporting Information for: Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Real-Time: Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry (APCI- Orbitrap-MS) of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol
More informationField and Laboratory Measurements of Biomass Burning VOCs using High- Resolution Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Field and Laboratory Measurements of Biomass Burning VOCs using High- Resolution Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Matthew Coggon, Abigail Koss, Jessica Gilman, Kanako Sekimoto, Bin Yuan, Brian Lerner,
More informationLaboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 2: analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer data
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2227 22, 29 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/9/2227/29/ Author(s) 29. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3. License. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
More informationStructure and activity relationships for amine based CO2 absorbents-i Singh, P.; Niederer, J. P. M.; Versteeg, Geert
University of Groningen Structure and activity relationships for amine based CO2 absorbents-i Singh, P.; Niederer, J. P. M.; Versteeg, Geert Published in: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
More informationBiogenic chemistry in a region of declining emissions: Insights from the NASA SEAC 4 RS Campaign
Biogenic chemistry in a region of declining emissions: Insights from the NASA SEAC 4 RS Campaign Jenny A. Fisher University of Wollongong with Daniel Jacob, Katherine Travis, Patrick Kim, Eloise Marais,
More informationIMPACT OF VARIOUS AIR EXCHANGE RATES ON THE LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) COMPONENTS
Volume 13 No.12b 2004 REPRINT pp. 1536-1549 IMPACT OF VARIOUS AIR EXCHANGE RATES ON THE LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) COMPONENTS Dimitrios Kotzias - Otmar Geiss - Paolo Leva - Arturo Bellintani
More informationWhat is worse, cigarettes or narghile?
For students What is worse, cigarettes or narghile? Developers: Ron Blonder Institute: The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot. And Belmonte Science Laboratories center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
More informationFigure S1: Influence of relative humidity on acetic acid fragmentation
Supporting information for the article: Odorant emissions from intensive pig production measured by online Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry Anders Feilberg *a, Dezhao Liu a, Anders P. S. Adamsen
More informationRESEARCH ARTICLE. Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Trimethylsilyl-Terminated Poly (Dimethylsiloxane) Ammonium Adducts Generated by Electrospray Ionization
B American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2011 J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. (2011) 22:649Y658 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0073-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Trimethylsilyl-Terminated Poly (Dimethylsiloxane)
More informationImpact of Particle Mass Distribution on the Measurement Accuracy of Low-Cost PM-Sensors
Impact of Particle Mass Distribution on the Measurement Accuracy of Low-Cost PM-Sensors Bernd Laquai, 20.10.2017 Commodity PM-measurement devices are used more and more by citizens concerned about air
More informationUK E-Cigarette Summit Relative risks of cancer posed by combustible and vapourising forms of nicotine delivery: Evidence from chemical exposures
UK E-Cigarette Summit 2017 Relative risks of cancer posed by combustible and vapourising forms of nicotine delivery: Evidence from chemical exposures Ed Stephens University of St Andrews Scope of presentation
More information85% of Tobacco Smoke is Invisible a confirmation of previous claims.
85% of Tobacco Smoke is Invisible a confirmation of previous claims. Ivan L Gee 1, Sean Semple 2,3, Adrian Watson 4 and Andrea Crossfield 5. Author Affiliations: 1 Faculty of Health and Applied Social
More informationMolecular Dynamics Simulation of the Structure of Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayers with Cholesterol, Ergosterol, and Lanosterol
Biophysical Journal Volume 80 April 2001 1649 1658 1649 Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Structure of Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayers with Cholesterol, Ergosterol, and Lanosterol Alexander
More informationWhat is combustion and why is the absence of combustion important for heat not burn products
What is combustion and why is the absence of combustion important for heat not burn products Global Forum on Nicotine 2017 June 16 th 2017 Thomas Mc Grath PhD PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai
More informationC 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O
Sample Questions for the Individual Round Exam 1. Glucose is the most basic sugar involved in human metabolism. Its structure is provided below: a. The overall reaction of glucose metabolism is given below.
More informationDetection of Cotinine and 3- hydroxycotine in Smokers Urine
Detection of Cotinine and 3- hydroxycotine in Smokers Urine Behavioural and Situational Research Group School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Version number: 2 Effective date: 01/12/2015 Review due:
More informationA New Method for the Early Detection of Edible Oil Oxidation
WHITE PAPER Early Detection of Edible Oil Oxidation A New Method for the Early Detection of Edible Oil Oxidation Edible oils are used in a wide range of culinary applications. Oils containing unsaturated
More informationEffect of magnesium hydroxide as cigarette paper filler to reduce cigarette smoke toxicity
Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 2016, 1(3):152-158 ORIGINAL PAPER Effect of magnesium hydroxide as cigarette paper filler to reduce cigarette smoke toxicity Xian Lua, Mingyou Liua,*, Zhibin Heb
More informationElectronic Supplementary Information
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry Electronic Supplementary Information Same data, different structures: diastereoisomers with substantially
More informationSupporting Information: OH-Radical Specific Addition to Glutathione S-Atom at. the Air-Water Interface Relevance to the Redox
Supporting Information: OHRadical Specific Addition to Glutathione SAtom at the AirWater Interface Relevance to the Redox Balance of the Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid Shinichi Enami a,b,c *, Michael R.
More informationDetermination of Emission Factors for Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes
Determination of Emission Factors for Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes Paul R. Nelson, John W. Caraway, Tao Jin, and Eckhardt Schmidt 69 th Tobacco Science Research Conference 21-September-2015 1 What
More informationRecent Changes in Eastern U.S. Forests: Implications for Air Quality
Recent Changes in Eastern U.S. Forests: Implications for Air Quality Arlene M. Fiore Seminar at the Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE) University of Wisconsin-Madison December
More informationTriplet-State Formation along the Ultrafast Decay of Excited Singlet Cytosine
Published on Web 01/21/2005 Triplet-State Formation along the Ultrafast Decay of Excited Singlet Cytosine Manuela Merchán, Luis Serrano-Andrés,*, Michael A. Robb, and Lluís Blancafort*, Contribution from
More informationDavid M. Shelow, Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823
USE OF SILCOCAN CANISTERS FOR STORING LOW-LEVEL (1ppb-ppb) REACTIVE SULFURS IN AIR David M. Shelow, Restek Corporation, 11 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823 INTRODUCTION Analysis of sulfur-containing
More informationAsthma and air pollution: health effects and prevention
Asthma and air pollution: health effects and prevention FuyuenYip PhD, MPH Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects National Center for Environmental
More informationGas and Liquid Phase Acidity of Natural Antioxidants
Gas and Liquid Phase Acidity of Natural Antioxidants MONICA LEOPOLDINI, NINO RUSSO,* AND MARIROSA TOSCANO Dipartimento di Chimica and Centro di Calcolo ad Alte Prestazioni per Elaborazioni Parallele e
More informationExposure Implications of Electronic Cigarette Surface Contamination
Publications 5-21-2018 Exposure Implications of Electronic Cigarette Surface Contamination Evan Floyd University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Cheri Marcham Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, march617@erau.edu
More informationFundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1)
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry CHEM 109 For Students of Health Colleges Credit hrs.: (2+1) King Saud University College of Science, Chemistry Department CHEM 109 CHAPTER 7. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR
More informationExercise and Air Pollution
Exercise and Air Pollution Two Major Groups of Air Pollutants Primary From a single source of pollution CO, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulants Secondary Result from an interaction
More informationBIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION Natural Sources of Radiation Natural background radiation comes from three sources: Cosmic Radiation Terrestrial Radiation Internal Radiation 2 Natural Sources of Radiation
More informationSupporting information
1 2 3 Supporting information SO 2 Uptake on Oleic Acid: A New Formation Pathway of Organosulfur Compounds in the Atmosphere 4 5 Jing Shang, Monica Passananti, Yoan Dupart, Raluca Ciuraru, Liselotte Tinel,
More informationE-Cigarette Update: Secondhand Vapour
E-Cigarette Update: Secondhand Vapour Toxicity and Health Effects The popularity of e-cigarettes continues to increase, with more Canadians than ever using them indoors and out. The scientific evidence
More informationAPSR RESPIRATORY UPDATES
APSR RESPIRATORY UPDATES Volume 5, Issue 8 Newsletter Date: August 2013 APSR EDUCATION PUBLICATION Inside this issue: APSR air pollution update Experimental determination of the respiratory tract deposition
More informationCORESTA RECOMMENDED METHOD NÄ 9
CORESTA RECOMMENDED METHOD NÄ 9 DETERMINATION OF NICOTINE IN CIGARETTE FILTERS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (April 2009) 0. INTRODUCTION In 2001 the CORESTA Routine Analytical Chemistry Sub-Group was
More informationAir Quality assessment during indoor use of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2
Air Quality assessment during indoor use of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 THS 2.2. is commercialized under the IQOS brand name Maya Mitova, Catherine Goujon Ginglinger, Michel Rotach, Serge Maeder Philip
More informationUncertainties in isoprene-no x -O 3 chemistry: Implications for surface ozone over the eastern United States PAR TEMP
Uncertainties in isoprene-no x -O 3 chemistry: Implications for surface ozone over the eastern United States ISOPRENE + NO x O 3 PAR TEMP Leaf Area Arlene M. Fiore Telluride Atmospheric Chemistry Workshop
More informationSupporting Information
Supporting Information Campholenic aldehyde ozonolysis: A possible mechanism for the formation of specific biogenic secondary organic aerosol constituents Ariane Kahnt 1,2, Yoshiteru Iinuma 1, Anke Mutzel
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Direct Observation of the Local Reaction Environment during the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2
Direct Observation of the Local Reaction Environment during the Electrochemical Reduction of CO 2 Ezra L. Clark 1,2 and Alexis T. Bell* 1,2 1 Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis Lawrence Berkeley
More informationThird-hand smoke as a potential intervention message for promoting smoke-free homes in low-income communities
HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH Vol.28 no.5 2013 Pages 923 930 Advance Access published 13 May 2013 Third-hand smoke as a potential intervention message for promoting smoke-free homes in low-income communities
More informationProduct Safety Assessment VORANOL VORACTIV Polyols
Product Safety Assessment VORANOL VORACTIV Polyols Select a Topic: Names Product Overview Manufacture of Product Product Description Product Uses Exposure Potential Health Information Environmental Information
More informationAir Quality: What an internist needs to know
Air Quality: What an internist needs to know Robert Paine, M.D. Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Program for Air Quality, Health and Society February, 2017 October
More informationSupplement of Secondary organic aerosol formation from the β-pinene+no 3 system: effect of humidity and peroxy radical fate
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 7497 7522, 2015 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/7497/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-7497-2015-supplement Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Secondary
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET 1. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION REVISION DATE: 01/14/2010 PRODUCT NUMBER HMIS CODES 800014 Health 2 Flammability 1 Reactivity 1 PRODUCT NAME PPE X CA-40 LDI (US)
More informationA. Incorrect! The alveolus is where gas exchange takes place. B. Correct! Surfactant is the lipid-rich material that permits lung inflation.
Toxicology - Problem Drill 13: Respiratory Toxicology No. 1 of 10 1. The lipid-rich material that decreases surface tension of the alveoli, allowing sacs to inflate properly and remain inflated during
More informationSupporting Information for Manuscript es w. The Effect of Solvent on the Analysis of Secondary Organic Aerosol Using
Supporting Information for Manuscript es200801226w The Effect of Solvent on the Analysis of Secondary Organic Aerosol Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Adam P. Bateman 1, Maggie L. Walser
More informationIndoor Air Quality. Child Health and the Environment in Aboriginal Communities. Safe Environments Programme HECS Alberta Region
Indoor Air Quality Child Health and the Environment in Aboriginal Communities Safe Environments Programme HECS Alberta Region by: Opel Vuzi, BSc. CPHI(C) Overview What is indoor air quality? Why is indoor
More informationUNIT 4: TOBACCO T H E P O W E R I S Y O U R S T O B E T O B A C C O F R E E
UNIT 4: TOBACCO T H E P O W E R I S Y O U R S T O B E T O B A C C O F R E E Goal 0 1 2 3 4 1. I understand how tobacco exposure impacts the user and people around them I do not understand why tobacco products
More informationEXOTESTTM. ELISA assay for exosome capture, quantification and characterization from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids
DATA SHEET EXOTESTTM ELISA assay for exosome capture, quantification and characterization from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids INTRODUCTION Exosomes are small endosome-derived lipid nanoparticles
More informationWhat is the Acid Source? Where is Acid Rain Falling? Chemistry of Acid Rain Formation. What Determines Lake Susceptibility to Acidification?
Acid Precipitation and Remediation of Acid Lakes What is the Acid Source? Acid Rain Peristaltic Pump ph Probe Lake Data source: www.usepa.gov. Chemistry of Acid Rain Formation Where is Acid Rain Falling?
More informationEnvironmental Triggers of Asthma. Gaynor Govias BSc BEd CAI
Environmental Triggers of Asthma Gaynor Govias BSc BEd CAI Environmental Triggers of Asthma Third Edition Gaynor Govias, B. Sc., B. Ed., CAI Gaynor D. Govias Environmental Triggers of Asthma Third edition
More informationEquation y = a + b*x Adj. R-Square Value Standard Error Intercept E Slope
Absorbance (a.u.) 4 3 2 1 Equation y = a + b*x Adj. R-Square 0.99826 Value Standard Error Intercept 4.08326E-4 0.02916 Slope 1.58874 0.02503 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Electron concentration (mmol/l)
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE FILTER DESIGN ON THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE
THE INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE FILTER DESIGN ON THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE Dr M J Taylor Director of Scientific Development Essentra Scientific Services CORESTA Congress Quebec 12 to 16 October
More informationEvidence for high biogenic isoprene emissions in the North-Western Indo-Gangetic plain
THE THIRD WORKSHOP ON ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON (ACAM) Evidence for high biogenic isoprene emissions in the North-Western Indo-Gangetic plain A. K Mishra, B. P Chandra, V. Sinha
More informationROLL-YOUR-OWN CIGARETTES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR TOBACCO DEPENDENCE IN NEW ZEALAND
ROLL-YOUR-OWN CIGARETTES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR TOBACCO DEPENDENCE IN NEW ZEALAND A report prepared as part of a Ministry of Health contract for scientific services by Dr R A Lea Dr P Truman 22 December
More informationScienceDirect. Study of degradation products at different MEA based capture pilot plants
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 86 (2016 ) 262 271 The 8th Trondheim Conference on CO 2 Capture, Transport and Storage Study of degradation products at different
More informationDetermination of Volatile Organic Compounds for a Systematic Evaluation of Third-Hand Smoking
ANALYTICAL SCIENCES MAY 2010, VOL. 26 569 2010 The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds for a Systematic Evaluation of Third-Hand Smoking Ikuo UETA, Yoshihiro
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8454 Third edition 2007-06-01 Cigarettes Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke NDIR method Cigarettes Dosage du monoxyde de carbone dans la
More informationDocking and molecular dynamics studies on the interaction of four imidazoline derivatives with potassium ion channel (Kir6.2)
Molecular Simulation Vol. 36, No. 2, February 2010, 166 174 Docking and molecular dynamics studies on the interaction of four imidazoline derivatives with potassium ion channel (Kir6.2) Rui Zhang ab, Zhiguo
More informationAmantadine ELISA Test Kit
Amantadine ELISA Test Kit Catalog No. LSY-10052 1. Principle This test kit is based on the competitive enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Amantadine. The coupling antigen is pre-coated on the micro-well
More informationIndoor Air Pollution. Indoor Air Pollution. Trends. Indoor Air Pollution Trends Sources. Regulation and Abatement 2
Indoor Air Pollution Toxins, carcinogens, oh my! 1 Indoor Air Pollution Indoor Air Pollution Trends Sources Carbon Monoxide Building Materials: Formaldehyde Mites and Microbes Radon Gas Asbestos Tobacco
More information