Pharmacology RHPT-365

Transcription

1 Pharmacology RHPT-365 Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Pharmacology By Majid Ahmad Ganaie M. Pharm., Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Pharmacology E mail: majidsays@gmail.com

2 BOTH? Physical therapy or Drug therapy? Physical therapists, often encounter patients who are taking various medications

3 Today s questions What is Pharmacology? Why Should Physiotherapists study Pharmacology? Significance of Pharmacology Drug dispensing in Saudi Arabia? What are we going to cover?

4 Drug vs Medicine What is a drug? Chemical substance of known structure, other than food, which when administered intentionally to a living organism, produces a biological effect. What is medicine? Chemical preparation, usually contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect.

5 What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology can be defined as the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems. Born in mid 19 th century New biomedical science based on principle of experimentation not dogma. Flourished in 20 th century Synthetic chemistry began to revolutionize pharmaceutical company.

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7 What is Pharmacology today?

8 Pharmacology, Few Definitions Pharmacology ( Pharmakon Greek : Drug ) The effect of a drug (chemical) on the body (living system). Drug Chemical substance of known structure, other than food, which when administered intentionally to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Receptor A specific protein in either the plasma membrane or interior of a target cell with which the drug combines Mechanism of Action How the drug exerts its action Dose The amount of a drug to be administered at one time

9 Pharmacology, Definitions Effects (therapeutic effects) The desired results of administration of a medication Side Effects (adverse effects) Effects that are harmful and undesired, and that occur in addition to the desired therapeutic effects Indications The reasons for administering a medication or performing a treatment Contra-indications Factors that prevent the use of a medication or treatment (e.g., allergies)

10 WHY STUDY PHARMACOLOGY?

11 Pharmacology for Physiotherapists Drug therapy is pervasive among patients coming for therapy. Some beneficial affects of drugs enhanced by physical therapy. Massage & strengthening exercises - insulin Physical therapy may exacerbate some of the adverse effects of drugs. Understanding what drugs do to help patients know WHY focus on physiotherapy.

12 Four specific reasons PT s must understand the patient s response to different drugs affecting PT Drugs causing fatigue or sedation Optimal scheduling purposes Pain medication Drug-therapy interactions Heat-related modalities antihypertensives Adverse Drug Reactions Swiss cheese theory of medical errors

13 Patient Safety Swiss Cheese Theory

14 Drug Nomenclature Chemical name represents the exact description of the drug s chemical composition Generic name (non-proprietary) - derived from the chemical name itself - simpler than the chemical name and - easier to remember Example 1: the chemical name 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-l-ethanol is condensed to the generic name metronidazole. The word methylnitro is condensed to metroni and dazole is due to its imidazole ring Example 2: Metoclopramide is the condensed form of the word methoxychloroprocainamide: where Me is retained and th is written as t; chloro is written as clo: and procainamide is written as pramide Brand or trade name (proprietary) is developed by the company requesting approval for the drug and identifies it as the exclusive property of that company. Example 1: Metrogyl is the trade name for metronidazole. Example 2: Reglan is the trade name for metoclopramide. Example 3: Amoxil is the trade name for amoxycillin. Example 4: Celebrex is the trade name for celecoxib.

15 Drug Sources Plant Sources: Obtained from plant parts or products. Seeds, stem, roots, leaves, resin, and other parts yield these drugs. Examples include digoxin from digitalis and morphine from opium. Animal Sources: Glandular products from animals are used, such as insulin and thyroid. From micro-organisms (fungi, bacteria) Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 as a product of penicillium notatum (a mold growing in his lab) Mineral Sources: Some drugs are prepared from minerals, for example, lithium carbonate (an antipsychotic), MgSO 4 (a laxative) Synthetic Sources: Laboratories duplicate natural processes, and may modify the products. Frequently this can eliminate side effects and increase the potency of the drug. Examples include sulfonamides, and aspirin. Recombinant proteins: Proteins that are synthesized by expression of cloned genes in recombinant cells, such as interferons, antibodies

16 DRUG DISPENSING IN SAUDI ARABIA?

17 Drug dispensing in Saudi Arabia? Some drugs can be purchased Over the Counter (OTC) from pharmacies. Drugs are being dispensed from hospital pharmacies. Many patients also take combinations of herbals and supplements on top of their prescribed medicines.

18 WHAT ARE WE GOING TO COVER?

19 What are we going to cover? Basic principles of pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Adverse Drug Reactions

20 After the basics Clinical uses of drugs Physiological effects of drugs in the body system. The common drugs used in treatment of: Cardio-vascular system, there effects, side effects and dose used Nervous system there effects, side effects and dose used Chest diseases, there effects, side effects and dose used Muscular dusfunction, there effects, side effects and dose used

21 Summary What is Pharmacology? Studying effect of drugs affecting functions of living systems Why Should Physiotherapists study Pharmacology? 3 general 4 specific reasons Drug dispensing in Saudi Arabia? Generics vs Brand What are we going to cover? A lot

22 References Gladson, B. Pharmacology for Physical Therapists. Rang et al (2007) Rang & Dale s Pharmacology.