NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS: CLINICAL DATA AND TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES

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1 CASE STUDIES 7 NEONATAL NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS: CLINICAL DATA AND TREATMENT POSSIBILITIES Elena Hanganu 1, Maria Stamatin 2, S.G. Aprodu 1, Mihaela Moscalu 3, Simona Gavrilescu 1 1 Department of Paediatric Surgery, Sf. Maria Emergency Children Hospital, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 2 Department of Neonatology, Regional Center of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Cuza Voda, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi 3 Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi ABSTRACT Objectives. The aim of this paper is to identify the correlations between the clinical evolution of the neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and the stage of disease, associated risk factors and the type of treatment used. Material and methods. A 6 years retrospective study was performed based on reviewing the casuistry of the Regional Centre of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Cuza Voda and 205 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were identified from a total number of 6183 neonates admitted there. Patients were divided in to study groups based on the gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW). The analysis protocol was realized based on a working sheet that included the epidemiological data of the patients, the risk factors, type of nutrition, age at diagnosis, stage of disease according to Bell classifi cation, type of treatment (medical, surgical or combined), complications and the general evolution. The statistical data processing was performed in SPSS Statistics 20 program. Results. NEC had a frequency of 3.3% is the study group and was diagnosed in premature newborns in 75.6% of cases. The mean GA for the study group was 33 weeks. The mean BW was 1896 g with 43% of the cases in very low birth weight (VLBW) group and 31.2% in low birth weight (LBW) group. The percentage incidence of the risk factors was as follows: persistence of ductusarteriossus 19.5%, perinatal asphyxia 13.7% and respiratory distress 100% of cases. 75.5% were treated and discharged from NICU, 16.6% were transferred to Pediatric Surgery Department Sf. Maria and 3.9% died in NICU. From the 34 cases transferred19 cases were surgically treated: 8 cases with peritoneal drainage (PD), 8 cases with primary laparotomy (LAP) and 3 cases with PD and LAP. The survival rate in this group was 2.4% and for the medically treated group was 4.9%. Conclusions. Prematurity is statistically correlated with encountering advanced stages of enterocolitis at the time of diagnosis. The option for surgical treatment (peritoneal drainage or laparotomy) does not infl uence the results and early enteral feeding with formula is the most important risk factor for NEC followed by age of gestation and very low birth weight. Keywords: necrotizing enterocolitis, newborn, treatment possibilities Abbreviations: NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis LBW: low birth weight VLBW: very low birth weight MSOF: multiple syndrome organ failure PD: peritoneal drainage LAP: laparotomy BW: birth weight GA: gestational age TPN: total parenteral nutrition SNAP: score for neonatal acute physiology Acknowledgment: This paper has benefited of financial support through the project Program of excellency in multidisciplinary doctoral and postdoctoral research in chronic disease POSDRU/ Coresponding author: Elena Hanganu Gr. T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, Iasi dr.elenahanganu@gmail.com REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN

2 390 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN /1.5/S/133377, beneficiary University of Medicine and Pharmacy Gr. T. Popa Iasi, project cofinanced through the Social European Fund by Operational and Sectorial Program Development of Human Resources INTRODUCTION Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) represents the most frequent cause of acute abdomen in premature neonate. In 90% of cases it appears in premature newborns especially in association with low (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) and only 10% of cases are appearing in term newborns in association with congenital anomalies, sepsis or mesenteric hypo-perfusion (1). A particular form of NEC is encountered in cases of congenital megacolon with debut in theneonatal period. The disease is characterized by different degrees of intestinal necrosis that can progress into syndrome of multiple organ failure (MSOF). Causes and mechanisms of affecting the bowel are represented by early enteral nutrition with adapted milk formulas, prematurity, immunological immaturity of the bowel and abnormal bacterial colonization (1,2). The clinical manifestations of NEC appear typically in week 2-3 of life and are represented by feeding intolerance, stools with blood and/or abdominal distension. Cases with rapid progressive NECarepresented with clinical signs of sepsis or MSOF. The therapeutic possibilities in NEC include medical treatment: antibiotics, cessation of enteral feeding, ventilator and volemic support, analgesics and probiotic administration. Cases in which a failure of the medical treatment is encountered are benefiting from surgical treatment consisting of percutaneous peritoneal drainage (PD) and/or open laparotomy (LAP) with resection of the necrotic bowel (3). The aim of this paper is to identify the correlations between the clinical evolution of NEC and the stage of disease, associated risk factors and the therapeutic management of neonates diagnosed in the Regional Centre of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit CuzaVoda. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective 6 years study was performed ( ) based on reviewing the casuistry of the Regional Centre of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Cuza Voda and 205 cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were identified from a total number of 6183 neonates admitted there. Patients were divided in to study groups based on the gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW). The analysis protocol was realized based on a working sheet that included the epidemiological data of the patients (sex, place andtype of birth) the risk factors (maternal and/or newborns factors), type of nutrition at the onset of symptoms, age at diagnosis and stage of disease according to Bell classification, type of treatment (medical, surgical or combined), complications related to surgical treatment and the general evolution. The statistical data processing was performed in SPSS Statistics 20 program. RESULTS A number of 155 cases of NEC were identified in premature newborns (75.6%) respectively 50 cases (24.4%) in term newborns. The general incidence of NEC was 3.3% 205 cases from a total number of 6183 neonates admitted in Regional Neonatal Centre CuzaVoda. The GA ranged between weeks with a mean GA of 33 weeks. The mean BW in the study group was 1896g (limits between 550 to 4600g). For the premature groups of newborns the distribution was as follows: VLBW 43% of cases, LBW 31.2% of cases and the rest encountered in newborns with BW > 2500 g. The incidence of risk factors encountered was: persistence of ductusarteriossus in 40 cases (19.5%), perinatal asphyxia in 28 cases (13.7%) and respiratory distress of different degrees that was encountered is all cases of NEC (100%). Distribution in the study group according to Bell classification was: 70.7% of newborns diagnosed in Bell stage I, 23.9% in Bell stage II and only 5% in stage III (Table 1). TABLE 1. Distribution of NEC Total cases of NEC Stage I BELL Stage II BELL Stage III BELL % 23.9% 5.0% A negative correlation between the GA and advanced stages of disease was identified, prematurity being correlated statistically with stage II and III Bell (F=17.89, p<<0.01, 95% CI) Fig. 1. Age of patients at diagnosis ranged between 1 day and 54 days with a mean age of 8.2 days for stage I, 11.1 days for stage II and 14.3 days for stage III. The type of nutrition of the premature patients was as follows: 39.4% total parenteral nutrition (TPN) at the time of symptoms onset, 31% parenteral nutrition in association with formula

3 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN FIGURE 1. Mean GA vs. Stages of NEC milk enteral feeding, 8.4% enteral feeding with formula, 18.7% parenteral nutrition in association with enteral feeding with human milk and only 2.5% were exclusively on enteral feeding with human milk. In correlation with type of nutrition there is a statistically significant correlation between TPN and the onset of advanced stages of NEC and nutrition with human milk is a protective factor with no cases of stage III, Fig. 2. The evolution in the study group was as follows: 75.5% were successfully treated and discharged from NICU Cuza Voda, 16.6% were transferred to Pediatric Surgery Department Sf Maria and 3.9% deceased in NICU Cuza Voda. From the pediatric surgery transferred group of 34 cases only in 19 cases a surgical intervention was performed. There were 8 cases treated by peritoneal drainage (PD), 8 cases of laparotomy (LAP) with resection of the necrotic bowel and creating an enterostomy and 3 cases of PD followed by LAP. In the surgically treated group of patientsthe survival rate was 2.4% (5 cases) with a mortality rate of 6.8% (14 cases). In the pediatric surgery transferred group of patients 15 (7.3%) were medically treated. The survival rate was 4.9% in this group (10 cases) and the mortality rate was 2.4% (5 cases). In correlation with Bell staging criteria from the total number of stage III Bell cases, 9.1% were treated and discharged from NICU and 27.3% deceased. For the stage II Bell, the total number of NICU discharged cases was 67.4% and 10.2% deceased. From the pediatric surgery transferred group with Bell III stage of disease 27.3% were successfully treated and discharged and 36.4% deceased. For the stage II Bell patients 8.2% were discharged from pediatric surgery department and 14.3% deceased, Fig. 3. In the surgically treated group we noted an equal number of patients (8 cases) with PD and with LAP and a mortality of 6, respectively 7 cases. 3 patients required more than 1 surgical intervention, PD followed by LAP. From these 3, 2 survive d and 1 died. The complications encountered in patients treated in the pediatric surgery department include surgical complications such as postoperative evisceration (1 case), short bowel syndrome (1 case), ileal stenosis (2 cases) and general complications related to NEC progression or prematurity. The mean age of patients at the time of surgical intervention for the survival group was 23.2 days, respectively 35.4 days for the surgically treated patients that have died. Statistical analysis of the data in the study group indicates that the most important risk factor for NEC is enteral nutrition with formula followed by prematurity and VLBW. FIGURE 2. Type of feeding vs. Stage of NEC

4 392 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN 2014 FIGURE 3. Evolution of newborns vs. Stages of NEC DISCUSSION The surgical management for NEC patients was individualized in correlation with patient weight at the time of diagnosis. For the neonates weighting g the surgical approach was LAP with resection of the necrotic bowel. The aim was to remove the necrotic tissue and/or the contaminated intraperitoneal fluid and to preserve the viable bowel with stoma formation avoiding extensive resections in order to prevent the short bowel syndrome (4,5). There were no cases with intestinal resection followed by primary anastomosis and for cases with multiple areas of necrosis multiple enterostomy were not used. The surgical options mentioned in literature of patch, drain and wait or clip and drop back have not been used in this study group (5,6,7). The surgical options recommended for the neonates weighting g are: percutaneous PD for the clinically instable patients and salvage LAP after a period of maximal support therapy (4,6,7). The peritoneal drainage was used in 8 cases as a singular method of treatment in unstable patients and 6 patients has died. In 3 cases PD was used as a temporary stabilization method and it was followed by LAP. For this small group of patients in 2 cases the outcome was favorable and 1 patient died. The initial PD has reduced the intra-abdominal pressure with the drainage of the bowel perforation and permitted the stabilization of the neonate. The results obtained in the study group confirm the fact that there are no statistically significant differences between the 2 method of surgical treatment (PD and LAP) in premature neonates with LBW. In the group of patients in which PD was used as a temporary method before open LAP the results were better even this patients had more surgical interventions. The results in the study group are similar with results published in the literature regarding the comparison between postoperative results following PD or LAP in children with LBW (6,7,8). The discussion is about the right timing of a LAP after a PD and establishing some criteria for quantification of deterioration of the clinical status of these patients (9). In the study group the appreciation of this deterioration was done based on calculation of modified SNAP scorein correlation with: increasing of inotrope requirements, aggravation of ventilator support parameters, decreasing of urine output, appearance or aggravation of pneumoperitoneum, increased abdominal distension and the presence of a palpable abdominal mass (10). The absolute indications for surgical treatment in the study group were: deterioration of clinical status despite maximal medical treatment and pneumoperitoneum. The relative indications for surgical intervention were: presence of a fixe bowel loop on x-ray, abdominal palpable mass, abdominal wall erythema and thrombocytopenia. The results showed in the study group certify the fact that necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that is characteristic for the premature newborns with a significant morbidity and mortality especially in the presence of associated risk factors. For the treatment of this

5 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN disease none of the surgical methods available (peritoneal drainage, laparotomy with enterostomy) has proven its superiority. For patients in the first stages of disease developing of new early methods of diagnosis with identification of biochemical markers to measure in dynamics could lead these patients out of the indication for surgical treatment with a significant improvement of survival. On the other hand, using strategies of prevention such as enteral feeding with human milk could represent a major improvement from the actual results to a more efficient management of NEC. CONCLUSIONS The correct management of NEC involves a prompt diagnosis with collaboration between neonatology and pediatric surgeon especially in the presence of risk factors such as prematurity, LBW and VLBW, TPN or respiratory distress. Regardless of the therapeutic possibilities, the variables that are influencing the postoperative results are: BW, stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and age at surgical intervention. The type of surgical intervention (LAP or PD) does not affect the postoperative result and in this condition the surgical option remain controversial. We conclude that PD can be chosen only for the unstable patients as a short temporary method until a definitive procedure of LAP can be performed (9,11). Early enteral feeding with human milk can be a strategy of prevention for at risk neonate. REFERENCES 1. Wei Hsueh, Isabelle G. De Plaen, Michael S. Caplan et al Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical aspects, experimental models and pathogenesis. World J Pediatr 2007; 3(1): Bell M.J., Ternberg J.L., Feiqin R.D. et al. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Ann Surg 1978; 187: Moss R. Lawrence, Dimmitt R.A., Henry M.C.W. et al. A metaanalisis of peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36: Morgan L.J., Shochat S.J., Hartman G.E. Peritoneal drainage as primarymanagement of perforated NEC in the very low birth weight infant. J. Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: Kosloske A.M., Papile L.A., Burstein J. Indications for operation in acute necrotizing enterocolitis of the neonate. Surgery 1980; 87: Sparnon A.L., Kiely E.M. Resection and primary anastomosis for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr SurgInt 1987; 2: Rovin J.D., Rogers B.M., Burns R.C., McGahren E.D. The role of peritoneal drainage for intestinal perforation in infants with and without necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: Stamatin M., Avasiloaiei A., Moscalu M. et al. Enterocolitaulceronecrotica- factori de risc, interventii terapeutice. Buletin de Perinatologie 2014; 2(62): Stringer M., Spitz L. Surgical management of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis in Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993; 69: Petrosyan M.,Guner Y.S., Williams M. et al. Current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr SurgInt. 2009; 25(4): Gregory K., DeForge C., Natale K. et al. Necrotizing Enterocolitis in the Premature Infant: Neonatal Nursing Assessment, Disease Pathogenesis, and Clinical Presentation. Advances in Neonatal Care. 2011;11(3):

6 STUDII CAZUISTICE 7 ENTEROCOLITA ULCERO-NECROTICĂ: DATE CLINICE ŞI POSIBILITĂŢI DE TRATAMENT Elena Hanganu 1, Maria Stamatin 2, S.G. Aprodu 1, Mihaela Moscalu 3, Simona Gavrilescu 1 1 Clinica de Chirurgie Pediatrică, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţe pentru Copii Sf. Maria, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Iaşi 2 Clinica de Neonatologie, Centrul Regional de Terapie Intensivă Neonatală Cuza Voda, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Iaşi 3 Departamentul de Informatică şi Biostatistică Medicală, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Iaşi REZUMAT Obiective. Identifi carea corelaţiilor între evoluţia clinică a nou-născuţilor cu enterocolita ulceronecrotică (EUN) şi stadiul de boală, factorii de risc asociaţi, respectiv tipul de tratament utilizat. Material şi metodă. S-a realizat un studiu retrospectiv pe o perioadă de 6 ani pe baza cazuisticii Centrului Regional de Terapie Intensivă Neonatală Cuza Voda şi s-au identifi cat 205 cazuri de enterocolită ulceronecrotică dintr-un total de de nou-născuţi îngrijiţi aici. Bolnavii au fost împărţiţi în loturi de studiu în funcţie de vârsta de gestaţie (VG), respectiv greutatea la naştere (GN). Protocolul de analiză s-a realizat pe baza unei fi şe de lucru care a cuprins datele epidemiologice ale pacienţilor, factorii de risc, tipul alimentaţiei, vârstă în momentul diagnosticului, stadiul de boală conform clasifi cării Bell, modalitatea de tratament (medical, chirurgical sau mixt), complicaţiile înregistrate şi evoluţia pacienţilor. Prelucrarea statistică a datelor s-a făcut utilizând programul SPSS Statistics 20. Rezultate. Enterocolita ulceronecrotică a avut o frecvenţă de 3,3% în lotul studiat şi a fost diagnosticată la nounăscuţii prematuri în 75,6% dintre cazuri. VG medie în grupul de studiu a fost de 33 săptămâni. GN medie a fost de g, cu 43% dintre cazuri în grupul cu greutate foarte mică la naştere (VLBW) şi 31,2% în grupul cu gre u tate mică la naştere (LBW). Incidenţa procentuală a factorilor de risc a fost următoarea în ordinea frecvenţei: persistenţa canalului arterial 19,5%, asfi xia perinatală 13,7%, detresa respiratorie 100% dintre cazuri. 75,5% dintre cazuri au fost tratate şi externate din CRTIN, 16,6% dintre cazuri au fost transferate în Clinica de Chirurgie Pediatrică a Spitalului Sf. Maria şi 3,9% au decedat la CRTIN. Din cele 34 de cazuri transferate, 19 cazuri au fost tratate chirurgical: 8 cazuri cu drenaj peritoneal (DP), 8 cazuri cu laparotomie primara (LAP) şi 3 cazuri cu LAP şi DP. Rata supravieţuirii în acest grup a fost 2,4%, iar pentru grupul cu tratament medical a fost 4,9%. Concluzii. Prematuritatea se corelează statistic cu stadii avansate de enterocolită în momentul diagnosticului. Modalitatea de tratament chirurgical aleasă (drenaj peritoneal sau laparotomie) nu infl uenţează rezultatele, iar alimentaţia enterală precoce cu formula de lapte este cel mai important factor de risc pentru apariţia EUN, urmat de vârsta de gestaţie şi greutatea foarte mică la naştere. Cuvinte cheie: enterocolită ulceronecrotică, nou-născut, posibilităţi de tratament Abrevieri: EUN: enterocolită ulceronecrotică LBW: greutate mică la naştere VLBW: greutate foarte mică la naştere MSOF: sindromul insuficienţei multiple de organ PD: drenaj peritoneal LAP: laparatomie GN: greutate la naştere VG: vârsta de gestaţie TPN: nutriţie parenterală totală SNAP: scor neonatal pentru fizilogie acută Această lucrare a beneficiat de suport financiar prin proiectul Program de excelenţă în cercetare doctorală şi postdoctorală multidisciplinară în bo lile cronice, contract nr. POSDRU/159/1.5/S/133377, beneficiar U.M.F. Gr. T. Popa din Iaşi, proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane Adresa de corespondenţă: Elena Hanganu, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie Gr. T. Popa, Str. Universităţii nr. 16, Iaşi dr.elenahanganu@gmail.com REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN

7 456 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN 2014 Enterocolita ulceronecrotică (EUN) reprezintă cea mai frecventă cauză de abdomen acut la nounăs cutul prematur. Se întâlneşte în 90% dintre cazuri la nou-născutul prematur în special în asociere cu greutate mică (LBW) şi foarte mică la naştere (VLBW), doar 10% dintre cazuri apărând la nounăscutul la termen în asociere cu anomalii con genitale, sepsis sau hipoperfuzie mezenterică. O formă particulară de EUN se întâlneşte la cazurile de me gacolon congenital cu debut în perioada neo natală. Se caracterizează prin necroză intestinală de diverse grade care poate evolua până la apariţia insuficienţei multiple de organ (MSOF). Cauzele şi meca nismele de afectare a intestinului sunt reprezentate de nutriţia enterală precoce cu formule de lapte adap tate, prematuritatea, imaturitatea intestinului din punct de vedere imunologic şi colonizarea bacteriană aberantă (1,2). Manifestările clinice apar tipic în săptămâna 2-3 de viaţă şi sunt reprezentate de lipsa toleranţei diges tive, scaune cu sânge şi/sau distensia abdo minală. Cazurile cu EUN rapid progresivă se prezintă cu tablou clinic de sepsis sau MSOF. Posibilităţile terapeutice în cazul EUN includ terapie medicală (repaus digestiv, antibioterapie, suport ventilator, susţinere volemică, analgezice şi administrarea de probiotice). Cazurile în care se constată eşecul tratamentului medical beneficiază de tratament chirurgical care constă în drenaj peritoneal percutan (DP) şi/sau laparatomie (LAP) cu rezecţia intestinului necrozat (3). Obiectivul acestei lucrări este acela de a iden tifica corelaţiile existente între evoluţia clinică a EUN, stadiul de boală, factorii de risc asociaţi şi ma nagementul terapeutic al nou-născuţilor diagnosticaţi în Centrul Regional de Terapie Intensivă Neonatală (CRTIN) din cadrul Spitalului Clinic de Obstetrică-Ginecologie Cuza Vodă. MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ S-a realizat un studiu retrospectiv pe o perioadă de 6 ani ( ) ce a cuprins cazuistica Centrului Regional de Terapie Intensivă Neonatală Cuza Vodă şi s-au identificat 205 de ca zuri de enterocolită ulceronecrotică dintr-un total de de nou-născuţi îngrijiţi aici. Bolnavii au fost împărţiţi în loturi de studiu în funcţie de vârsta de gestaţie (VG), respectiv greutatea la naştere (GN). Protocolul de analiză s-a realizat pe baza unei fişe de lucru care a cuprins datele epidemiologice ale pacienţilor (sex, mediu de provenienţă, tipul naşterii), factorii de risc (materni şi/ sau ai nou-născutului), tipul alimentaţiei la debutul simptomatologiei, vârsta şi stadiul de boală conform clasificării Bell (2) în momentul diagnosticului, modalitatea de tratament (medical, chirurgical sau mixt), complicaţiile legate de tratamentul chirurgical şi evoluţia pacienţilor. S-a realizat prelucrarea statistică a datelor utilizând programul SPSS Statistics 20. REZULTATE Au fost identificate un număr de 155 de cazuri de EUN la nou-născuţii prematuri (75,6%), respectiv 50 cazuri (24,4%) la nou-născuţii la termen. Incidenţa EUN a fost de 3,3% 205 cazuri din totalul de de nou-născuţi îngrijiţi în CRTIN. VG în lotul de studiu a variat între 24 şi 41 săptămâni, cu o VG medie de 33 săptămâni. GN medie în lotul de studiu a fost de g (li mite între 550 g şi g). Distribuţia pe grupe de greutate ale prematurului a fost următoarea: VLBW 43%, LBW 31,2%, restul de 25,8% din cazuri întâlnindu-se la nou-născuţii cu GN > g. Incidenţa factorilor de risc a fost următoarea: PCA la 40 nou-născuţi (19,5% dintre cazuri), asfixia perinatală la 28 nou-născuţi (13,7%) şi detresă respiratorie de diverse grade la toţi nou-născuţii cu EUN (100%). Distribuţia în funcţie de stadiul Bell pe lotul de studiu a fost următoarea: 70,7% din nou-născuţi au fost diagnosticaţi în stadiul I Bell, 23,9% în stadiul II şi 5,0% în stadiul III Bell (Tabelul 1). TABELUL 1. Distribuţia EUN Nr. total cazuri Stadiul I Stadiul II Stadiul III EUN BELL BELL BELL ,7% 23,9% 5,0% S-a identificat o corelaţie negativă între VG şi severitatea stadiilor de boală după criteriile Bell, prematuritatea corelându-se semnificativ cu stadiile avansate II şi III Bell (F = 17,89, p<<0,01, 95% CI) (Fig. 1). Vârsta pacienţilor în momentul diagnosticului a fost cuprinsă între 1 zi şi 54 zile, cu o vârstă medie de 8,2 zile pentru stadiul I, de 11,1 zile pentru stadiul II, respectiv de 14,3 zile pentru stadiul III. Tipul alimentaţiei nou-născuţilor prematuri a fost: nutriţie parenterală totală (TPN) în momentul debutului simptomatologiei 39,4%, nutriţie parenterală în asociere cu nutriţie enterală cu o formulă de lapte 31%, 8,4% nutriţie enterală cu formulă de lapte, 18,7% alimentaţie parenterală în asociere cu

8 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN FIGURA 1. Media VG vs. Stadiul EUN nutriţie enterală cu lapte matern şi doar 2,5% alimentaţi enteral cu lapte matern. În raport cu tipul alimentaţiei, s-a constatat că există o corelaţie statistic semnificativă între TPN şi apariţia EUN în stadii avansate, în timp ce laptele matern se dovedeşte a fi un factor de protecţie, fără cazuri în stadiul III la nou-născuţii alimentaţi natural (Fig. 2). Evoluţia în lotul studiat a fost următoarea: 75,5% au fost trataţi cu succes şi externaţi din CRTIN Cuza Vodă, 16,6% au fost transferaţi în Clinica de Chirurgie Pediatrică Spitalul de Urgenţe pentru Copii Sf. Maria şi 3,9% au decedat în CRTIN Cuza Vodă. Din lotul transferat la Chirurgie Pediatrică de 34 cazuri doar în 19 cazuri s-a intervenit chirurgical. S-au înregistrat 8 cazuri tratate prin drenaj peri toneal (DP), 8 cazuri cu laparotomie cu rezecţie intestinală şi crearea unei enterostomii şi 3 cazuri de drenaj peritoneal urmat de laparotomie. Astfel, în lotul pacienţilor trataţi chirurgical rata supravieţuirii a fost de 2,4% (5 cazuri) cu o rată de mortalitate de 6,8% (14 cazuri). Din grupul pacienţilor transferaţi la chirurgie pediatrică 15 (7,3%) au beneficiat doar de tratament conservator medical. Rata supravieţuirii a fost de 4,9% în acest grup cu o rată a mortalităţii de 2,4% (5 cazuri). Raportat la stadializarea Bell constatăm că din numărul total de cazuri diagnosticate în stadiul III Bell, 9,1% au fost tratate şi externate din maternitate, iar 27,3% cazuri au decedat în maternitate. Pentru stadiul II Bell, cazurile externate totalizează 67,4%, iar cele decedate reprezintă 10,2%. În grupul transferat la chirurgie pediatrică, pentru stadiul III de boală am înregistrat 27,3% cazuri tratate cu succes şi externate, respectiv 36,4% decese. Pentru stadiul II Bell, procentul pacienţilor externaţi din Secţia de Chirurgie Pediatrică a fost de 8,2%, cu 14,3% decedaţi (Fig. 3). În grupul cu tratament chirurgical am constatat un număr egal de pacienţi în lotul cu drenaj peritoneal (8 cazuri) şi laparotomie (8 cazuri) cu o mortalitate de 6, respectiv 7 cazuri. 3 pacienţi au necesitat mai multe intervenţii chirurgicale (drenaj urmat de laparotomie). Dintre aceştia 2 au supra vieţuit şi 1 a decedat. Complicaţiile înregistrate în grupul pacienţilor trataţi în Secţia de Chirurgie Pediatrică au inclus complicaţii legate de intervenţia chirurgicală de tip evisceraţie (1 caz), sindrom de intestin scurt (1 caz), stenoză ileală (2 cazuri), cât şi complicaţii ge ne rate de progresia EUN sau legate de prematuritate. Vârsta medie a pacienţilor la momentul interven ţiei chirurgicale în lotul cu tratament chirurgical şi care au supravieţuit a fost de 23,2 zile, respectiv 35,4 zile în lotul celor trataţi chirurgical ce au decedat. FIGURA 2. Tipul alimentaţiei vs. Stadiul EUN

9 458 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN 2014 FIGURA 3. Evoluţia nou-născuţilor vs. Stadiul EUN Analiza statistică a datelor din grupul de studiu a indicat faptul că alimentaţia enterală cu formulă de lapte este cel mai important factor de risc pentru apariţia EUN, fiind urmat de prematuritate şi VLBW. DISCUŢII Managementul chirurgical al EUN a fost in di vidualizat în funcţie de greutatea pacientului la momentul diagnosticului. Astfel, pentru nou-născuţii cu greutate > g, abordul utilizat a fost laparotomie cu rezecţia intestinului necrozat. Obiectivul urmărit a fost de înlăturare a ţesutului necrotic şi/sau a revărsatului intraperitoneal contaminat cu prezervarea intes ti nu lui viabil pentru crearea unei stomii şi evitarea re zecţiilor extensive pentru prevenirea sindromului de in testin scurt (4,5). Nu s-a utilizat procedura de rezecţie intestinală urmată de anastomoză primară, iar pentru cazurile cu arii necrotice multiple nu s-au realizat rezecţii ex tensive, respectiv stomii multiple. Opţiunile chirurgicale menţionate în literatura de tip patch, drain and wait, respectiv clip and drop back nu au fost utilizate în lotul cu tratament chirurgical (5,6,7). Opţiunile terapeutice recomandate la nou-născuţii cu greutatea < g sunt: drenajul perito neal percutan pentru pacienţii instabili urmat de laparotomia de salvare după o perioadă de terapie de sus ţinere maximală (4,6,7). Drenajul peritonal a fost utilizat în 8 cazuri ca măsură singulară de tratament pentru pacienţii instabili, cu înregistrarea a 6 decese. În 3 cazuri a fost folosit ca măsură iniţială de stabilizare a nou-născutului şi a fost urmat de intervenţia de tip la parotomie. Pentru acest grup mic de pacienţi în 2 cazuri evoluţia a fost favorabilă, într-un caz sur ve nind decesul. Drenajul iniţial a permis scăderea presiunii intra abdominale cu drenarea unei eventuale perforaţii şi a permis stabilizarea nou-născutului. Rezultatele obţinute în seria studiată confirmă faptul că nu există diferenţe statistic semnificative între cele 2 metode de tratament chirurgical (LAP/ DP) la nou-născuţii cu greutate mică la naştere (LBW). În grupul pacienţilor la care DP s-a utilizat doar ca măsură iniţială înaintea laparotomiei rezultatele au fost mai bune, chiar dacă aceştia au suferit mai multe intervenţii chirurgicale. Rezultatele obţinute pe lotul de studiu sunt si milare cu cele publicate în literatură în ceea ce priveşte rezultatele după LAP, respectiv DP la copiii cu GN mică (LBW) (6-8). Rămâne în discuţie timingul corect al unei eventuale LAP după DP şi stabilirea unor criterii pentru a cuantifica o deteriorare al statusului clinic al acestor pacienţi (9). În lotul studiat, aprecierea acestei deteriorări s-a făcut pe baza calculării scorului SNAP modificat în corelaţie cu: creşterea necesarului inotrop, agra varea parametrilor de suport ventilator, scăderea debitul urinar, apariţia sau agravarea pneumoperi toneului, agravarea distensiei abdominale şi prezenţa unei mase abdominale palpabile (10,11). În lotul de studiu indicaţiile absolute ale tratamentului chirurgical au fost: deteriorarea sta tusului

10 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LXIII, NR. 4, AN clinic în pofida terapiei medicale maximale, respectiv pneumoperitoneul. Indicaţiile relative ale tratamentului chirurgical la un copil cu EUN au fost: ansa intestinală fixă pe radiografie, masa abdominală palpabilă, eritemul peretelui abdominal şi trombocitopenia. Rezultatele obţinute în lotul de studiu certifică faptul că enterocolita ulceronecrotică este o afecţiune caracteristică prematurului cu o morbiditate şi mortalitate semnificativă mai ales în prezenţa factorilor de risc asociaţi pentru tratamentul căreia nici o metodă chirugicală (drenaj peritoneal, laparotomie cu derivaţie digestivă) nu şi-a dovedit superioritatea. Pentru pacienţii în stadii incipiente de boală, dezvol tarea unor metode de diagnostic mai precoce, cu identificarea unor markeri biochimici de urmărit în dinamică, ar putea să scoată aceşti pacienţi în afara indicaţiei de tratament chirurgical, ceea ce ar îm bunătăţi semnificativ supravieţuirea (9-11). Pe de altă parte, utilizarea unor strategii de prevenţie de tipul utilizării alimentaţiei enterale cu lapte matern ar putea reprezenta un salt major de la ac tualele rezultate către un management mai eficient al bolii. CONCLUZII Managementul corect al EUN implică un diagnostic prompt, cu colaborarea neonatologului, chirur gului pediatru mai ales în prezenţa unor factori de risc de tip prematuritate, LBW şi VLBW, ali mentaţia parenterală totală sau detresa respiratorie. Variabilele care influenţează rezultatele postope ratorii indiferent de posibilităţile terapeutice sunt: greutatea pacientului, stadiul de boală la momentul diagnosticului şi vârsta în momentul intervenţiei chirurgicale. Tipul intervenţiei chirurgicale aleasă (LAP/DP) nu influenţează rezultatul, ceea ce face ca abordul chirurgical să rămână unul controversat. Opiniem pentru alegerea DP doar la pacienţii instabili ca o măsură de temporizare de scurtă durată până ce o LAP definitivă se poate efectua (9,11). Alimentaţia enterală precoce cu lapte matern poate fi o strategie de prevenţie pentru nou-născutul la risc.

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