Terapeutické možnosti ALK+ prestavby u pacientov s nemalobunkovým karcinómom pľúc

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1 farmakoterapeutické postupy Terapeutické možnosti ALK+ prestavby u pacientov s nemalobunkovým karcinómom pľúc MUDr. Peter Kasan Oddelenie klinickej onkológie Kliniky pneumológie a ftizeológie I. SZU a Univerzitnej nemocnice Bratislava Ružinov Súhrn Kasan P. Terapeutické možnosti ALK+ prestavby u pacientov s nemalobunkovým karcinómom pľúc. Farmakoterapia 2015;5(2): Molekulovo-genetické analýzy definujú prítomnosť konkrétnych cieľov pre tzv. personalizovanú liečbu tak u pacientov s nemalobunkovým (non-neuroendokrinným) pľúcnym karcinómom, ako aj pre pacientov s inými onkologickými ochoreniami. EML4-ALK a ostatné variantné prestavby génu ALK, ktoré spôsobujú malígny fenotyp bunky, sú obligatórnou podmienkou pre začatie liečby molekulami inhibítorov tyrozínkinázy (TKI) zameranými na túto genetickú zmenu, ktorá spúšťa signálnu dráhu malígnej transformácie. Výskyt pozitivity tejto prestavby v našej populácii sa odhaduje asi na 5 %, prevažne u pacientov s nádorom iného histologického typu ako skvamocelulárny karcinóm, pričom súčasný výskyt spolu s mutáciou EGFR je málo pravdepodobný (1 2 % pacientov s pozitívnou prestavbou ALK). Akceptovanou metódou pre verifikáciu prítomnosti prestavby génu ALK je fluorescenčná in situ hybridizácia (FISH). Aplikáciou krizotinibu možno dosiahnuť u predliečených pacientov významný podiel parciálnych remisií (50,4 %), kontroly ochorenia (84,2 %) a predľženie doby prežívania bez progresie (medián 10 mesiacov). Progresia nastáva obvykle po 12 mesiacoch a následná stratégia závisí od toho, či ide o oligoprogresiu, alebo systémovú progresiu ochorenia. Ďalšími terapeutickými možnosťami sú TKI novej generácie ceritinib a alektinib, ktoré môžu prelomiť rezistenciu vôči krizotinibu, a navyše dosahujú priaznivejšiu koncentráciu v cerebrospinálnom likvore než krizotinib, čím zmenšujú riziko diseminácie do mozgu. Kľúčové slová nemalobunkový (non-neuroendokrinný) karcinóm pľúc, prestavba EML4-ALK, krizotinib, ceritinib, alektinib Summary Kasan P. Therapeutic options for ALK+ rearrangement in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Farmakoterapia 2015;5(2): Molecular genetics analyses define the presence of specific targets for the so-called personalised therapy both in patients with non-small cell (non-neuroendocrine) lung cancer and those with other oncologic diseases. EML4-ALK and other variable ALK gene rearrangements that cause the development of malignant (cancer) cell phenotype constitute obligatory precondition for initiation of therapy with tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting this genetic change, triggering cellular signalling responsible for malignant transformation. Occurrence rate of this rearrangement in our population is estimated at about 5%, predominantly in patients with tumours with other histologies than squamous-cell cancer, the probability of simultaneous occurrence together with EGFR mutation being quite low (1 2% of patients with positive ALK rearrangement). Accepted method to verify the presence of ALK gene rearrangement is FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization). Therapy of pre-treated patients with crizotinib may result in significant partial remission rates (50.4%), and significant disease control (84.2%) and progression-free survival (median of 10 months). It is common for the disease to progress after 12 months, subsequent strategy depending on whether this is so-called oligo-progression or typical systemic diseases progression. Other options include new-generation TKIs ceritinib and alectinib capable of breaking through resistance to crizotinib, while these agents have the additional advantage of attaining higher cerebrospinal fluid levels than crizotinib, associated with reduced risk of intracerebral dissemination. Key words non-small cell (non-neuroendocrine) lung cancer, EML4-ALK rearrangement, crizotinib, ceritinib, alectinib 2015;5(2):

2 Úvod Napriek pokrokom v chemoterapii nemalobunkového (non-neuroendokrinného) pľúcneho karcinómu zostáva jeho prognóza najmä v lokálne pokročilom a diseminovanom štádiu naďalej nepriaznivá pri použití najprogresívnejších cytostatík a modelovania liečby (udržiavacia liečba maintenance) medián prežívania nepresahuje mesiacov. V súčasnosti sa registruje odklon od paušálneho použitia hoci aj účinných a pomerne sofistikovaných cytostatík a príklon k cielenej (personalizovanej) liečbe, založenej na identifikácii konkrétnych cieľov, ktoré sú kľúčové v delení nádorovej bunky alebo v neovaskularizácii, vedúcej k optimálnemu zásobovaniu nádorovej masy a umožňujúcej hematogénne metastázovanie. V nedávnej minulosti sa identifikovali početné membránové receptory (ErB 1 4, VEGFR-1,2), aktiváciou ktorých dochádza k spusteniu signálnych dráh prevažne fosforyláciou intracelulárnej tyrozínkinázy s následnou zvýšenou transkripciou genetickej informácie a proliferáciou nádorovej bunky, alebo k neovaskularizácii s rizikom hematogénneho metastázovania. Ako vhodnejšie pre liečbu sa javia mutované formy receptorov (skutočné mutácie) alebo prestavby (inverzia a translokácia), ktoré sú optimálnym cieľom pre inhibítory tyrozínkináz, ktoré sú spúšťačmi signálnych dráh. Klinicky overeným cieľom je fúzny proteín EML4-ALK, ktorý je terapeutickým cieľom pre krizotinib po zlyhaní prvolíniovej chemoterapie, resp. ceritinib po zlyhaní krizotinibu. Tento typ liečby sa niekedy nesprávne označuje ako biologická liečba. Realitou je, že nie všetky molekuly používané v tomto type liečby sú látky biologickej povahy. Do tejto skupiny patria monoklonálne protilátky proti určitým cieľom na nádorovej bunke (extracelulárne ciele), ako aj tzv. malé molekuly, ktoré prenikajú do cytoplazmy nádorovej bunky a pôsobia na konkrétny intracelulárny cieľ. Obvykle je to kľúčový enzým, ktorý je zodpovedný za aktiváciu signálnych dráh vedúcu k malígnej transformácii bunky. Prestavba ALK+ Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), známa aj ako ALK tyrosine kinase receptor alebo CD246 (cluster of differentiation 246), je enzým, ktorý je v bunke kódovaný na géne ALK chromozómu 2. Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-4 je proteín kódovaný na géne EML4 a tvorí partnerský fúzny proteín pre enzým ALK. Tým sa vytvorí cytoplazmatický chimérický proteín s následnou kinázovou aktivitou-eml4-alk, ktorý aktivuje signálnu dráhu bunkovej proliferácie a prežívania (karcinogenéza a malígny fenotyp), obdobne ako už zmienené receptory s intracelulárnou doménou obsahujúcou tyrozínkinázu schopnú endogénnej fosforylácie. 1 Podľa typu prestavby EML4-ALK sa rozlišuje niekoľko variantov (E13;A20 E13;A20 (variant 1), E13;ins69 A20 E6;A20 E6a/b;A20 (variant 3a/b), E20;A20 E20;A20 (variant 2), E20;ins18A20 E14;A20 E14;ins11del49A20 (variant 4 ), E14;del12A20 (variant 7), E18;A20 E18;A20 (variant 5 ), E15;A20 E15del19;del20A20 (variant 4), E2;A20 E2;A20 &E2;ins117A20 (variant 5a/b), E17;A20 E17;ins 68A20, TGF ALK, KIF5B, zatiaľ však bez zjavnej terapeutickej predikcie vo vzťahu ku krizotinibu. 2 6 Prestavba EML4-ALK je častejšia u nefajčiarov alebo ľahkých bývalých fajčiarov (9,4 %) oproti 2,9 % u fajčiarov a jej výskyt je prevažne v morfologicky non-skvamóznej skupine karcinómov. 8 Tento typ prestavby sa nevyskytuje súčasne s mutáciou EGFR (alebo sa s ňou vyskytuje extrémne zriedkavo), translokácie sú častejšie u mladších pacientov s pľúcnym karcinómom a s pokročilejším ochorením, tento vzťah nebol popísaný u pacientov s mutáciou EGFR. 9 Frekvencia výskytu sa podľa rôznych autorov udáva pomerne variabilne (2 11 %), analýzou pomerne veľkého počtu bioptických vzoriek (Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium) bola frekvencia verifikovaná na hodnote 7 %. 10 V našej populácii u pacientov s pľúcnym karcinómom sa systematické vyšetrovanie iba začína, odhadovaný výskyt je 4 %. Pre rozhodovanie o vhodnosti použitia krizotinibu je kľúčovým krokom stanovenie prítomnosti prestavby ALK. Identifikácia PCR je potenciálne veľmi rýchla metodika v stanovení prítomnosti prestavby, teoretickou výhodou je vysoká senzitivita pre detekciu transkripcie a produktov signalizujúcich preskupenie ALK. V praxi je realizácia obťažná, keďže je známych 11 variantov preskupenia ALK, ktoré by sa museli separátne vyšetriť. Väčšina bioptických tkanivových vzoriek pacientov s nemalobunkovým pľúcnym karcinómom je fixovaná formalínom. RNA extrahovaná z tkaniva fixovaného formalínom je značne degradovaná a na analýzu málo vhodná. Ďalším argumentom pre nevhodnosť tejto metodiky sú publikované dáta o falošne pozitívnych nálezoch tak v nádorovom, ako aj v nenádorovom tkanive. 11 Metóda by mohla byť užitočná pri nejednoznačnom výsledku vyšetrenia FISH. Fluorescenčná in situ hybridizácia (FISH) je odporúčaná modalita pre nesporné výhody (komerčne dostupné vyšetrovacie sety použiteľné pre analýzu preskupenia ALK aj pri pľúcnych neskvamóznych karcinómoch) pri zisťovaní intra- a interchromozomálnych zmien génu ALK vrátane non-eml4 variantov. FISH nie je schopná rozlíšiť jednotlivé typy preskupenia (variantov), čo však v súčasnosti pre rozhodovanie o začatí liečby nie je podstatné. Ako pozitívna prestavba je akceptovaná hladina 15 % (cut-off), problematická je interpretácia okolo tejto hranice (14 16 %). Imunohistochémia (IHC) je relatívne nenáročná metóda stanovenia prítomnosti prestavby pomocou D5F3 zosilnenia IHC značenia, zhoda analýzy FISH a IHC sa uvádza na hladine 99 %, metóda je akceptovaná ako skríningová s potrebou potvrdenia pomocou FISH. 12 Ako optimálne sa na podklade klinických skúseností javí vyšetrenie prestavby ALK priamo metódou FISH. Krizotinib Krizotinib je substituovaná pyridín-2-aminová molekula so schopnosťou intracelulárneho prieniku a selektívnej väzby na ALK a jej cielenej inhibície. Rovnako inhibuje aj c-met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) tyrozín

3 kinázu, ktorá je zodpovedná za onkogenézu viacerých solídnych nádorov. 7 Krizotinib je metabolizovaný enzýmom CYP3A4/5. Primárna degradačná cesta u ľudí je oxydácia piperidínového kruhu a O-dealkylácia s následnou konjugáciou dealkylovaných metabolitov. Liečivo sa v nezmenenej forme vylučuje prevažne stolicou (53 %) a menej močom (2 %), metabolizovanie prebieha v pečeni. Krizotinib je pomalšie metabolizovaný pri poškodení hepatálnych funkcií, jeho toxicita však nebola analyzovaná pri ťažkých poruchách funkcie pečene (viac ako 2,5-násobné zvýšenie aminotransferáz, resp. sérový bilirubín zvýšený viac ako 1,2-násobne). Klinické štúdie s krizotinibom Krizotinib bol v monoterapii analyzovaný pri lokálne pokročilom a diseminovanom ochorení v klinických skúšaniach Profile 1005 a 1001, ktoré mali zásadný vplyv na registráciu tejto molekuly Úradom pre potraviny a liečivá USA (FDA Food and Drug Administration) a Európskou liekovou agentúrou (EMA European Medical Agency). obrázok 1 Krizotinib v 2. línii liečby nemalobunkového karcinómu pľúc (Podľa 13) Krizotinib (n = 173) Chemoterapia (n = 174) Medián 7,7 mes. 3,0 mes. HR (95% CI) 0,49 (0,37 0,64) p < 0,0001 Do sledovania boli zaradení pacienti, ktorí absolvovali systémovú chemoterapiu, ktorá u nich zlyhala. V sledovaní 1005 bola pozitivita mutácie ALK stanovená pomocou Vysis ALK Break-Apart FISH Probe Kit, v sledovaní 1001 pomocou lokálnych štúdiových analytických metód museli byť pozitívne záchyty potvrdené centrálne metodikou FISH. Primárnym cieľom oboch sledovaní bolo zistiť podiel objektívnych odpovedí (ORR) podľa kritérií RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors). Sekundárnymi hodnotenými ukazovateľmi boli dĺžka trvania odpovede, podiel kontroly ochorenia v 8. a 12. týždni a prežívanie bez progresie ochorenia (PFS). Definitívne potvrdenie účinnosti krizotinibu v tejto skupine pacientov znamenalo klinické sledovanie fázy III A (obrázok 1), porovnanie krizotinibu oproti štandardnej chemoterapii docetaxelom, resp. pemetrexedom, ktoré preukázalo superioritu u týchto chorých. V sledovaniach boli pacienti liečení dávkou 250,0 mg krizotinibu 2x denne. Výsledky účinnosti liečby v sledovaniach sú uvedené v tabuľke 1. Taktika liečby pri zlyhaní krizotinibu Zlyhanie liečby krizotinibom je obvyklé okolo 12. mesiaca liečby, veľmi častá je progresia v mozgu. Príčinou progresie je obvykle mutácia na doméne ALK (28 %), t. j. zmena sekvencie báz, ktorá vytvára konfiguráciu rezistentnú pre krizotinib. Menej časté sú amplifikácie ALK s mutáciou (9 %), objavenie sa mutácie KRAS s prestavbou ALK alebo bez nej (9 %) alebo mutácie EGFR bez prestavby ALK, relatívne časté je zachovanie prestavby ALK a neznámy mechanizmus (18 %) (obrázok 2). Mutácií, ktoré definujú rezistenciu voči krizotinibu, je podstatne viac ako v prípade TKI EGFR (T790M, L747S, D761Y), doposiaľ bolo popísaných viac ako 20 (časť identifikovaná in vitro), najčastejšie sú mutácie v genóme ALK označované ako L1196M a G1269A, pričom L1196M sa prisudzuje úloha gate keeper ekvivalentná T790M. 15 Taktika liečby progresie (najčastejšie spôsobenej mutačnou zmenou) je veľmi individuálna a závisí od typu progresie. tabuľka 1 Výsledky účinnosti liečby v klinických sledovaniach PROFILE 1001, 1005, 1007 Klinické sledovanie 1001 (n = 119) 1005 (n = 136) 1007 (n = 137) Najlepšia odpoveď Kompletná remisia (CR) 2 (1,7 %) 1 (< 1,0 %) Parciálna remisia (PR) 69 (59,5 %) 67 (50,4 %) Stabilné ochorenie (SD) (trvanie aspoň 6 týždňov) 31 (26,7 %) 45 (33,8 %) Progresia ochorenia (PD) 6 (5,2 %) 10 (7,5 %) Včasné úmrtie 3 (2,6 %) 5 (3,8 %) Objektívna odpoveď (ORR) (95% CI) 71 (61,2 %) (51,7 70,1) 68 (51,1 %) (42,3 59,9) 65,7 % vs. 19,5 % Trvanie odpovede (rozsah) 26,2 týžd. (8,1 72,9) 12,8 týžd. (7,1 41,9) Prežívanie bez progresie (PFS), medián (95% CI) 10 mes. (8 15) 7,7 mes. vs. 3 mes. Index rizika (HR) 0,49 (0,37 0,64) Celkové prežívanie (OS) v 1. roku (95% CI) 81 % (71 87) Celkové prežívanie (medián) 20,3 mes

4 farmakoterapeutické postupy obrázok 2 Mechanizmus vzniku rezistencie voči krizotinibu (Podľa 14) Oligoprogresia je vytvorenie novej solitárnej lézie alebo zväčšenie jednej lézie, ktorá bola pôvodne pod kontrolou v tomto prípade je optimálna pokračujúca liečba krizotinibom kombinovaná s lokálnou liečbou (rádioterapiou alebo chirurgickou liečbou). Obdobný spôsob sa odporúča v prípade pomalého asymptomatického rastu viacerých lézií pôvodne kontrolovaných liečbou aj v tomto prípade má väčšina pacientov z pokračovania liečby krizotinibom klinický prospech. 16 V prípade rýchlej symptomatickej progresie je indikovaná zmena systémovej liečby, do úvahy prichádza ceritinib, ktorý môže prelomiť rezistenciu vóči krizotinibu vzniknutou niektorou zo zmienených mutácií. V prípade mozgových metastáz je ich vznik spôsobený nízkou koncentráciou krizotinibu v mozgovom tkanive. Liposolubilné molekuly, ktoré voľne difundujú cez endotelie kapilár, môžu pasívne prekonávať hematoencefalickú bariéru, ktorá je vybavená vysokou koncentráciou P-gp (drug- -efflux-transporter protein) a okamžite vracia krizotinib späť do krvného riečiska, a teda jeho koncentrácia v cerebrospinálnom likvore dosahuje iba 0,26 %. 17 Ceritinib Ceritinib je nereceptorový ALK+ TKI novšej generácie (5-chloro-N-2,4 pyrimidíndiamín), registrovaný EMA v apríli 2015 pre liečbu ALK+ nemalobunkového karcinómu pľúc po zlyhaní krizotinibu. Účinnosť ceritinibu po zlyhaní krizotinibu bola dosiahnutá pravdepodobne prekonaním mutácií rezistentných voči krizotinibu (1151Tins, L1152R, C1156Y, L1196M). Účinnosť ceritinibu sa potvrdila v klinických sledovaniach ASCEND-1 až -3 (tabuľka 2). ASCEND-1 bolo klinické sledovanie so zmiešanou skupinou pacientov s ALK+ liečených krizotinibom (n = 163) a krizotinibom neliečených (n = 83), 18 ASCEND-2 v skupine pacientov s ALK+ liečených chemoterapiou a krizotinibom (n = 140) 19 a ASCEND-3 v skupine pacientov s ALK+ bez predchádzajúcej systémovej liečby krizotinibom, u ktorých zlyhala chemoterapia (obrázok 3). 20 Dávkovanie ceritinibu bolo vo všetkých štúdiách identické 750 mg 1x denne. Alektinib Alektinib je ďalšia molekula ALK+ TKI 2. generácie, štrukturálne podobná krizotinibu, ale účinná aj pri ochoreniach s mutáciou rezistentnou voči krizotinibu. Pre túto orphan diagnózu je liek registrovaný iba v Japonsku, vzhľadom na výsledky klinickej štúdie fázy II na japonskej populácii. V skupine 46 pacientov bez predchádzajúcej liečby krizotinibom sa dosiahla odpoveď 93,5 %, medián tabuľka 2 Výsledky účinnosti ceritinibu v sledovaniach ASCEND 1 3 (Podľa 13) Klinické sledovanie ASCEND-1 ASCEND-2 ASCEND-3 Fáza II II II Objektívna odpoveď (ORR) 57 % predliečení 85,1 % 60 % predtým neliečení Trvanie odpovede 8,27 mes. predliečení 17,2 mes. predtým neliečení Medián PFS 6,93 mes. predliečení 5,7 mes. 11,1 mes. 18,4 mes. predtým neliečení Medián OS 14,9 mes. 2015;5(2):

5 obrázok 3 Prežívanie bez progresie ochorenia v štúdii ASCEND-3 (Podľa 20) a medián PFS 8,9 mesiaca (95% CI: 5,6 11,3). Týmito výsledkami sa alektinib klasifikuje medzi vysokoúčinné molekuly po zlyhaní krizotinibu. 21 Záver PFS 27,7 mesiaca (95% CI 26,9 až nedosiahnuté) a 2-ročné prežívanie 79 % (95% CI: 63 89) s veľmi dobrým profilom bezpečnosti. 21 Na stretnutí ASCO 2015 boli publikované výsledky štúdie fázy II s vyhodnotením účinnosti alektinibu po zlyhaní krizotinibu (n = 122). V skupine s predchádzajúcou chemoterapiou sa dosiahla odpoveď v 44,8 % s kontrolou choroby v 77,1 %, v skupine bez chemoterapie v 69,2 % a s kontrolou ochorenia v 84,6 %. Medián trvania odpovede bol 11,2 mesiaca (95% CI: 9,6 až nedosiahnuté) Molekulovo-genetické analýzy, definovanie konkrétnych cieľov a vývoj molekúl ovplyvňujúcich signálne dráhy a prokarcinogénne správanie nádorovej bunky znamenajú nesporný pokrok v liečbe onkologických ochorení. Cieľovou skupinou pre liečbu krizotinibom sú pacienti s nemalobunkovým pľúcnym karcinómom a prestavbou génu ALK. Pri uvedenom spôsobe liečby možno dosiahnuť výrazné odpovede aj u pacientov predliečených kombinovaným cytostatickým režimom s obsahom platiny. S ohľadom na výsledky klinických sledovaní bol krizotinib prvý liek určený na liečbu onkologických ochorení registrovaný FDA na podklade klinických štúdií fázy I a II, ktorých výsledky boli potvrdené štúdiami fázy III. Ceritinib je molekula schopná prelomiť rezistenciu voči krizotinibu vzniknutú reálnymi mutáciami v genóme ALK, nádejným sa javí aj alektinib pre svoju schopnosť dosiahnuť vysokú koncentráciu v CNS a pravdepodobne obmedziť progresiu v CNS, ktorá je pri liečbe krizotinibom pomerne častá. Literatúra 1 Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007;448: Takeuchi K, Choi YL, Soda M, et al. Multiplex reverse transcription-pcr screening for EML4-ALK fusion transcripts. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14: Choi YL, Takeuchi K, Soda M, et al. Identification of novel isoforms of the EML4-ALK transforming gene in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68: Fukuyoshi Y, Inoue H, Kita Y, et al. EML4-ALK fusion transcript is not found in gastrointestinal and breast cancers. Br J Cancer 2008;98: Perner S, Wagner PL, Demichelis F, et al. EML4-ALK fusion lung cancer: a rare acquired event. Neoplasia 2008;10: Takahashi T, Sonobe M, Kobayashi M, et al. Clinicopathologic features of non-small-cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK fusion gene. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17: Rodig SJ, Shapiro GI. Crizotinib, a small-molecule dual inhibitor of the c-met and ALK receptor tyrosine kinases. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2010;11: Koivunen JP, Mermel C, Zejnullahu K, et al. EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14: Wong DW, Leung EL, So KK, et al. The EML4-ALK fusion gene is involved in various histologic types of lung cancers from nonsmokers with wild-type EGFR and KRAS. Cancer 2009;115: Kris MG, et al. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(Suppl):Abstract Martelli MP, Sozzi G, Hernandez L, et al. EML4-ALK rearrangement in non-small cell lung cancer and non-tumor lung tissues. Am J Pathol 2009;174: Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, et al. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. J Mol Diagn 2013;15: Shaw AT, Kim DW, Nakagawa K, et al. Phase III study of crizotinib versus pemetrexed or docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (PROFILE 1007). 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