CONTROLLED-RELEASE & SUSTAINED-RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing-4
|
|
- Edwin Taylor
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CONTROLLED-RELEASE & SUSTAINED-RELEASE DOSAGE FORMS Pharmaceutical Manufacturing-4
2 The improvement in drug therapy is a consequence of not only the development of new chemical entities but also the combination of active substances and a suitable delivery system. The treatment of an acute disease or chronic illness is mostly accomplished by delivery of one or more drugs to the patient using various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Tablets, pills, capsules, suppositories, creams, ointments, liquids, aerosols, and injections are in use as drug carriers for many decades. These conventional types of drug delivery systems are known to provide a prompt release of the drug. Therefore, to achieve as well as to maintain the drug concentration within the therapeutically effective range needed for treatment, it is often necessary to take this type of drug several times a day, resulting in the significant fluctuation in drug levels
3 For all categories of treatment, a major challenge is to define the optimal dose, time, rate, and site of delivery. Recent developments in drug delivery techniques make it possible to control the rate of drug delivery to sustain the duration of therapeutic activity and/or target the delivery of drug to a specific organ or tissue.
4 The basic rationale for controlled drug delivery is to alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pharmacologically active moieties by using novel drug delivery systems or by modifying the molecular structure and/or physiological parameters inherent in a selected route of administration. It is desirable that the duration of drug action become more a design property of a rate-controlled dosage form and less, or not at all, a property of the drug molecules inherent kinetic properties.
5 The rationale for development and use of controlled dosage forms may include one or more of the following arguments: 1. Decrease the toxicity and occurrence of adverse drug reactions by controlling the level of drug and/or metabolites in the blood at the target sites. 2. Improve drug utilization by applying a smaller drug dose in a controlled release form to produce the same clinical effect as a larger dose in a conventional dosage form. 3. Provide a uniform blood concentration and/or provide a more predictable drug delivery. 4. Provide greater patient convenience and better patient compliance by significantly prolonging the interval between administrations. 5. Control the rate and site of release of a drug that acts locally so that the drug is released where the activity is needed rather than at other sites where it may cause adverse reactions.
6 A controlled - release drug delivery system serves primarily two functions. First, it involves the transport of the drug to a particular part of the body. This may be accomplished in two ways, parenterally and nonparenterally. Second, the release of active ingredients occurs in a controlled manner, depending on the preparation of dosage forms. This determines the rate at which a drug is made available to the body once it has been delivered. Controlled drug delivery occurs when a biomaterial, either natural or synthetic, is judiciously combined with a drug or other active agent in such a way that the active agent is released from the material in a predesigned manner. To be successfully used in controlled drug delivery formulations, a material must be chemically inert and free of leachable impurities.
7 Controlled - release systems provide numerous benefits over conventional dosage forms. Conventional dosage forms are not able to control either the rate of drug delivery or the target area of administration and provide an immediate or rapid drug release. The duration of therapeutic efficacy is dependent upon the frequency of administration, the half life of the drug, and the release rate of dosage forms. In contrast, controlled release dosage forms not only are able to maintain therapeutic levels of drug with narrow fluctuations but also make it possible to reduce the frequency of drug administration.
8 The primary objectives of controlled drug delivery are to ensure safety and to improve efficacy of drugs as well as patient compliance. This is achieved by better control of plasma drug levels and less frequent dosing. For conventional dosage forms, only the dose (D) and dosing interval (τ) can vary above which undesirable or side effects are elicited. As an index of this window, the therapeutic index (TI) can be used. This is often defined as the ratio of lethal dose (LD50) to median effective dose (ED50). Alternatively, it can be defined as the ratio of maximum drug concentration (Cmax) in blood that can be tolerated to the minimum concentration (Cmin) needed to produce an acceptable therapeutic response.
9 Different types of modified release systems can be defined Sustained release (extended release) that permits a reduction in dosing frequency as compared to the situation in which the drug is presented as a conventional form Delayed release when the release of the active ingredient comes sometimes other than promptly after administration Pulsatile release when the device actively controls the dosage released following predefined parameters
10 CONTROLLED - RELEASE ORAL DOSAGE FORMS Oral drug delivery is the preferred route for drug administration because of its convenience, economy, and high patient compliance compared with several other routes. Anatomically, the alimentary canal can be divided into a conduit region and digestive and absorptive regions. The conduit region includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower rectum. The digestive and absorptive regions include the stomach, small intestine, and all parts of the large intestine except the very distal region.
11 Gastrointestinal Tract: Physical Dimensions and Dynamics The role of the stomach in drug and nutrition absorption is very limited, and it acts primarily as a reception area for oral dosage forms. Nonionic, lipophilic molecules of moderate size can be absorbed through the stomach only to a limited extent owing to the small epithelial surface area and the short duration of contact with the stomach epithelium in comparison with the intestine. The transit time in the GI tract varies from one person to another and also depends upon the physical properties of the object ingested and the physiological conditions of the alimentary canal
12 After passing through the stomach, the next organ that a drug or bioactive compound encounters is the small intestine. The intestinal epithelium is composed of absorptive cells (enterocytes) interspersed with goblet cells (specialized for mucus secretion) and a few enteroendocrine cells (that release hormones). The enterocytes of intestinal epithelium are the most important cells in view of the absorption of drugs and nutrients. Histologically, colonic mucosa resembles the small intestinal mucosa, the absence of villi being the major difference. The microvilli of the large intestine enterocytes are less organized than those of the small intestine. The resulting decrease in the surface area of the colon leads to a low absorption potential in comparison with the small intestine. However, the colonic residence time is longer than that for the small intestine, providing extended periods of time for the slow absorption of drugs and nutrients.
13 Oral controlled drug delivery is a system that provides the continuous delivery of drugs at predictable and reproducible kinetics for a predetermined period through- out the course of GI transit. Also included are systems that target the delivery of a drug to a specific region within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for either local or a systemic action. All the oral controlled drug delivery systems have limited utilization in the GI controlled administration of drugs if the systems cannot remain in the vicinity of the absorption site for the lifetime of the drug delivery.
14 In the vicinity of the absorption site for the lifetime of the drug delivery. In the exploration of oral controlled-release dosage forms, one encounters three areas of potential challenges: 1. Drug Delivery System: To develop a viable oral controlled-release drug delivery system capable of delivering a drug at a therapeutically effective rate to a desirable site for the duration required for optimal efficacy. 2. Modulation of GI Transit Time: To modulate the GI transit time so that the drug delivery system developed can be transported to a target site or to the vicinity of an absorption site and reside there for a prolonged period of time to maximize the delivery of a drug dose. 3. Minimization of Hepatic First-Pass Elimination: If the drug to be delivered is subjected to extensive hepatic first-pass elimination, preventive measures should be devised to either bypass or minimize the extent of hepatic metabolic effect.
15 Physical model illustrating various physiological processes during gastrointestinal transit.
16 The degree to which a delivery system can achieve standard release profiles for a variety of chemically and physically diverse, pharmaceutically active molecules is a measure of a delivery system s efficacy and flexibility Profile of drug level in blood: ( a ) traditional dosing of tablets; ( b ) controlled drug delivery dose.
17
18 Biological Half-Life The usual goal of an oral controlledrelease dosage form is to maintain therapeutic blood levels, over an extended period of time. A drug must be absorbed and enter the circulation at approximately the same rate at which it is eliminated. The elimination rate is quantitatively described by the half-life (t ). 1/2 Therapeutic compounds with short half-lives are excellent candidates for controlled/sustained-release preparations, since this can reduce dosing frequency.
19 Gastrointestinal Tract and Absorption: The design of a controlled-release dosage form should be based on a comprehensive picture of drug disposition. Both the pharmacokinetic property and biological response parameter have a useful range for the design of sustainedand controlled-release products. The potential problems inherent in oral controlled-release oral dosage forms generally relate to (i) interactions between the rate, extent, and location that the dosage form releases the drug and (ii) the regional differences in GI physiology.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1. Unit 2 Route of Drug Administration
Pharmaceutics I صيدالنيات 1 Unit 2 Route of Drug Administration 1 Routs of Drug administration The possible routes of drug entry into the body may be divided into two classes: Parenteral Rout Enteral Rout
More informationDESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF 5 FLUORURACIL & METRONIDAZOLE
1. Introduction: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF 5 FLUORURACIL & METRONIDAZOLE Oral controlled - release formulations for the small intestine and colon have received considerable
More informationChapter 2 Rationale and Objective
Chapter 2 SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM s NMIMS, Mumbai 44 2.0 Rationale Need for extended release drug delivery systems Over the past 50 years or so, substantial research in the
More informationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration Definition:- A route of administration in pharmacy is the path by which a drug is taken into the body. Classification:- The various routes of administrations are classified
More information2- Minimum toxic concentration (MTC): The drug concentration needed to just produce a toxic effect.
BIOPHARMACEUTICS Drug Product Performance Parameters: 1- Minimum effective concentration (MEC): The minimum concentration of drug needed at the receptors to produce the desired pharmacologic effect. 2-
More informationDefine the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability.
Pharmaceutics Reading Notes Define the terms biopharmaceutics and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutics: the area of study concerning the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences
More informationIntroduction to. Pharmacokinetics. University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D
Introduction to 1 Pharmacokinetics University of Hawai i Hilo Pre-Nursing Program NURS 203 General Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 2 Learning objectives Understand compartment models and how they effects
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES. tube along with several
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CLASS NOTES Digestion Breakdown of food and the of nutrients in the bloodstream. Metabolism Production of for and cellular activities. The digestive system is composed of the canal which
More informationMicroneedles for Drug Delivery via Gastrointestinal Tract. Maleeha Akram 08-arid-1772 Ph.D. Zoology
Microneedles for Drug Delivery via Gastrointestinal Tract Maleeha Akram 08-arid-1772 Ph.D. Zoology 1 Contents Gastrointestinal tract Histology of GI tract Absorption through GI tract Drug delivery History
More informationPharmacokinetic Phase
RSPT 2217 Principles of Drug Action Part 2: The Pharmacokinetic Phase Gardenhire Chapter 2; p. 14-25 From the Text Common Pathways for Drug Box 2-3; page 18 Plasma Half-lives of Common Drugs Table 2-4;
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System Identify the Structure and Function. Mesentery of the Large Intestine The mesentery functions to connect the visceral organs to the abdominal wall. Identify the Structure. Nasal Cavity
More informationPharmacokinetics I. Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor
Pharmacokinetics I Dr. M.Mothilal Assistant professor DRUG TRANSPORT For a drug to produce a therapeutic effect, it must reach to its target and it must accumulate at that site to reach to the minimum
More informationDigestive System 7/15/2015. Outline Digestive System. Digestive System
Digestive System Biology 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 15 Outline Digestive System I. Functions II. Layers of the GI tract III. Major parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
More informationD9G : Oro-Mucosal Dosage Forms Development Background Paper
D9G : Oro-Mucosal Dosage Forms Development Background Paper Introduction This background paper is intended to provide a basic rationale for initial formulation efforts, and define some of the terminology
More informationCHAPTER-I DRUG CHARACTERIZATION & DOSAGE FORMS
CHAPTER-I DRUG CHARACTERIZATION & DOSAGE FORMS by: j. jayasutha lecturer department of pharmacy practice Srm college of pharmacy srm university DRUG CHARACTERIZATION: Pre-formulation studies will attempt
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 25
The Digestive System Chapter 25 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationThe Digestive System. Chapter 16. Introduction. Overview of Digestive System. Histological Organization. Movement and Mixing of Digestive Materials
The Digestive System Chapter 16 Introduction Structure of the digestive system A tube that extends from mouth to anus Accessory organs are attached Functions include Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption
More informationAn introduction to Liposomal Encapsulation Technology
An introduction to Liposomal Encapsulation Technology Mother Nature has the innate ability to solve problems through the most efficient and effective route possible. The problem of how to make an oil-soluble
More informationFundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 4
(A) (B) Figure 4-1 A, B (C) FIGURE 4-1C The active transport process moves particles against the concentration gradient from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Active transport
More informationThe Digestive System Laboratory
The Digestive System Laboratory 1 The Digestive Tract The alimentary canal is a continuous tube stretching from the mouth to the anus. Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Anus Parotid, sublingual, and submaxillary
More informationMedication Administration. By: Carolyn McCune RN, BSN, MSN, CRNP
Medication Administration By: Carolyn McCune RN, BSN, MSN, CRNP Percutaneous Administration Medications application to the skin or mucus membranes Ointments, creams, powders, lotions, solutions into the
More informationPrimary Function. 1. Ingestion: food enters the system
Digestive System Primary Function 1. Ingestion: food enters the system - Physical and enzymatic breakdown begins 2. Digestion: Further breakdown - Chemical/enzymatic 3. Absorption: Nutrients enter circulatory
More informationLearning Targets. The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract. Also known as the alimentary canal. Hollow series of organs that food passes through
Digestion the multistep process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use Learning Targets Describe the path food takes through the digestive system. Identify the major organs of the digestive
More informationBASIC PHARMACOKINETICS
BASIC PHARMACOKINETICS MOHSEN A. HEDAYA CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Table of Contents Chapter
More informationDigestive System. How your body obtains nutrients. Wednesday, March 2, 16
Digestive System How your body obtains nutrients Vocabulary Ingestion: food enters the system Physical and enzymatic breakdown begins Digestion: Further breakdown Chemical/enzymatic Vocabulary Absorption:
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System s Big Book of Handouts Digestion and nutrition Specific Learning outcomes B11-2-01: Identify major structures and functions of the human digestive system from a diagram, model, or
More informationDrug CHAPTER 2. Pharmacologic Principles. NDEG 26A Eliza Rivera-Mitu, RN, MSN. Pharmacology. Drug Names. Pharmacologic Principles. Drug Names (cont'd)
CHAPTER 2 Pharmacologic Principles NDEG 26A Eliza Rivera-Mitu, RN, MSN Drug Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism Pharmacology The study or science of drugs Drug Names
More informationDigestive System. Physical and breakdown begins. : Further breakdown, chemical/enzymatic
SBI 3C Digestive System : food enters the system Physical and breakdown begins : Further breakdown, chemical/enzymatic : Nutrients enter system, delivered to tissues of the body Elimination of Waste (
More informationPharmacokinetic Phase
RSPT 2317 Principles of Drug Action Part 2: The Pharmacokinetic Phase Pharmacokinetic Phase This phase describes the time course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution,
More informationIncludes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Nutrition Digestive System Brings Nutrients Into the Body The digestive system includes Gastrointestinal (GI) tract (hollow tube) Lumen: space within this tube Includes
More informationRevised European Guideline on PK and Clinical Evaluation of Modified Release Dosage Forms
1st MENA Regulatory Conference on Bioequivalence, Biowaivers, Bioanalysis and Dissolution Jordan September 23 24, 2013 Revised European Guideline on PK and Clinical Evaluation of Modified Release Dosage
More informationThe Digestive System. What is the advantage of a one-way gut? If you swallow something, is it really inside you?
The Digestive System What is the advantage of a one-way gut?! If you swallow something, is it really inside you? Functions and Processes of the Digestive System: Move nutrients, water, electrolytes from
More informationEnergy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Phosphorylation Hydrolysis Energy, Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chapter 2 (selections) What is Energy? Energy is the capacity to do work Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Chemical Bond Energy Like a rechargeable
More informationDr Nadine Gravett School of Anatomical Sciences Room 2B10B
Dr Nadine Gravett School of Anatomical Sciences Room 2B10B Nadine.Gravett@wits.ac.za Oral cavity Mechanical breakdown Formation of bolus Oesophagus Conduit from mouth to stomach Stomach Digestion Temporary
More informationDelivery of proteins (Routes of administration and absorption enhancement) The parenteral route of administration:
Delivery of proteins (Routes of administration and absorption enhancement) 1 The parenteral route of administration: Parenteral administration is here defined as administration via those routes where a
More informationBasic Concepts of TDM
TDM Lecture 1 5 th stage What is TDM? Basic Concepts of TDM Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a branch of clinical pharmacology that specializes in the measurement of medication concentrations in blood.
More informationHUMAN NUTRITION: ABSORPTION & ASSIMILATION 14 MAY 2014
HUMAN NUTRITION: ABSORPTION & ASSIMILATION 14 MAY 2014 In this lesson, we: Absorption Lesson Description Examine and understand absorption Define absorption and describe where it occurs Study the structure
More informationTwo main groups Alimentary canal continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs
Digestion Breakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the blood Metabolism Production of cellular energy (ATP) Constructive and degradative cellular activities Two main groups Alimentary canal
More informationWhat is Digestion? The break down of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed and used by the body
Digestive System What is Digestion? The break down of food into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed and used by the body What is Digestion? This involves: Ingestion and propulsion of food along
More informationTOXICOLOGY, AND HUMAN HEALTH
TOXICOLOGY, AND HUMAN HEALTH Toxicity measures how harmful a substance is. It mainly depends on dose the amount of absorbed matter. Three types of toxic entities: Chemical Biological Physical Chemicals
More informationDIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010
DIGESTION SBI 3C: NOVEMBER 2010 DIAGRAM OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Mouth Esophagus Liver Gallbladder Large Intestine Appendix Stomach Pancreas Small Intestine Rectum Anus STAGES OF DIGESTION: 1. INGESTION Taking
More informationHuman Structure and Function GI Tract Exercises
GI Tract Exercises Study Exercises. Review of the Elements of the Alimentary Tube. On the following two pages is a chart or matrix of blank spaces. Each space is the intersection of a horizontal row and
More informationDigestive System. Digestive System. Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body.
Digestive System Digestion is the process of reducing food to small molecules that can be absorbed into the body. 2 Types of Digestion Mechanical digestion physical breakdown of food into small particles
More information1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals a) Suspension feeders i) (1) Humpback whales b) Substrate feeders i)
1 AP Biology March 2008 Digestion Chapter 41 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal s energy budget. 1) Four main feeding mechanisms of animals Suspension feeders (1) Humpback whales Substrate feeders
More informationph Dependent Drug Delivery System: Review
ph Dependent Drug Delivery System: Review Korake.S.P. SVERI s College of Pharmacy (Poly.), Pandharpur The ph-dependent CTDDS exploit the generally accepted view that ph of the human GIT increases progressively
More informationBIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES 248-265 MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D. DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE
More informationGeneral Structure of Digestive Tract
Dr. Nabil Khouri General Structure of Digestive Tract Common Characteristics: Hollow tube composed of a lumen whose diameter varies. Surrounded by a wall made up of 4 principal layers: Mucosa Epithelial
More informationBIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
BIO 139 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB ANALOGY PAGES 248-265 MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D. DIGESTIVE ORGANS ALIMENTARY CANAL MOUTH PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE
More informationLecture 1: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs and Drug Disposition
Lecture 1: Physicochemical Properties of Drugs and Drug Disposition Key objectives: 1. Be able to explain the benefits of oral versus IV drug administration 2. Be able to explain the factors involved in
More informationGeneral principles of gastrointestinal motility
General principles of gastrointestinal motility OBJECTIVES Physiological anatomy General Principles Circulation of blood through the GIT organs Control of all GIT functions by local, nervous, and hormonal
More informationPOGIL Activity on The Digestive System (Let s go Down the Hatch! )
POGIL Activity on The Digestive System (Let s go Down the Hatch! ) Life is organized in the following levels: Chemical Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, and finally,
More informationDigestion, Absorption, and Transport
Digestion Digestion, Absorption, and Transport Chapter 3 Breaking down foods into nutrients Prepare for absorption Challenges of digestion Accessing Nutrients digestion Getting nutrients through the body
More informationThe Digestive System
The Digestive System What is the digestive system? The digestive system is where the digestion of food and liquids occurs. Our bodies are not suited to absorbing the energy contained in food as they are
More informationCell Membranes, Epithelial Barriers and Drug Absorption p. 1 Introduction p. 2 The Plasma Membrane p. 2 The phospholipid bilayer p.
Cell Membranes, Epithelial Barriers and Drug Absorption p. 1 Introduction p. 2 The Plasma Membrane p. 2 The phospholipid bilayer p. 3 Dynamic behaviour of membranes p. 4 Modulation of membrane fluidity
More information* Produces various chemicals to break. down the food. * Filters out harmful substances * Gets rid of solid wastes
* * Produces various chemicals to break down the food * Filters out harmful substances * Gets rid of solid wastes * *Mouth *Pharynx *Oesophagus *Stomach *Small and large intestines * *Changes the physical
More informationNutrients and Digestion
Nutrients and Digestion Nutrition what is needed to be taken in to keep the body healthy Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Minerals Vitamins Water Carbohydrates Types of sugars combined in
More informationGastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology. Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross
Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Physiology Bio 219 Napa Valley College Dr. Adam Ross Functions of digestive system Digestion Breakdown of food (chemically) using enzymes, acid, and water Absorption Nutrients,
More informationWhat is Nanotechnology?
Use of Nanotechnology to Optimize Delivery of Probiotics and Prebiotics to Target Sites Ian G Tucker Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of What is Nanotechnology? Some people say they have
More informationChapter 33 Active Reading Guide Animal Nutrition
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 33 Active Reading Guide Animal Nutrition Section 1 1. When asked Why do animals eat? you might answer something like in order to live. However, this would not be a college-level
More informationChapter 14: The Digestive System
Chapter 14: The Digestive System Digestive system consists of Muscular tube (digestive tract) alimentary canal Accessory organs teeth, tongue, glandular organs 6 essential activities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
More informationDIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS. Mar 16 10:34 PM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS Mar 16 10:34 PM 1 I. Digestive System Functions > Ingestion the taking in of food > Propulsion movement caused by force > Digestion breakdown
More informationChapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions
Chapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions 20.1 Overview of GI Processes 1. Describe the functions of digestive system. 2. List and define the four GI Processes: 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the
More informationTissues. tissue = many cells w/ same structure and function. cell shape aids function tissue shape aids function. Histology = study of tissues
Tissues tissue = many cells w/ same structure and function cell shape aids function tissue shape aids function Histology = study of tissues 4 types of tissues Epithelial coverings contact openings Connective
More informationNon-Invasive Assessment of Intestinal Function
Overview Non-Invasive Assessment of Intestinal Function Introduction This paper will demonstrate that the 13 C-sucrose breath test ( 13 C-SBT) determines the health and function of the small intestine.
More information2. A digestive organ that is not part of the alimentary canal is the: a. stomach b. liver c. small intestine d. large intestine e.
Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Review Questions Multiple Choice: 1. Which of the following terms are synonyms? a. Gastrointestinal tract b. Digestive system c. Digestive tract d. Alimentary
More informationRebel Biology - Nutrition. organisms need a variety of nutrients to perform life s activities. carbs, proteins. vitamins, water,
Rebel Biology - Nutrition organisms need a variety of nutrients to perform life s activities the most important ones are fats, carbs, proteins vitamins, water, these either provide direct value(fats/carbs/proteins)
More informationFigure Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore
Figure 41.1 Nutrition: omnivore, herbivore, carnivore Essential Nutrients: Amino acids Fatty acids Vitamins Minerals Figure 41.2 Complete vs incomplete Omnivore vs herbivore (vegetarian) Table 41.1 Table
More informationTissue Outline (chapter 4) Tissues group of cells that perform structural and roles. List the 4 types:
Tissue Outline (chapter 4) Tissues group of cells that perform structural and roles. List the 4 types: 1. 2. 3. 4. I. Epithelial Tissue covers all the surfaces, inside & out. Are the major tissues of,
More informationChapter 5. The Actions of Drugs. Origins of Drugs. Names of Drugs. Most drugs come from plants or are chemically derived from plants
Chapter 5 The Actions of Drugs Origins of Drugs Most drugs come from plants or are chemically derived from plants Names of Drugs Chemical name: Complete chemical description of the molecule Example: N'-[2-[[5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-furyl]
More informationPHARMACEUTICS I صيدالنيات 1 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION
PHARMACEUTICS I صيدالنيات 1 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION 1 PHARMACEUTICS Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design. The general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability, and
More informationThe digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System
The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and several accessory organs. The Digestive System The Digestive System The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food. Mechanical
More informationENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Chapter 4 Toxicokinetics Mohd Amir Bin Arshad Toxicokinetics study on how a substance gets into the body and what happens to it in the body" The kinetics (movement) of substances
More informationLesson Overview The Digestive System
30.3 THINK ABOUT IT The only system in the body that food actually enters is the digestive system. So how does food get to the rest of the body after the process of digestion? Functions of the Digestive
More information7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
211 7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Drug absorption from the gastro intestinal tract can be limited by various factors with the most common one being poor aqueous solubility and poor permeability
More informationOne-Compartment Open Model: Intravenous Bolus Administration:
One-Compartment Open Model: Intravenous Bolus Administration: Introduction The most common and most desirable route of drug administration is orally by mouth using tablets, capsules, or oral solutions.
More information- Digestion occurs during periods of low activity - Produces more energy than it uses. - Mucosa
Introduction Digestive System Chapter 29 Provides processes to break down molecules into a state easily used by cells - A disassembly line: Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus Digestive functions
More informationNUTRIENT DIGESTION & ABSORPTION
NUTRIENT DIGESTION & ABSORPTION NUTR 2050: Nutrition for Nursing Professionals Mrs. Deborah A. Hutcheon, MS, RD, LD Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Differentiate
More informationUniversity of Sulaimani School of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmaceutics Third level - Second semester
University of Sulaimani School of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmaceutics Third level - Second semester 5/21/2017 Pharmaceutical Compounding, Dr. rer. nat. Rebaz Ali 1 Outlines Why rectal or vaginal route? Suppository
More informationHISTOLOGY. GIT Block 432 Histology Team. Lecture 1: Alimentary Canal (1) (Esophagus & Stomach) Done by: Ethar Alqarni Reviewed by: Ibrahim Alfuraih
HISTOLOGY Lecture 1: Alimentary Canal (1) (Esophagus & Stomach) Done by: Ethar Alqarni Reviewed by: Ibrahim Alfuraih Color Guide: Black: Slides. Red: Important. Green: Doctor s notes. Blue: Explanation.
More informationBrand and Generic Drugs. Educational Objectives. Absorption
Peter J. Rice, PharmD, PhD Associate Professor of Pharmacology East Tennessee State University Educational Objectives Pharmacokinetic Processes Distribution Metabolism Excretion Similarities Active ingredient(s)
More information1 - Drug preparations and route of drug administration
1 - Drug preparations and route of drug administration - There are many ways to administer drugs 1. Enteral > drugs taken into gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, e.g. swallowing a pill 2. Parenteral > drugs
More informationUNIT 5 MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS Digestive System Test Bank
UNIT 5 MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS Digestive System Test Bank Objective 5.01 Describe the basic functions of the digestive system. 1. What is the main function of the digestive system? a. Hold and receive food
More informationTablet is a major category of solid dosage forms which are widely used worldwide. Extensive information is required to prepare tablets with good
TABLET PRODUCTİON Tablet is a major category of solid dosage forms which are widely used worldwide. Extensive information is required to prepare tablets with good quality at high standards. Based on preformulation
More information10/27/2016. Processing in the Large Intestine. The colon of the large intestine is connected to the small intestine
The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart The liver regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and
More informationChapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions
Chapter 20 The Digestive System Exam Study Questions 20.1 Overview of GI Processes 1. Describe the functions of digestive system. 2. List and define the four GI Processes: 20.2 Functional Anatomy of the
More informationDigestive System. Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy
Digestive System Why do we need to eat? Growth Maintenance (repair tissue) Energy Nutrients Nutrient = chemical that must be obtained by an organism from it s environment in order to survive; nutrients
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ATLAS AND REVIEW PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL ATLAS AND REVIEW PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 the digestive system an ultrastructural atlas and review the digestive system an pdf the digestive
More informationNURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM
NURSE-UP DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AKA G.I. SYSTEM The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.
More informationGASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY DAR ES SALAAM TANZANIA
GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY DAR ES SALAAM TANZANIA Anatomy of the GI Tract The GI tract is essentially a hollow tube connecting the mouth to the anus.
More information1. Three Main Functions. Chapter 19: 2. Two Groups of digestive organs. 2. Two Groups of digestive organs 6/1/2015. The Wall of the Digestive Tract
1. Three Main Functions Chapter 19: General Structure and Function of the Digestive System Digestion-breakdown of food into small particles for transport to blood Absorption- into bloodstream to take to
More informationIntroduction pharmacology and drug administration
1 Introduction to pharmacology and drug administration INTRODUCTION Pharmacology is the study of drugs or chemicals used to treat and cure disease and their interactions in the body. Within the study of
More information(*) (*) Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. Uptake of nutrients by body cells (intestine)
Human Digestive System Food is pushed along the digestive tract by peristalsis the rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscles in the wall of the canal Accessory glands. Main stages of food processing
More information- Digestion occurs during periods of low activity - Produces more energy than it uses. 3 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction Digestive System Chapter 29 Provides processes to break down molecules into a state easily used by cells - A disassembly line: Starts at the mouth and ends at the anus Digestive functions
More informationChapter 05. *Lecture Outline. PowerPoints prepared by Melanie Waite-Altringer Biology Faculty Member of Anoka-Ramsey Community College
Chapter 05 *Lecture Outline *See separate Image PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. PowerPoints prepared by Melanie Waite-Altringer Biology Faculty
More informationBELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE Remember the structures of the digestive system 1
BELLWORK DEFINE: PERISTALSIS CHYME RUGAE 2.07 Remember the structures of the digestive system 1 STANDARD 8) Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how
More informationAn overview of the digestive system. mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus
An overview of the digestive system mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus Why GIT? What are the main steps in the digestive process? Ingestion intake of food via the
More informationDigestive System Practice Test
Name: Class Period: Section 1: Digestive System Practice Test Directions: Match the items in Column B to the definitions or explanations offered in Column A. Write the matching letter, on the line provided
More informationPrinciples of Anatomy and Physiology
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14 th Edition CHAPTER 24 The Digestive System Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to Identify the anatomical components of the digestive system as well as their
More informationIntroducing Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Janice Davies Pharmacist Room 23 Maudland Building
Introducing Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Janice Davies Pharmacist Room 23 Maudland Building JADavies5@uclan.ac.uk 1 elearn 2 DVD Any problems / questions? 3 Learning outcomes Define and discuss
More informationKRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi
KRISHNA TEJA PHARMACY COLLEGE HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Dr.B.Jyothi Prof, Dept. Of Pharmacology KTPC The Digestive System Food undergoes six major processes: 1. Ingestion : process
More information