EFFECT OF ANESTHETICS ON STRESS AND THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA)
|
|
- Anissa Beasley
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Isreli Journl of Aquculture Bmidgeh 56(1), 24, EFFECT OF ANESTHETICS ON STRESS AND THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) Keren Bressler nd Benny Ron* Isrel Ocenogrphic nd Limnologicl Reserch, Ntionl Center for Mriculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilt 88112, Isrel (Received 1.1.3, Accepted ) Key words: nesthetics, enzocine, clove oil, innte immune system, Sprus urt, stress Astrct Anesthesi my depress the immune system in mmmls nd fish. In the present work, two nesthetics used in quculture, clove oil (.445 mm) nd enzocine (.225 mm), were tested to oserve their effects on the stress response nd innte immune system ctivity of gilthed serem (Sprus urt L.). Results showed tht oth nesthetics induced incresed lood glucose nd serum cortisol levels. In ddition, enzocine depressed lysozyme ctivity, production of rective oxygen species nd pinocytosis ctivity. These were not depressed y clove oil, suggesting tht clove oil is sfer nesthetic for serem s it does not cuse immunodepression in nesthetized fish. Introduction Anesthesi is iologicl stte induced y n externl gent which results in the prtil or complete loss of senstion or loss of voluntry neuromotor control through chemicl or nonchemicl mens (Summerfelt nd Smith, 199). Anesthetics re frequently used in fishery studies nd quculture to minimize stress response, preventing its negtive impct on performnce nd reducing physicl injury during hndling procedures (Wedemeyer, 1997). While nesthesi enefits the fish y minimizing the impct of greter stressors, it is lso inherently stressful nd its effectiveness depends on the procedure used (Iwm et l., 1989). Severe nesthesi my induce stress response in fish tht cn led to immunodepression nd incresed susceptiility to disese (Iwm et l. 1989; Thoms nd * Corresponding uthor. E-mil: ronenny@gri.huji.c.il
2 6 Bressler nd Ron Roertson, 1991). Different nesthetic gents cn cuse diverse chnges in physiologicl prmeters. Benzocine is common nesthesi, considered to e locl gent tht locks neurl N + chnnels, reducing trnsmission of nerve ction potentil (Crmichel, 1985). The prolem in using enzocine s n nesthetic is tht it produces typicl effects of stress such s hypoxi, hyperglycemi nd incresed lood lctte levels (Ross nd Ross, 1984). Clove oil hs received fvorle reviews s n lterntive nesthetic for vriety of fish species (Keene et l., 1998; Cho nd Heth, 2). Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-2-(2- propenyl)-phenol), the ctive component of clove oil, is otined from the uds, leves nd stem of the Eugeni cryophyllus plnt. Clove oil hs severl dvntges over other nesthetic gents in fishery reserch, ssessment studies nd quculture pplictions. It is n esily otinle nd inexpensive orgnic distillte, which is used s food dditive nd possesses ntifungl, ntivirl, nlgesic nd nticteril properties (Keene et l., 1998). Clove oil is orgnic, so no withdrwl period is required for fish intended for humn consumption. Another dvntge of clove oil is tht it does not pose chemicl helth hzrd to the user. The only known disdvntge of clove oil is its photosensitivity. The gol of this study ws to exmine the effect of two commonly used nesthetics, clove oil nd enzocine, on stress responses nd innte immune system ctivity of the serem (Sprus urt). Mterils nd Methods Experimentl fish nd rering conditions. Gilthed serem (Sprus urt), rered t the Ntionl Center for Mriculture (NCM) in Eilt, Isrel, were used in this study. Prior to initition of the experiment, sixty fish (22±15 g men weight) were rndomly distriuted into ech of four 9-liter flow-through tnks nd cclimted for 21 dys (4 ppt slinity, 124 l/h flow rte, 5.6 mg/l ertion, 24±.5 C, nturl photoperiod). During the cclimtion period, the fish were fed once dy t the rte of 1.2% ody weight with commercil dry pellets (Mtmor, M.P. Evtch, Isrel). Experimentl design. Three groups of fifteen fish, ech, were compred: control (no nesthetic), enzocine-nesthetized (22.5 µl/l enzocine) nd clove oil-nesthetized (44.5 µl/l clove oil). The nesthetic ws dministered y dissolving it in 1% ethnol (1:2 for the enzocine nd 1:5 for the clove oil) nd then in smll mount of se wter. The dissolved nesthetic ws shken nd poured into the tnk. The fish were exposed to the nesthesi until they reched nrcotic nesthesi stte (loss of reflex rectivity, slow operculr movements). Blood smples were tken from the live fish, then they were killed nd dissected. Smpling. After exposure to the nesthetic, one ml of lood ws collected from the cudl vein of ech specimen using 21-guge needle nd 1 ml syringe (in the stress exmintion, n = 15) within 5-7 minutes. Aliquots of 2 µl of the fresh lood smples were used for glucose nlysis. The rest of the lood smple ws llowed to clot t 4 C for 6 hours. Following centrifugtion, the serum ws removed nd frozen t -2 C until the cortisol level nd lysozyme ctivity were determined. Hed kidney leukocytes (in the immunologicl exmintion, n = 1) were isolted ccording to Steinhgen nd Hespe (1997). The hed kidney ws dissected out y ventrl incision nd trnsferred to 5 ml RPMI-164 medium supplement with 1 U/ml heprin (Sigm), 1 U/ml penicillin (Sigm),.1 g/l streptomycin (Sigm) nd 5% fetl clf serum (Sigm). Cells were suspended y forcing frgments of the orgn through nylon mesh (1 µm). The hed kidney suspension ws wshed three times, counted nd djusted to 4 x 1 6 in RPMI. Cell viility ws greter thn 95%, determined y the trypn lue exclusion test. Stress indictors. The percent hemtocrit ws determined y centrifuging the totl lood in heprinized microhemtocrit tues nd clculting the percent of erythrocytes. Smples of.2 ml fresh lood were used to mesure glucose levels y the One Touch Bsic glucose meter (Shnitmn, 1995). Serum cortisol levels were determined with tritium H 3 rdio
3 Effect of nesthetics on gilthed serem 7 immunossy (RIA). Cortisol in the smples competes with the rdioctive leled cortisol to ind with nti-cortisol ntiody. Rdioctivity levels were mesured in Betcounter (Redding et l., 1984). Lysozyme ctivity. The lysozyme ctivity ssy ws performed ccording to Ellis (199). Anlysis of the lysozyme level ws sed upon the lyses of the lysozyme-sensitive grm-positive cterium Micrococcus lysodeikiticus (Sigm). The cteri lysis ws mesured turimetriclly (ELISA reder, Spectr 2, SLT, Germny) t 492 nm,.5 nd 4.5 min fter the strt of the rection. The rection results were clculted s lysozyme ctivity units per 1 ml fish serum. Production of rective oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production ssy ws done ccording to Secomes (199). Three replictes of leukocytes from ech fish were incuted for two hours in 96 microtiter pltes with nitrolue tetrzelium (NBT; Sigm) nd phorool myristte cette (PMA; Sigm). During the rection, solule yellow NBT is reduced y O 2 to insolule lue formezn. The mount of lue formezn ws mesured fter it ws dissolved with KOH (Sigm) nd DMSO (Sigm). The opticl density (OD) ws red with spectrophotometer (ELISA reder, Spectr 2, SLT, Germny) t 62 nm nd 45 nm. Pinocytosis ctivity. The pinocytosis ssy ws done ccording to Mthews et l. (199). The leukocytes were incuted in microtiter pltes for two hours together with neutrl red (Sigm), wshed twice nd dissolved with cid lcohol. The OD of the neutrl red relesed into the superntnt ws mesured spectrophotometriclly t 492 nm (ELISA reder, Spectr 2, SLT, Germny) Sttisticl nlysis. All ssys were performed in triplicte nd the men±stndrd error (SEM) ws clculted for ech group (no. fish = 1 for immune prmeters nd 15 for stress prmeters). A one-wy nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) with Newmn-Keuls multiple rnge test ws performed to discover differences etween mens. Differences were considered sttisticlly significnt when p<.5. Results Anesthesi. In preliminry experiments (dt not shown), oth enzocine nd clove oil (t the sme dosge) cused rpid nesthesi in the fish, which lost senstion nd equilirium no more thn 8 minutes fter the nesthesi ws induced. The fish recovered from the nesthesi no more thn 9 seconds fter they were trnsferred to new tnk. No mortlity ws oserved in either group. In the control group, three fish died within 72 hours fter smpling. Blood glucose concentrtion. The lood glucose concentrtion of the nesthetized fish ws significntly higher thn tht of the control fish with oth nesthetics (Fig. 1). There ws no significnt difference in glucose concentrtion etween fish nesthetized with clove oil nd those nesthetized with enzocine. Hemtocrit. The hemtocrit level of the control fish ws significntly higher thn tht of the nesthetized fish (Fig. 2). There ws no significnt difference in hemtocrit levels of fish nesthetized with clove oil or enzocine. Serum cortisol concentrtion. Serum cortisol levels of the nesthetized fish were significntly higher thn tht of the control fish with oth nesthetics (Fig. 3). The cortisol level of fish nesthetized with enzocine ws significntly higher thn tht of fish nesthetized with clove oil. Serum lysozyme ctivity. The serum lysozyme ctivity (mesured in unit/ml/min) ws significntly reduced y enzocine (Fig. 4). There ws no significnt difference etween the control nd the clove oil nesthetized fish. Respirtory urst ctivity. The respirtory urst ctivity of serem hed-kidney leucocytes ws significntly reduced y enzocine (Fig. 5). There ws no significnt difference etween the control nd the clove oil nesthetized fish. Pinocytosis ctivity. The pinocytosis ctivity of serem hed-kidney leucocytes ws significntly reduced y enzocine (Fig. 6). There ws no significnt difference etween the control nd the clove oil nesthetized fish.
4 8 Bressler nd Ron 1 Glucose (mg/dl) 75 5 n=16 25 Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 1. Blood glucose levels of nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups. Hemtocrit (%) n=14 1 Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 2. Hemtocrit levels of nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups.
5 Effect of nesthetics on gilthed serem 9 75 c Cortisol (ng/ml) 5 25 Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 3. Serum cortisol concentrtion of nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups. 1 Lysozyme ctivity (unit/ml/min) Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 4. Serum lysozyme ctivity of nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups.
6 1 Bressler nd Ron.3.2 O.D. n=1 n=9.1 n=1 Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 5. Respirtory urst of hed-kidney leukocytes from nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups..4.3 O.D..2 n=1 n=1.1 n=1 Control Clove oil Benzocine Tretments Fig. 6. Pinocytosis ctivity of hed-kidney leukocytes from nesthetized nd control gilthed serem. Dt represent mens±sd. Different letters denote significnt difference etween groups.
7 Effect of nesthetics on gilthed serem 11 Discussion Previous studies hve shown tht nesthetics cn reduce fish stress responses when suitly dministrted, preventing the negtive impct of stress on fish performnce nd reducing physicl injury during hndling (Roertson et l., 1988; Wedemeyer, 1997). Indeed, in the present study there ws no mortlity in the nesthetized fish fter lood smpling in comprison with 2% mortlity in the control fish. On the other hnd, some nesthetics my induce stress response in fish when exposure time is too long (Iwm et l., 1989; Thoms nd Roertson, 1991). Blood glucose nd serum cortisol concentrtions re commonly used s stress indictors in fish studies ecuse they hve proven to e relile endocrine nd secondry indictors for mny stressors to fish nd re esily mesurle prmeters (Schreck, 1981). Severl studies demonstrted the influence of nesthetics on the mgnitude of corticosteroid nd hyperglycemic responses of fish to stress (Iwm et l., 1989; Ortuno et l., 22). In the present study, enzocine nd clove oil induced stress response in the fish, indicted y the increse in lood glucose level nd serum cortisol concentrtion. The rise of serum cortisol in this study is coincident with the increse in lood glucose. This wellknown pttern of hyperglycemi fter stress hs een shown to result from ctecholmine nd corticosteroids relesed into the lood nd hs een reported in other reserch (Anderson et l., 1991; Ortuno et l., 22). The glucose vlue nd serum cortisol concentrtion of the control fish in this study were typicl for this species s well s other sprids (Rotllnt nd Tort, 1997; Ortuno et l., 22). Presumly, the intensity of the smpling stress ws elow the threshold required to induce corticosteroid nd glucose stress responses (Thoms nd Roertson, 1991). Incresing the durtion of the smpling time to 15-2 minutes elicited stress responses in gilthed serem nd severl-fold increses in serum cortisol nd lood glucose levels in our preliminry experiment (dt not shown). In the present study, the nesthesi did not cuse n elevtion of the percent hemtocrit. Similr results were reported in nother study using similr concentrtion of clove oil nesthesi in serem (Tort et l., 22). Anesthetic gents re known to hve immunodepression effects y depressing phgocytic functions such s leucocyte recruitment, ttchment, chemotctic motility, engulfment nd intercellulr killing in mmmls nd fish (Brdosi et l., 1992; Ortuno et l., 22; Puig et l., 22). Severl reserchers hve showed tht lysozyme nd phgocytic ctivity cn e used s immune indictors (Demers nd Byne, 1997; Ortuno et l., 22c). Other studies hve shown correltion etween n elevted plsm level of cortisol, immunodepression nd incresed susceptiility to disese in cultured fish (Thoms nd Lewis, 1987; Mul et l., 1989). A study on mice showed tht stress induced rise in plsm corticosterone nd inotropes nd might e involved in modifying the distriution of neutrophils nd lymphocytes (Puig et l., 22). Another fish study found correltion etween modifiction of the glucose concentrtion nd complement ctivity. This study lso found correltion etween modifiction of the cortisol level nd phgocytosis. These studies suggest tht drenline hs stronger effect on the complement system nd cortisol hs stronger effect on the phgocytic function (Ortuno et l., 22c). On the other hnd, nother study suggested tht the immunodepression cused y the nesthesi is not cused y stress signls, ut y direct interction etween the nesthetic gent nd immune components, or through the nervous system (Ortuno et l., 22). In the present study, there ws no immunodepressive effect of nesthesi with clove oil. On the other hnd, oth humorl nd cellulr immune responses were significntly depressed y enzocine. Our results re consistent with those reported for serem y Ortuno et l. (22). Our reserch showed tht nesthesi my ffect fish stress responses nd therefore might e unsuitle for some reserch purposes. In quculture, the use of clove oil s n nesthetic gent is preferred to the use of
8 12 Bressler nd Ron enzocine ecuse it does not pose chemicl helth hzrd to people who hndle the fish or to consumers nor does it cuse ny significnt immunodepression effect on the fish. References Anderson D.E., Reid S.D., Moon T.W. nd S.F. Perry, Metolic effects ssocited with chroniclly elevted cortisol in rinow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cn. J. Fish Aqut. Sci., 48: Brdosi L., Brdosi A. nd H.J. Gius, Chnges of expression of endogenous sugr receptors y polymorphonucler leukocytes fter prolonged nesthesi surgery. Cn. J. Anesthesi, 39: Crmichel F.J., Generl nesthetics nd locl nesthetics. pp In: H. Kolnt, W.H.A. Roschlu, E.M. Sellers (eds.). Principles of Medicl Phrmcology. Univ. Toronto, Toronto. Cho G.K nd D.D. Heth, 2. Comprison of tricine methnesulphonte (MS 222) nd clove oil nesthesi effects on the physiology of juvenile chinook slmon Oncorhynchus tshwytsch (Wlum). Aquculture Res., 31: Demers N.E. nd C.J. Byne, The immedite effects of stress on hormones nd plsm lysozyme in rinow trout. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 21: Ellis A., 199. Lysozyme ssys. pp In: J.S. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, D.P. Anderson, B.S. Roerson, W.B. vn Muiswinkel (eds.). Techniques in Fish Immunology 1. SOS Pulictions, Fir Hven, New Jersey. Iwm G.K., McGeer J.C. nd M.P. Pwluk, The effects of five fish nesthetics on cid-se lnce, hemtocrit, lood gses, cortisol nd drenline in rinow trout. Cn. J. Zool., 67: Keene J.L., Nokes D.L.G., Mocci R.D. nd C.G. Soto, The efficcy of clove oil s n nesthetic for rinow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Wlum). Aquculture Res., 29: Mthews E.S., Wrriner J.E. nd B.A. Weeks, 199. Assys of immune function in fish mcrophges. Techniques used s indictors of environmentl stress. pp In: J.S. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, D.P. Anderson, B.S. Roerson, W.B. vn Muiswinkel (eds.). Techniques in Fish Immunology 1. SOS Pulictions, Fir Hven, New Jersey. Mul A.G., Tripp R.A., Keetteri S.L. nd C.B. Schreck, Stress lters immune function nd disese resistnce in chinook slmon (Oncorhynchus tshwytsch). J. Endocrinol., 12: Ortuno J., Esten M.A. nd J. Messeguer, 22. Effects of four nesthetics on the innte immune response of gilthed serem (Sprus urt L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol., 12: Ortuno J., Esten M.A. nd J. Mesesguer, 22. Lck of effect of comining different stressors on innte immune responses of serem (Sprus urt L.). Vet. Immunol. Immunopthol., 84: Ortuno J., Esten M.A. nd J. Mesesguer, 22c. Effects of phenoxyethnol on the innte immune system of gilthed serem (Sprus urt L.) exposed to crowding stress. Vet. Immunol. Immunopthol., 89: Puig N.R., Ferrero P., By M.L., Hidlgo G., Vlenti J., Amerio N. nd G. Elen, 22. Effects of sevoflurne generl nesthesi: immunologicl studies in mice. Int. Immunopthol., 2: Redding J.M., Schreck C.B., Birks E.K. nd R.D. Ewing, Cortisol nd its effects on plsm thyroid hormones nd electrolyte concentrtions during sewter cclimtion in yerling coho slmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 56: Roertson L., Thoms P. nd C.R. Arnold, Plsm cortisol nd secondry stress responses of cultured red drum (Scienops ocelltus) to severl trnsporttion procedures. Aquculture, 68: Ross L.G. nd B. Ross, Anesthetic nd Sedtive Techniques for Fish. Stirling Institute of Aquculture, Univ. Stirling. Rotllnt J. nd L. Tort, Cortisol nd glucose responses fter cute stress y net hndling in the sprid red porgy previously sujected to crowding stress. J. Fish Biol., 51:21-28.
9 Effect of nesthetics on gilthed serem 13 Schreck C.B., Stress nd compenstion in teleosten fishes: responses to socil nd physicl fctors. pp In: A.D. Pickering (ed.). Stress in Fish. Acdemic Press, London. Secomes C.J., 199. Isoltion of slmonid mcrophges nd nlysis of their killing ctivity. pp In: J.S. Stolen, T.C. Fletcher, D.P. Anderson, B.S. Roerson, W.B. vn Muiswinkel (eds.). Techniques in Fish Immunology 1. SOS Pul., Fir Hven, New Jersey. Shnitmn S., Influence of hndling nd mmoni stress on the susceptiility of Sprus urt L. to the dinoflgellte ectoprsite Amyloodinium ocelltum (Brown). M.Sc. Thesis, Tel Aviv University. Steinhgen D. nd K. Hespe, Crp coccidosis: ctivity of phgocytic cells from common crp infected with goussi crpelli. Dis. Aqut. Org., 31: Summerfelt R.C nd L.S. Smith, 199. Anesthesi, surgery nd relted techniques. pp In: C.B. Schreck nd P.B. Moyle (eds.). Method for Fish Biology. Am. Fish. Soc., Bethesd, Mrylnd. Thoms P. nd D.H. Lewis, Effect of cortisol on immunity in red drum Scienops ocelltus. J. Fish Biol., 31(Suppl. A): Thoms P. nd L. Roertson, Plsm cortisol nd glucose stress responses of red drum (Scienops ocelltus) to hndling nd shllow wter stressors nd nesthesi with MS-222, quinldine sulphte nd metomidte. Aquculture, 96: Tort L., Puigcerver M. nd F. Pdros, 22. Cortisol nd hemtologicl response in se rem nd trout sujected to the nesthetics clove oil nd 2-phenoxyethnol. Aqucult. Res., 33: Wedemeyer G.A., Effects of rering conditions on the helth nd physiologicl qulity of fish in intensive culture. pp In: G.K. Iwm, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter, C.B. Schreck (eds.). Fish Stress nd Helth in Aquculture. Cmridge University Press, Cmridge. ERRATUM In the rticle "Defining energy nd protein requirements of gilthed serem (Sprus urt) to optimize feeds nd feeding regimes" y Ingrid Luptsch, George Wm. Kissil nd Dvid Skln, pulished in the Decemer 23 issue 55(4), the recommended supplies of digestile energy for gilthed serem shown in Tle 3 refer to tempertures of 2 C nd 26 C s indicted in the text nd column hedings, nd not s in the tle cption. We regret this editoril error.
Optimisation of diets for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock: effect of arachidonic acid on egg & larval quality
Optimistion of diets for Atlntic cod (Gdus morhu) roodstock: effect of rchidonic cid on egg & lrvl qulity Dr Gordon Bell, Ms. An Blnco, Dr Bill Roy, Dr Derek Roertson, Dr Jim Henderson nd Mr Richrd Prickett,
More informationEFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE
Swine Dy 22 Contents EFFECTS OF AN ACUTE ENTERIC DISEASE CHALLENGE ON IGF-1 AND IGFBP-3 GENE EXPRESSION IN PORCINE SKELETAL MUSCLE B. J. Johnson, J. P. Kyser, J. D. Dunn, A. T. Wyln, S. S. Dritz 1, J.
More informationEffects of physical exercise on working memory and prefrontal cortex function in post-stroke patients
Effects of physicl exercise on working memory nd prefrontl cortex function in post-stroke ptients M Moriy, C Aoki, K Sktni Grdute School of Helth Sciences Reserch, Mjor of Physicl Therpy, TeikyoHeisei
More informationUsing Paclobutrazol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phalaenopsis Orchids
Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress Inflorescence Height of Potted Phlenopsis Orchids A REPORT SUBMITTED TO FINE AMERICAS Linsey Newton nd Erik Runkle Deprtment of Horticulture Spring 28 Using Pcloutrzol to Suppress
More informationCheck your understanding 3
1 Wht is the difference etween pssive trnsport nd ctive trnsport? Pssive trnsport is the movement of prticles not requiring energy. Movement of prticles in ctive trnsport uses energy. 2 A gs tp in the
More informationClinical Study Report Synopsis Drug Substance Naloxegol Study Code D3820C00018 Edition Number 1 Date 01 February 2013 EudraCT Number
EudrCT Number 2012-001531-31 A Phse I, Rndomised, Open-lbel, 3-wy Cross-over Study in Helthy Volunteers to Demonstrte the Bioequivlence of the Nloxegol 25 mg Commercil nd Phse III Formultions nd to Assess
More informationPROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION
PROVEN ANTICOCCIDIAL IN NEW FORMULATION Coxidin 100 microgrnulte A coccidiosttic dditive for roilers, chickens rered for lying nd turkeys Contins 100 g of monensin sodium per kg Aville s homogenous grnules
More informationEffect of environmental stress on biochemical and physiological features in cultured fish
Effect of environmentl stress on biochemicl nd physiologicl fetures in cultured fish Toshiki Nkno, Toshiysu Ymguchi, nd Yoshihiro Ochii Grd. Sch. Agric. Sci., Tohoku Univ., Sendi, Jpn Fmous Smuri Mr. Msmune
More informationAbstract ABSTRACT #69. Abstract. Introduction & Methods. Methods & Results. Results. Results & Conclusions
Effects of dietry β-glucn on Growth Performnce, Dirrhe, nd Gut Permeility of Wening Pigs Experimentlly Infected with Pthogenic E. coli Kwngwook Kim, Amy Ehrlich, Vivin Perng, Jennifer Chse, Helen Ryould,
More informationNozzi Valentina, Graber Andreas, Mathis Alex, Schmautz Zala, Junge Ranka
Nozzi Vlentin, Grer ndres, Mthis lex, Schmutz Zl, Junge Rnk Interntionl conference quponics reserch mttes Ljuljn, 22-24 Mrch 216 Some nutrients from the quculture effluents re present in insufficient quntities
More informationEffect of supplemental fat from dried distillers grains with solubles or corn oil on cow performance, IGF-1, GH, and NEFA concentrations 1
Effect of supplementl ft from dried distillers grins with solules or corn oil on cow performnce, IGF-1, GH, nd NEFA concentrtions 1 Aigil Brtosh 2, Cody Wright 3, Aimee Wertz-Lutz 4, nd George Perry 5
More informationConsumer perceptions of meat quality and shelf-life in commercially raised broilers compared to organic free range broilers
Consumer perceptions of met qulity nd shelf-life in commercilly rised roilers compred to orgnic free rnge roilers C.Z. ALVARADO 1 *, E. WENGER 2 nd S. F. O KEEFE 3 1 Texs Tech University, Box 42141 Luock,
More information* * * * * liver kidney ileum. Supplementary Fig.S1
Supplementry Fig.S1 liver kidney ileum Fig.S1. Orlly delivered Fexrmine is intestinlly-restricted Mice received vehicle or Fexrmine (100mg/kg) vi per os (PO) or intrperitonel (IP) injection for 5 dys (n=3/group).
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
Supplementry Figure 1 c d Wistr SHR Wistr AF-353 SHR AF-353 n = 6 n = 6 n = 28 n = 3 n = 12 n = 12 Supplementry Figure 1 Neurophysiologicl properties of petrosl chemoreceptive neurones in Wistr nd SH rts.
More informationRecent advances in cryopreservation od salmonid fish semen. Andrzej Ciereszko
Recent dvnces in cryopreservtion od slmonid fish semen Andrzej Ciereszko Institute of Animl Reproduction nd Food Reserch, Polish Acdemy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Polnd Justifiction for the studies Poor performnce
More informationEVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1
Swine Dy 2001 Contents EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COPPER SOURCES AS A GROWTH PROMOTER IN SWINE FINISHING DIETS 1 C. W. Hstd, S. S. Dritz 2, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokch, nd R. D. Goodbnd Summry Two trils were
More informationOptimizing Metam Sodium Fumigation in Fine-Textured Soils
Optimizing Metm Sodium Fumigtion in Fine-Textured Soils Neil C Gudmestd University Distinguished Professor & Endowed Chir of Potto Pthology Deprtment of Plnt Pthology North Dkot Stte University Erly Dying
More informationEFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE
Swine Dy 21 EFFECTS OF INGREDIENT AND WHOLE DIET IRRADIATION ON NURSERY PIG PERFORMANCE J. M. DeRouchey, M. D. Tokch, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodbnd, S. S. Dritz 1, J. C. Woodworth, M. J. Webster, B. W.
More informationA FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND POLOXAMER 407 ON THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE OF PIROXICAM
IJRPC 20, (3) Chowdry et l. ISSN: 223 278 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Aville online t www.ijrpc.com Reserch Article A FACTORIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF β CYCLODEXTRIN AND
More informationThe effect of encapsulated butyric acid and zinc on performance, gut integrity and meat quality in male broiler chickens 1
The effect of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc on performnce, gut integrity nd met qulity in mle roiler chickens 1 Astrct This study evluted the impct of encpsulted utyric cid nd zinc (ButiPEARL Z) on performnce
More informationEffectiveness of eugenol sedation to reduce the metabolic rates of cool and warm water fish at high loading densities
Aquculture Reserch, 214, 1 9 doi:1.1111/re.12485 Effectiveness of eugenol sedtion to reduce the metolic rtes of cool nd wrm wter fish t high loding densities Aron R Cupp 1,2, Christopher F Hrtle 2, Kim
More informationMeat and Food Safety. B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikeman, L.C. Hollis, R.A. Phebus, A.N. Ray, T.A. Houser, and J.P. Grobbel
Met nd Food Sfety Needle-Free Injection Enhncement of Beef Strip Loins with Phosphte nd Slt Hs Potentil to Improve Yield, Tenderness, nd Juiciness ut Hrm Texture nd Flvor B.A. Crow, M.E. Dikemn, L.C. Hollis,
More informationTNF-α (pg/ml) IL-6 (ng/ml)
Xio, et l., Supplementry Figure 1 IL-6 (ng/ml) TNF-α (pg/ml) 16 12 8 4 1,4 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 med Cl / Pm3CSK4 zymosn curdln Poly (I:C) LPS flgelin MALP-2 imiquimod R848 CpG TNF-α (pg/ml) IL-6 (ng/ml) 2 1.6
More informationPHYSIOLOGICAL AND PROTEOMIC RESPONSES OF TOBACCO SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO SILVER NANOPARTICLES
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PROTEOMIC RESPONSES OF TOBACCO SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO SILVER NANOPARTICLES Rent Bi Deprtment of Biology, Fculty of Science, University of Zgre INTRODUCTION Nnoprticles (NPs) Silver nnoprticles
More informationThe Ever Changing World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry
The Ever Chnging World of Feed Additives in The Poultry Industry B. S. Lumpkins nd G.F. Mthis Southern Poultry Reserch Inc. Athens, GA, USA Outline Southern Poultry Reserch Impct of ethnol production of
More informationExtraction and Some Functional Properties of Protein Extract from Rice Bran
Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 40 : 209-214 (2006) Extrction nd Some Functionl Properties of Protein Extrct from Rice Brn Chockchi Theerkulkit*, Siree Chiseri nd Siriwt Mongkolknchnsiri ABSTRACT Rice brn protein
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Prentl doi:.8/nture57 Figure S HPMECs LM Cells Cell lines VEGF (ng/ml) Prentl 7. +/-. LM 7. +/-.99 LM 7. +/-.99 Fold COX induction 5 VEGF: - + + + Bevcizum: - - 5 (µg/ml) Reltive MMP LM mock COX MMP LM+
More informationPhysiological & Behavioral Indicators of Shad Susceptibility to Impingement at Water Intakes
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trce: Tennessee Reserch nd Cretive Exchnge Msters Theses Grdute School 5-2006 Physiologicl & Behviorl Indictors of Shd Susceptibility to Impingement t Wter Intkes Brooks
More informationThe Effect of Substituting Sugar with Artificial. Sweeteners on the Texture and Palatability of Pancakes
The Effect of Sustituting Sugr with Artificil NUTR 453 Sweeteners on the Texture nd Pltility of Pnckes Jmie Wldron, Rquel Reyes, nd Reecc Legi 1 I. Astrct The effects of replcing sugr with Stevi nd Splend
More informationPreliminary investigation of antimicrobial effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) leathery exocarp extract against some serious phytopathogens
Preliminry investigtion of ntimicroil effects of pomegrnte (Punic grntum L.) lethery exocrp extrct ginst some serious phytopthogens Elshfie H.S. 1,*, Skr S.H. 2, Mng S.M. 1, Frisullo S. 3, Cmele I. 1 1
More informationEffect of Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Dry Root Powder on Lactation of Albino Rats
Effect of Aqueous Extrct of Cric ppy Dry Root Powder on Lcttion of Alino Rts G. Tosswnchuntr nd S. Aritjt Deprtment of Biology Fculty of Science Ching Mi University Ching Mi 50200 Thilnd Keywords: mmmry
More informationMETHOD 4010 SCREENING FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL BY IMMUNOASSAY
METHOD 4010 SCREENING FOR PENTACHLOROPHENOL BY IMMUNOASSAY 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 Method 4010 is procedure for screening solids such s soils, sludges, nd queous medi such s wste wter nd lechtes
More informationWSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee (509) ext. 265;
FINAL REPORT WTFRC Project # AH-1-5 WSU Project # 13C-355-3 Project title: PI: Orgniztion: Coopertors: of Sunburn in Apples with RAYNOX Lrry Schrder, Horticulturist WSU Tree Fruit Reserch nd Extension
More informationUSE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS
Swine Dy 1996 USE OF SORGHUM-BASED DISTILLERS GRAINS IN DIETS FOR NURSERY AND FINISHING PIGS B. W. Senne, J. D. Hncock, I. Mvromichlis, S. L. Johnston, P. S. Sorrell, I. H. Kim, nd R. H. Hines Summry Two
More informationSupplemental Materials
Supplementl Mterils Cellulose deficiency of shv3svl1 is enhnced y hyper ccumultion of exogenous sucrose vi the plsm memrne sucrose/h symporter SUC1 Trevor H. Yets, Hgit Sorek, Dvid E. Wemmer, Chris R.
More informationScholarly Research Exchange
Scholrly Reserch Exchnge Volume 9 Article ID 7959 doi:1.3814/9/7959 Reserch Article Different Dietry Levels of Protein to Lipid Rtio Affected Digestive Efficiency, Skeletl Growth, nd Muscle Protein in
More informationSupplementary Figure 1
doi: 1.138/nture6188 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementry Figure 1 c CFU-F colonies per 1 5 stroml cells 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Mtrigel plug Neg. MCF7/Rs MDA-MB-231 * * MCF7/Rs-Lung MDA-MB-231-Lung MCF7/Rs-Kidney
More informationTHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEAGRE (Argyrosomus regius) FEEDING BEHAVIOUR.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STIMULI ON MEGRE (rgyrosomus regius) FEEDING EHVIOUR. Ionnis E. Ppdkis, Nikos Ppndroulkis, lkioni Sfendourki, Veronic Cmporesi 3, Mnolis Vsilkis, Constntinos C. Mylons Institute
More informationTHE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS
THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS THE EVALUATION OF DEHULLED CANOLA MEAL IN THE DIETS OF GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS John F. Ptience nd Doug Gillis SUMMARY
More informationProducts for weaners Benzoic acid or the combination of lactic acid and formic acid
Products for weners Benzoic cid or the comintion of lctic cid nd formic cid Tril report no.: 490 Novemer, 000 Hnne Mrio, Lrs Egelund Olsen, Bent Borg Jensen 1 nd Nuri Miquel 1 The Ntionl Committee for
More informationReplacing Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Brewer s Grains with Yeast in Diets for Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus
Replcing Fish Mel with Soyben Mel nd Brewer s Grins with Yest in Diets for Austrlin Red Clw Cryfish, Cherx qudricrintus Lur A. Muzinic*, Kenneth R. Thompson, & Crl D. Webster Introduction Soyben mel (SBM)
More informationCurrent and New Tools for Controlling Postharvest Decay of Fresh Citrus
Current nd New Tools for Controlling Posthrvest Decy of Fresh Citrus Mrk Ritenour & Jiqi Yn Indin River Reserch nd Eduction Center, Fort Pierce Control Options Prehrvest - No relile replcement yet for
More information(Huso huso) (P< (P> .(P< .(P<
(Huso huso) Vhid_tghizdeh54@yhoo.com ( ) ( (P> P>.(.( Huso huso (O. mykiss (Wtne & Pongmneert, 1993) (Ymmoto et l., 1995) O. mykiss) Hung, 1989 Acipenser ruthenus Hrdy, 2008 A. erii (Ronyi et l., 2002)
More informationRoughage Type & Level & Grain Processing Interactions with Distiller s s Grains Diets. Matt May High Plains Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference
Roughge Type & Level & Grin Processing Interctions with Distiller s s Grins Diets Mtt My High Plins Bio Fuels Co-Product Nutrition Conference Why do we flke grin? Stem-flked corn (SFC) vs. dry-rolled rolled
More informationImmunological and Bactericidal Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) Extract in Pacific White Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)
Ksetsrt J. (Nt. Sci.) 44 : 850-858 (2010) Immunologicl nd Bctericidl Effects of Turmeric (Curcum long Linn.) Extrct in Pcific White Shrimps (Litopeneus vnnmei Boone) Kittim Vnichkul 1, Nontwith Areechon
More informationEffect of linear and random non-linear programming on environmental pollution caused by broiler production
Journl of Novel Applied Sciences Aville online t www.jnsci.org 24 JNAS Journl-24-3-/43-434 ISSN 2322-549 24 JNAS Effect of liner nd rndom non-liner progrmming on environmentl pollution cused y roiler production
More informationTitle. Author(s)Shimizu, Munetaka; Fukada, Haruhisa; Hara, Akihiko; CitationAquaculture, 273(2-3): Issue Date Doc URL.
Title Response of the slmon somtotropic xis to growth h Author(s)Shimizu, Munetk; Fukd, Hruhis; Hr, Akihiko; CittionAquculture, 273(2-3): 320-328 Issue Dte 2007-12-18 Doc URL http://hdl.hndle.net/2115/38948
More informationThe Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typical Corn with or without Supplemental Fat on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers
Beef Reserch Report, 2000 Animl Science Reserch Reports 2001 The Effects of High-Oil Corn or Typicl Corn with or without Supplementl Ft on Diet Digestibility in Finishing Steers Crig R. Belknp Iow Stte
More informationEffect of kazunoko lipid on the concentrations of plasma glucose and lipids and liver lipids in mice
Effect of kzunoko lipid on the concentrtions of plsm glucose nd lipids nd liver lipids in mice Ntionl Food Reserch Institute Tomoyuki Higuchi, Nouy Shiri nd Hirmitsu Suzuki INTRODUCTION Kzunoko, which
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nture11225 Numer of OTUs sed on 3% distnce Numer of 16s rrna-sed V2-V4 tg sequences LF MF PUFA Supplementry Figure 1. High-ft diets decrese the richness nd diversity
More informationGeographical influence on digit ratio (2D:4D): a case study of Andoni and Ikwerre ethnic groups in Niger delta, Nigeria.
Journl of Applied Biosciences 27: 1736-1741 ISSN 1997 5902 Geogrphicl influence on digit rtio (2D:4D): cse study of Andoni nd Ikwerre ethnic groups in Niger delt, Nigeri. Gwunirem, Isrel U 1 nd Ihemelndu,
More informationBioactive milk components to secure growth and gut development in preterm pigs ESTER ARÉVALO SUREDA PIGUTNET FA1401 STSM
Bioctive milk components to secure growth nd gut development in preterm pigs ESTER ARÉVALO SUREDA PIGUTNET FA1401 STSM STSM Pigutnet FA1401 STSM 03/Septemer 30/Novemer/2017 (3 months) Host: Home: Thoms
More informationMarcos A. López-Patiño, Arnau Rodríguez-Illamola, Manuel Gesto, José L. Soengas and Jesús M. Míguez*
928 The Journl of Experimentl Biology 214, 928-936 211. Pulished y The Compny of Biologists Ltd doi:1.1242/je.51516 RESEARCH ARTICLE Chnges in plsm meltonin levels nd pinel orgn meltonin synthesis following
More informationEffect of Probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) on Growth Performance and Hematological Profile of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles
World Journl of Fish nd Mrine Sciences 5 (): 0-08, 203 ISSN 2078-4589 IDOSI Pulictions, 203 DOI: 0.5829/idosi.wjfms.203.05.0.6582 Effect of Proiotics (Lctocillus nd Bifidocterium) on Growth Performnce
More informationJournal of Applied Biological Sciences 9 (2): 37-42, 2015 ISSN: , E-ISSN: ,
Journl of Applied Biologicl Sciences 9 (2): 37-42, 15 ISSN: 17-11, E-ISSN: 2146-8, www.noel.gen.tr The Effects of Blnced Diets with Soy Ben Extrct or Met nd Bone mel on Muscle nd Liver Tissue Protein nd
More informationThe Effect of Replacement of Fish Oil (FO) By Canola Oil (CO) On Blood Serum Enzymes of the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss)
5, TextRod Puliction ISSN: 9-7 Journl of Applied Environmentl nd Biologicl Sciences www.textrod.com The Effect of Replcement of Fish Oil (FO) By Cnol Oil (CO) On Blood Serum Enzymes of the Rinow Trout
More informationEffects of Dietary Protein and Energy on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Betong Chickens (Gallus domesticus) During Growing Period
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 9 (5): 468-472, 2010 ISSN 1682-8356 Asin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2010 Effects of Dietry Protein nd Energy on Growth Performnce nd Crcss Chrcteristics of
More informationThe dietary wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl extract as a growth promoter and immune enhancer in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
359 Irnin Journl of Veterinry Reserch, Shirz University The dietry wood etony, Stchys lvndulifoli Vhl extrct s growth promoter nd immune enhncer in common crp (Cyprinus crpio) Bhrmi Bheydri, S. 1 ; Pykn
More informationEffects of Intraruminal Saliva Flow on Feed Intake in Goats Fed on Alfalfa Hay Cubes
1738 Effects of Intrruminl Sliv Flow on Feed Intke in Gots Fed on Alflf Hy Cues Ktsunori Sungw*, Yoshifumi Nktsu, Yoriko Nishikuo, Tkeshi Ooshiro, Kout Nitou nd Itsuki Ngmine Fculty of Agriculture, University
More informationEffects of Sini San used alone and in combination with fluoxetine on central and peripheral 5-HT levels in a rat model of depression
Online Sumissions:http://www.journltcm.com J Trdit Chin Med 2013 Octoer 15; 33(5): 674-681 info@journltcm.com ISSN 0255-2922 2013 JTCM. All rights reserved. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TOPIC Effects of Sini Sn
More informationPNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended by the CDC for all your appropriate adult patients at increased risk for pneumococcal disease 1,2 :
PNEUMOVAX 23 is recommended y the CDC for ll your pproprite dult ptients t incresed risk for pneumococcl disese 1,2 : Adults ged
More informationEffect of processing on in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of vegetables with/without yoghurt
Effect of processing on in vitro ioccessiility of phenolics, flvonoids nd ntioxidnt ctivity of vegetles with/without yoghurt Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esr ÇAPANOĞLU GÜVEN Deprtment of Food Engineering Istnul Technicl
More informationAccepted 10 January 2006
The Journl of Experimentl Biology 9, - Pulished y The Compny of Biologists doi:./je. Glycerol production in rinow smelt (Osmerus mordx) my e triggered y low temperture lone nd is ssocited with the ctivtion
More informationStress inhibition of melatonin synthesis in the pineal organ of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is mediated by cortisol.
First posted online on 16 Jnury 2014 s 10.1242/je.087916 J Exp Biol Advnce Access Online the most Articles. recent version First t posted http://je.iologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/je.087916 online on
More informationAcute and gradual increases in BDNF concentration elicit distinct signaling and functions in neurons
nd grdul increses in BDNF concentrtion elicit distinct signling nd functions in neurons Yunyun Ji,, Yun Lu, Feng Yng, Wnhu Shen, Tin Tze-Tsng Tng,, Linyin Feng, Shumin Dun, nd Bi Lu,.. - Grdul (normlized
More informationComparison of three simple methods for the
J. clin. Pth. (1967), 2, 5 Comprison of three simple methods for the ssessment of 'free' thyroid hormone T. M. D. GIMLETTE1 From the Rdio-Isotope Lbortory, St. Thoms's Hospitl, London SYNOPSIS A dilysis
More informationA study of the effect of garlic on growth and immune parameters of hybrid tilapia
Interntionl Scholrs Journls Africn Journl of Immunology Reserch ISSN 9431-5833 Vol. 5 (5), pp. 337-345, My, 2018. Aville online t www.interntionlscholrsjournls.org Interntionl Scholrs Journls Author(s)
More informationINFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA
Pthology nd Hygiene INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT STRAINS AND WAYS OF INOCULATION ON THE RABBIT S RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA Kulcsár G. 1, Fáián K. 1 *, Brn T. 1, Virág Gy.
More informationCheckMate 153: Randomized Results of Continuous vs 1-Year Fixed-Duration Nivolumab in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
CheckMte 53: Rndomized Results of Continuous vs -Yer Fixed-Durtion Nivolumb in Ptients With Advnced Non-Smll Cell Lung Cncer Abstrct 297O Spigel DR, McCleod M, Hussein MA, Wterhouse DM, Einhorn L, Horn
More informationChronic high-sodium diet intake after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats
Chronic high-sodium diet intke fter wening led to neurogenic hypertension in dult Wistr rts 1 Pul Mglhães Gomes; 2 Rento Willin Mrtins Sá; 1 Giovn Lopes Aguir; 1 Milede Hnner Sriv Pes; 1 Andréi Crvlho
More informationEFFECTS OF MANNAN-OLIGOSACCHARIDE ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS LINNAEUS) FRY
8 th Interntionl Symposium on Tilpi in Aquculture 2008 345 EFFECTS OF MANNAN-OLIGOSACCHARIDE ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS LINNAEUS) FRY C. SAMRONGPAN*,
More informationActivation of the newly discovered cyclostome renin angiotensin system in the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis
The Journl of Experimentl Biology 208, 223-232 Pulished y The Compny of Biologists 5 doi:10.1242/je.01362 223 Activtion of the newly discovered cyclostome renin ngiotensin system in the river lmprey Lmpetr
More informationFeeding state and age dependent changes in melaninconcentrating hormone expression in the hypothalamus of broiler chickens
Supplementry Mterils Epub: No 2017_23 Vol. 65, 2018 https://doi.org/10.183/bp.2017_23 Regulr pper Feeding stte nd ge dependent chnges in melninconcentrting hormone expression in the hypothlmus of broiler
More informationSupplementary figure 1
Supplementry figure 1 Dy 8 post LCMV infection Vsculr Assoc. Prenchym Dy 3 post LCMV infection 1 5 6.7.29 1 4 1 3 1 2 88.9 4.16 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5 1.59 5.97 1 4 1 3 1 2 21.4 71 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 5.59.22
More informationInput from external experts and manufacturer on the 2 nd draft project plan Stool DNA testing for early detection of colorectal cancer
Input externl experts nd mnufcturer on the 2 nd drft project pln Stool DNA testing for erly detection of colorectl cncer (Project ID:OTJA10) All s nd uthor s replies on the 2nd drft project pln Stool DNA
More informationScientific research on the biological value of olive oil
Scientific reserch on the biologicl vlue olive oil Cov F.G. Ally M. (ed.). L' économie de l' olivier Pr : CIHEAM Options Méditerrnéennes : Série Etudes; n. 1988-V 1988 pges 149-152 Article vilble on le
More informationHealth-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery
Oesity Surgery, 15, 3-39 Helth-Relted Qulity of Life nd Symptoms of Depression in Extremely Oese Persons Seeking Britric Surgery Anthony N. Frictore, PhD; Thoms A. Wdden, PhD; Dvid B. Srwer, PhD; Myles
More informationAlex M. Zimmer C. Michele Nawata Chris M. Wood. than Na? influx itself, is critical to the facilitation of ammonia excretion.
DOI 10.1007/s00360-010-0488-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Physiologicl nd moleculr nlysis of the interctive effects of feeding nd high environmentl mmoni on rnchil mmoni excretion nd N + uptke in freshwter rinow trout
More informationSOME MECHANISTIC CONCEPTS IN ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS TO C=C BONDS
SM MANISTI NPTS IN LTPILI AITIN ATINS T = BNS The = ond is considered to e wek se/nucleophile. The high concentrtion of electron density mkes the pi ond Lewis se, ut in order to donte electrons the pi
More informationRelationship between food availability, glycerol and glycogen levels in lowtemperature challenged rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax
866 The Journl of Experimentl Biology, 866-87 Published by The Compny of Biologists 7 doi:.4/jeb.749 Reltionship between food vilbility, glycerol nd glycogen levels in lowtemperture chllenged rinbow smelt
More informationAR Rice Performance Trials (ARPT) Color as a Quality Indicator. Functional Property Analyses. Cause of Chalkiness in Rice Kernels
Chlk, Color, n Milling Qulity Trens in AR Rice Performnce Tril Dt Srh Lnning, Rusty Butist, Terry Sieenmorgen, Pul Counce, n Amogh Amrekr 1 Inustry Allince Meeting Center for Excellence in Poultry Science
More informationEnhanced glutathione peroxidases (GPx) activity in young barley seedlings enriched with selenium
Africn Journl of Biotechnology Vol. 10(55), pp. 11483-11487, 21 Septemer, 2011 Aville online t http://www.cdemicjournls.org/ajb DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.1480 ISSN 1684 5315 2011 Acdemic Journls Full Length Reserch
More informationInheritance of cholesterol metabolism of probands with high or low cholesterol absorption
Inheritnce of cholesterol metolism of pronds with high or low cholesterol sorption Helen Gylling* nd Ttu A. Miettinen 1, Deprtment of Clinicl Nutrition,* University of Kuopio, nd Kuopio University Hospitl,
More informationNappHS. rrna. transcript abundance. NappHS relative con W+W 0.8. nicotine [µg mg -1 FM]
(A) W+OS 3 min 6 min con L S L S RNA loding control NppHS rrna (B) (C) 8 1 k NppHS reltive trnscript undnce 6 4.5 *** *** *** *** 3 k. + + + line 1 line (D) nicotine [µg mg -1 FM] 1..8.4. con W+W Supplementl
More informationResponse of Commercial Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Varying in Protein and Energy Content in Arid Hot Climate
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 8 (9): 90-98, 2009 ISSN 682-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2009 Response of Commercil Egg-Type Pullets to Diets Vrying in Protein nd Energy Content in
More information% Inhibition of MERS pseudovirus infection. 0 h 0.5 h 1 h 2 h 4 h 6 h Time after virus addition
% Inhiition of MERS pseudovirus infection 1 8 h.5 h 1 h 2 h 4 h 6 h Time fter virus ddition Supplementry Figure S1. Inhiition of on MERS pseudovirus infection t the different intervls postinfection. A
More informationEFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS
EFFECT OF DIETARY ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS Finl report sumitted to Dniso Animl Nutrition E. vn Heugten nd B. Frederik North Crolin Stte University, Deprtment of Animl Siene Summry The urrent
More informationStudies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Salmonids and Osmerids
Aqu-BioScience Monogrphs, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 103 143 (2012) www.terrpu.co.jp/onlinemonogrphs/sm/ Studies on Improvement of Seed Production Techniques in Slmonids nd Osmerids Shiny Mizuno Slmon nd Freshwter
More informationAquaculture protein levels
Ž. Aquculture 189 2000 287 292 www.elsevier.nlrlocterqu-online Whole-ody mino cid pttern of F4 humn growth hormone gene-trnsgenic red common crp ž Cyprinus crpio/ fed diets with different protein levels
More informationBMI and Mortality: Results From a National Longitudinal Study of Canadian Adults
nture publishing group BMI nd Mortlity: Results From Ntionl Longitudinl Study of Cndin Adults Hether M. Orpn 1, Jen-Mrie Berthelot 2,3, Mrk S. Kpln 4, Dvid H. Feeny 5,6, Bentson McFrlnd 7 nd Nncy A. Ross
More informationMecadox. Improves pig performance in a wide range of health and growing conditions. (Carbadox) Talk With a Phibro Expert:
SWINE (Crbdox) Improves pig performnce in wide rnge of helth nd growing conditions The Advntge Over the yers, medicted feed dditive hs proven to be cost-effective mngement tool for improving pig performnce
More informationInvasive Pneumococcal Disease Quarterly Report July September 2018
Invsive Pneumococcl Disese Qurterly Report July Septemer Introduction Since 17 Octoer 2008, invsive pneumococcl disese (IPD) hs een notifile to the locl Medicl Officer of Helth under the Helth Act 1956.
More informationENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY
ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY VARIATION IN THE DIETARY ENERGY CONTENT OF BARLEY Shwn Firbirn, John Ptience, Hnk Clssen nd Ruurd Zijlstr SUMMARY Formultion of commercil pig diets requires n incresing degree
More informationAgilent G6825AA MassHunter Pathways to PCDL Software Quick Start Guide
Agilent G6825AA MssHunter Pthwys to PCDL Softwre Quick Strt Guide Wht is Agilent Pthwys to PCDL? Fetures of Pthwys to PCDL Agilent MssHunter Pthwys to PCDL converter is stnd-lone softwre designed to fcilitte
More informationShamsuddin M. Mamun, U. Focken, G. Francis and K. Becker University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. September 2004
A GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND METABOLIC RATES OF GENETICALLY IMPROVED AND CONVENTIONAL STRAINS OF NILE TILAPIA, OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (L.) Shmsuddin M. Mmun, U. Focken, G. Frncis nd K. Becker University of
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
. Norml Physiologicl Conditions. SIRT1 Loss-of-Function S1. Model for the role of SIRT1 in the regultion of memory nd plsticity. () Our findings suggest tht SIRT1 normlly functions in coopertion with YY1,
More informationEffect of Different Dietary Energy Sources on Induction of Fatty Liver-Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens
Interntionl Journl of Poultry Science 7 (12): 1232-1236, 2008 ISSN 1682-8356 sin Network for Scientific Informtion, 2008 Effect of Different Dietry Energy Sources on Induction of Ftty Liver-Hemorrhgic
More informationEffects of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Administration at Breeding on the Cow, Conceptus and Subsequent Offspring Performance of Beef Cattle
Effects of Recominnt Bovine Somtotropin Administrtion t Breeding on the Cow, Conceptus nd Susequent Offspring Performnce of Beef Cttle V. R. G. Mercdnte 1, F. M. Cirico 1, D. D. Henry 1, P. L. P. Fontes
More informationAsian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 24, No. 7 : July doi: /ajas
974 Asin-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 24, No. 7 : 974-981 July 2011 www.js.info doi: 10.5713/js.2011.10189 Re-evlution of Dietry Methionine Requirement y Plsm Methionine nd Ammoni Concentrtions in Surgiclly
More informationtfnll1 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT N J-1659 PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Sarah J. Cosgrove Research Assistant
-, AD-A266 84 I il!tllrh 111111111 fllllll11 tfnll1 FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT WORK UNIT NO: N14-9-J-1659 PROJECT TITLE: Thyroid Altertions In Porcine After Prolonged Exposure To Cold Or Het. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
More information