Processing of sounds in the inner ear
|
|
- Antonia Garrett
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Processing of sounds in the inner ear Sripriya Ramamoorthy Associate Professor, IIT Bombay WiSSAP 2018
2 Cochlea converts sound into electrical signals [Picture courtesy of Northwestern University]
3 von Bekesy s theory of passive cochlea flexible plate of varying impedance (high at the base, low at apex) Basis for tonotopic separation of incoming frequencies
4 Cochlea has thousands of sensory cells Coiling direction AN
5 Sensory cells can be damaged These fine sensory cells cannot be regenerated in mammals (but birds can) Cochlear sensory hair cell regeneration is a very hot research topic
6 Hearing Loss Exposure to loud noise Natural aging Genetic Head Injury Ototoxic medications Illness and infections
7 Hair cell regeneration Brigande & Heller 2009
8 Hearing aids
9 MEDEL Cochlear implants
10 Combined electric and acoustic hearing (Shorter) cochlear implant for high frequencies Hearing aid with residual hearing for low frequencies MEDEL An optimized and balanced control of electric and acoustic stimulation is necessary to obtain results superior to those achieved with hearing aids or conventional CIs.
11 Some practical challenges
12 Cochlea vs. artificial speech processors Speech processors for cochlear implants MEDEL Cochlear signal processing is replaced by speech processors. 1 to 24 channels replace > 3000 channels in a cochlea Electrical stimulation is vastly inferior to acoustic hearing in spatial (tonotopic) resolution. [Shannon 2008] The task is made no easier by the fact that many basic aspects of normal hearing, for example the precise bases for loudness and pitch coding, are incompletely understood [Rubinstein 2004; Moore 2003]
13 Range of audibility of the human ear
14 Speech signal processing Speech signals are primarily processed in the apex
15 Base vs. Apex could be fundamentally different Auditory nerve and inner hair cells phase-lock at low-frequencies < 1000 Hz (apex) but do not phase-lock at high-frequencies > 1500 Hz (base) From A.R. Palmer (online) Intracellular receptor potentials recorded from an inner hair-cell in response to 80 db SPL tones Russell and Palmer, 1986
16 Phase locking The auditory nerve will tend to fire at a particular phase of a stimulating lowfrequency tone. With high frequency tones (> 3kHz) phase locking gets weaker, because the capacitance of inner hair cells prevents them from changing in voltage sufficiently rapidly.
17 Measurement of frequency-tuning at Base vs. Apex Chinchilla apex vs. base Apical location Basal location From Robles and Ruggero, 2001
18 Active amplification Cochlea amplifies response to low sound levels Alive, low level Amplification Dallos & Fakler, 2002 Dead or high level Frequency
19 Compressive nonlinearity active gain passive Stimulus amplitude (db SPL) Johnstone et al (1986)
20 Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) ears not only process sound, but also emit sound Since their discovery in 1978 by David Kemp, it has been shown that the OAE originate inside the cochlea and propagate backwards to exit the ear. Details of how they originate and propagate inside the cochlea are currently hot research topics. speaker emits stimulating sound, microphone records returning OAE [picture taken from
21 Electrically evoked sound reverse acoustic path along the middle and outer ear Portion of this picture is taken from the website:
22 Electromotility in outer hair cells
23 Electrical-structural coupling at outer hair cells HB OHC Mechano-electrical transduction [from Electro-mechanical transduction [from W.E.Brownell s web-page]
24 Ionic fluids in the cochlea SV SM ST [from SV,ST contain ionic fluid low in K+, high in Na+ SM contains ionic fluid high in K+, low in Na+. Its potential is almost 80 mv higher than SV,ST. Stria-Vascularis battery maintains the potential difference and powers the active process in a living animal.
25 Hypothesis for active feedback process Organ of Corti System-Level Sound waves Organ-Level Cellular-Level Outer Hair Cells Hair Bundles Molecular-Level
26 Active feedback loop Sound Stimulus Organ of Corti Vibration OHC applies active force due to motility Hair Bundle Deflection OHC Receptor Potential is modulated Potassium Ions enter the OHC
27 Health Applications Normal vs. impaired hearing Original After damage Speech processors for cochlear implants Mechanisms of normal and impaired hearing are poorly understood. Less than 24 channels replace > 3000 channels in a cochlea Cochlear signal processing is replaced by speech processors. MEDEL Non-invasive diagnosis of hearing (otoacoustic emission test) OAE can pin-point location and nature of inner ear damage. But, cochlear origin of OAE is not understood.
28 Multi-scale computational model of the cochlea
29 Model goals Predict how the cochlea responds to sound stimulation and electrical current stimulation Determine system-level changes arising out of cellular and molecular mechanisms in the cochlea Provide a platform for testing normal vs. abnormal hearing
30 Mechanical-Electrical-Acoustic Model of the Cochlea Ramamoorthy et al, 2007 Acoustic/Fluidic Electrical Structural
31 Two-duct fluid model Unwrapped Idealization apex L s 2 p z 2 p 2 c u ( p z f u z base Assumptions: inviscid and compressible fluid; fluid viscosity is lumped into structural damping p SV in SV,ST p ST ) on BM BM Fluid equations Fluidloading on BM Euler's relation at BM Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
32 Structural model Model schematic Structural anatomy TM BM RL OHC BM: Basilar Membrane TM: Tectorial Membrane RL: Reticular Lamina OHC: Outer Hair Cells 3 independent d.o.f. BM first beam-mode, TM bending mode, TM shear mode. Lagrange s method to derive governing equations. In addition to fluid pressure, active force is applied on the structures due to OHC piezo-motility. Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
33 Piezo-Electric Model of Outer Hair Cell Nonlinear force-current relationship: linearized in the model Force-Current constitutive relationship: Active force due to voltage-change F OHC k OHC u OHC d 31 OHC I OHC d 31 u OHC Y E OHC Current due to OHC vibration Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
34 Mechanical-electrical transduction at the hair bundles Scala Media Dc Voltage across= V 0 OHC Apex Animation by S.Blatrix G 0 G 1 Model linearizes change in conductance ( ac) G GV u I HB Kirchhoff term HB Eqvt. to current source Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
35 Model for Electrical Network in the Cochlea OHC Applying Kirchoff s Law at four junctions leads to four governing equations. Two current sources from mechanical-electrical coupling drive this electrical network to produce cochlear-microphonic potentials. Changes in OHC potential generates active force (which is applied on adjacent structures) Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
36 Three-dimensional Finite Element Analysis K Q 0 p f F FS Q K Q u 0 SF S SE 0 Q K i ES E src Acoustic input p: fluid pressure u: structural displacements φ: electrical potentials Injected current used in animal expts Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
37 MEA model vs. Measurements in response to sound Vibrations Electrical potentials Ramamoorthy et al, 2007
38 Local electrical excitation of the cochlea MEA model experiment: Grosh et al (2004)
39 Summary for MEA model Physiology-based and shows how multiple scales interact to result in system-level response. Active force arises as an internal force out of physiology, unlike prior models which introduced it ad-hoc. Provides a framework to test mechanisms of hearing damage and recovery.
40 Measurement of vibration signal at the inner hair cell AN Challenges: Surgery itself could affect hearing sensitivity (so it needs to be minimized) Optical interferometry method Signal to noise
41 Guinea pig How are the experiments done? mouse Animal is anaesthetized. Surgery is done to expose the cochlea for experiments. Hearing sensitivity of the animal is constantly assessed during surgery and experimentation. At the end of the experiment, the animal is sacrificed. chinchilla
42 Classical Method of interferometry needed reflective objects Reflective beads are placed on the organ of Corti for two purposes Enhance the signal to noise Compared to a mirror organ of Corti tissue reflectance <5x10-5 (At the limit of most commercial velocimeters) Localize the exact measurement place Net vibration signal is the integration all signal from along the optical axis of a laser beam.
43 Apex: Best frequency <500 Hz Reissner s membrane in the way but less vulnerable to mechanical damage Tectorial membrane and apical surface of the hair cells can be seen Basilar membrane cannot be seen (but can be seen with OCT) Apical vs. Basal measurements Apex Base Base: Best Frequency >10 khz Vulnerable to mechanical (surgical) damage Basilar membrane can be seen but the tectorial membrane and the hair cells cannot be seen
44 Inner ear vibration across tissue organ of Corti in the inner ear Simultaneous measurement of the inner ear structures will help understand hearing loss. Image courtesy of A technique which can measure the vibration through tissue is needed. And, without opening the bone (cochlear or otic capsule)
45 Phase-sensitive Fourier domain optical coherence tomography The PSFDOCT system is characterized by: o Michelson Interferometer o Low coherence optical source o Detector array / spectrometer Schematic of a PSFDOCT system The combined light from reference and sample arms are split by a diffraction grating, and component light frequencies, i.e. wavelengths, are detected by a linear detector array. Sample vibration is detected as the path length difference between the reference and sample arms -- through changes in the phase of the Fourier transformed data. Image Courtesy of
46 PSFDOCT set-up cochlea
47 PSFDOCT measurement in a live guinea pig (Base) We showed that the frequency-tuning varies within a cross-section Reflectance Image Frequency response Schematic Ramamoorthy et al, 2014
48 Mouse Apex Gao et al (2014) showed fine tuning and amplification in mouse apex using OCT. However, mouse apex has high best-frequencies > 5 khz. May not represent cochlear-processing of human speech.
49 Range of audibility of the human ear
50 Guinea pig apex : optical access Guinea pig apex has best-frequencies around Hz, well-representing human speech. But, its apex is not easily accessible. Guinea pig skull To access the guinea pig apex in the axial direction, extensive surgery of the jaw and neck tissue is needed
51 Optical access in the apex Guinea pig skull Optical access Bulla-edge We introduced a method whereby a miniature mirror is placed inside the bulla to deflect the light by 90 degrees. That reduces the surgery drastically and improves hearing sensitivity during measurements Combining with PSFDOCT, we introduced a very less-invasive method in live guinea pig cochlea to measure apex vibrations (speech processing area).
52 Pattern of vibrations in guinea pig apex Structural Image Vibration Pattern at 200 Hz nm schematic Higher order vibration-modes at high frequencies
53 Vibration experiments in vivo: Summary Developed custom-made OCT research instrument to study inner ear vibrations Showed frequency-tuning differences within a crosssection in the basal-region New data in the apex shows complex vibration patterns and base-apex differences Sets the stage for many more studies such as otoacoustic emissions and hearing damage.
54 Ongoing Auditory Research in our group at IITB At IIT Bombay we do not conduct cochlear physiology experiments in animals Development of methods and sensors to address challenges in in vivo cochlear physiology experiments Simulation of EAS cochlear implants and normal vs. impaired hearing using the MEA model (Ramamoorthy et al., 2007) Interested in improving speech processors by understanding how cochlea processes sound.
55 Thank You
Auditory System Feedback
Feedback Auditory System Feedback Using all or a portion of the information from the output of a system to regulate or control the processes or inputs in order to modify the output. Central control of
More informationChapter 3: Anatomy and physiology of the sensory auditory mechanism
Chapter 3: Anatomy and physiology of the sensory auditory mechanism Objectives (1) Anatomy of the inner ear Functions of the cochlear and vestibular systems Three compartments within the cochlea and membranes
More informationCochlear anatomy, function and pathology II. Professor Dave Furness Keele University
Cochlear anatomy, function and pathology II Professor Dave Furness Keele University d.n.furness@keele.ac.uk Aims and objectives of this lecture Focus (2) on the biophysics of the cochlea, the dual roles
More informationMechanical Properties of the Cochlea. Reading: Yost Ch. 7
Mechanical Properties of the Cochlea CF Reading: Yost Ch. 7 The Cochlea Inner ear contains auditory and vestibular sensory organs. Cochlea is a coiled tri-partite tube about 35 mm long. Basilar membrane,
More informationStructure, Energy Transmission and Function. Gross Anatomy. Structure, Function & Process. External Auditory Meatus or Canal (EAM, EAC) Outer Ear
Gross Anatomy Structure, Energy Transmission and Function IE N O ME 1 Structure, Function & Process 4 External Auditory Meatus or Canal (EAM, EAC) Outer third is cartilaginous Inner 2/3 is osseous Junction
More informationImproving the diagnostic power of otoacoustic emissions. Arturo Moleti Physics Department University of Roma Tor Vergata
Improving the diagnostic power of otoacoustic emissions Arturo Moleti Physics Department University of Roma Tor Vergata The human ear Ear canal: resonant cavity Middle ear: impedance adapter and pressure
More informationLecture 6 Hearing 1. Raghav Rajan Bio 354 Neurobiology 2 January 28th All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned:
Lecture 6 Hearing 1 All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned: 1. http://wws.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/labs/ulanovsky/sites/neurobiology.labs.ulanovsky/files/uploads/purves_ch12_ch13_hearing
More informationAuditory System. Barb Rohrer (SEI )
Auditory System Barb Rohrer (SEI614 2-5086) Sounds arise from mechanical vibration (creating zones of compression and rarefaction; which ripple outwards) Transmitted through gaseous, aqueous or solid medium
More informationSOLUTIONS Homework #3. Introduction to Engineering in Medicine and Biology ECEN 1001 Due Tues. 9/30/03
SOLUTIONS Homework #3 Introduction to Engineering in Medicine and Biology ECEN 1001 Due Tues. 9/30/03 Problem 1: a) Where in the cochlea would you say the process of "fourier decomposition" of the incoming
More informationAuditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 30. Organ of Corti
Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 30 Waves, waves, waves. Organ of Corti Tectorial membrane Sits on top Inner hair cells Outer hair cells The microphone for the brain 1 Hearing Perceptually,
More informationCochlear anatomy, function and pathology I. Professor Dave Furness Keele University
Cochlear anatomy, function and pathology I Professor Dave Furness Keele University d.n.furness@keele.ac.uk Aims and objectives of these lectures Introduction to gross anatomy of the cochlea Focus (1) on
More informationENT 318 Artificial Organs Physiology of Ear
ENT 318 Artificial Organs Physiology of Ear Lecturer: Ahmad Nasrul Norali The Ear The Ear Components of hearing mechanism - Outer Ear - Middle Ear - Inner Ear - Central Auditory Nervous System Major Divisions
More informationSignals, systems, acoustics and the ear. Week 5. The peripheral auditory system: The ear as a signal processor
Signals, systems, acoustics and the ear Week 5 The peripheral auditory system: The ear as a signal processor Think of this set of organs 2 as a collection of systems, transforming sounds to be sent to
More informationHST 721 Lecture 4: Mechanics, electromotility and the cochlear amplifier
HST 721 Lecture 4: Mechanics, electromotility and the cochlear amplifier 1 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion 2 Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion Bekesy s experiments
More informationAcoustics Research Institute
Austrian Academy of Sciences Acoustics Research Institute Modeling Modelingof ofauditory AuditoryPerception Perception Bernhard BernhardLaback Labackand andpiotr PiotrMajdak Majdak http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at
More informationBefore we talk about the auditory system we will talk about the sound and waves
The Auditory System PHYSIO: #3 DR.LOAI ZAGOUL 24/3/2014 Refer to the slides for some photos. Before we talk about the auditory system we will talk about the sound and waves All waves have basic characteristics:
More informationAuditory Physiology Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D.
Auditory Physiology Richard M. Costanzo, Ph.D. OBJECTIVES After studying the material of this lecture, the student should be able to: 1. Describe the morphology and function of the following structures:
More informationPSY 214 Lecture # (11/9/2011) (Sound, Auditory & Speech Perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214
PSY 214 Lecture 16 Topic: Sound, Auditory System & Speech Perception Chapter 11, pages 270-289 Corrections: None Announcements: CD is available outside Dr Achtman s office if you would like to see demonstrations
More informationCan You Hear Me Now?
An Introduction to the Mathematics of Hearing Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington April 26, 2007 Some Questions How does hearing work? What are the important structures and mechanisms
More informationPSY 215 Lecture 10 Topic: Hearing Chapter 7, pages
PSY 215 Lecture 10 Topic: Hearing Chapter 7, pages 189-197 Corrections: NTC 09-1, page 3, the Superior Colliculus is in the midbrain (Mesencephalon). Announcements: Movie next Monday: Case of the frozen
More informationTHE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ACTIVE HAIR BUNDLE MECHANICS AND ELECTROMOTILITY IN THE COCHLEA
451 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ACTIVE HAIR BUNDLE MECHANICS AND ELECTROMOTILITY IN THE COCHLEA DÁIBHID Ó MAOILÉIDIGH, FRANK JÜLICHER Max Planck Institute für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187
More informationHalf-Octave Shift in Mammalian Hearing Is an Epiphenomenon of the Cochlear Amplifier
Half-Octave Shift in Mammalian Hearing Is an Epiphenomenon of the Cochlear Amplifier Sripriya Ramamoorthy 1 *, Alfred L. Nuttall 1,2 1 Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon
More informationAcoustics, signals & systems for audiology. Psychoacoustics of hearing impairment
Acoustics, signals & systems for audiology Psychoacoustics of hearing impairment Three main types of hearing impairment Conductive Sound is not properly transmitted from the outer to the inner ear Sensorineural
More informationChapter 11: Sound, The Auditory System, and Pitch Perception
Chapter 11: Sound, The Auditory System, and Pitch Perception Overview of Questions What is it that makes sounds high pitched or low pitched? How do sound vibrations inside the ear lead to the perception
More informationReceptors / physiology
Hearing: physiology Receptors / physiology Energy transduction First goal of a sensory/perceptual system? Transduce environmental energy into neural energy (or energy that can be interpreted by perceptual
More informationSo now to The Ear. Drawings from Max Brodel, an Austrian artist who came to Johns Hopkins in the 1920s. My point in showing this figure is to
So now to The Ear. Drawings from Max Brodel, an Austrian artist who came to Johns Hopkins in the 1920s. My point in showing this figure is to emphasize the intricate and well-protected structure of the
More informationSystems Neuroscience Oct. 16, Auditory system. http:
Systems Neuroscience Oct. 16, 2018 Auditory system http: www.ini.unizh.ch/~kiper/system_neurosci.html The physics of sound Measuring sound intensity We are sensitive to an enormous range of intensities,
More informationSound and Hearing. Decibels. Frequency Coding & Localization 1. Everything is vibration. The universe is made of waves.
Frequency Coding & Localization 1 Sound and Hearing Everything is vibration The universe is made of waves db = 2log(P1/Po) P1 = amplitude of the sound wave Po = reference pressure =.2 dynes/cm 2 Decibels
More informationRequired Slide. Session Objectives
Auditory Physiology Required Slide Session Objectives Auditory System: At the end of this session, students will be able to: 1. Characterize the range of normal human hearing. 2. Understand the components
More informationThe frequency analysis of the cochlea a review of Nobili et al (1998) and Ruggero et al (1992)
The frequency analysis of the cochlea a review of Nobili et al (1998) and Ruggero et al (1992) by Pedro da Fonseca (pedrofon@mail.telepac.pt) Neuroscience course Presented in 17.12.99 to professor STEPHEN
More informationMECHANISM OF HEARING
MECHANISM OF HEARING Sound: Sound is a vibration that propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as gas, liquid or solid. Sound is produced from alternate compression
More informationReticular lamina and basilar membrane vibrations in living mouse cochleae
Reticular lamina and basilar membrane vibrations in living mouse cochleae Tianying Ren a,1, Wenxuan He a, and David Kemp b a Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health
More informationChapter 1: Introduction to digital audio
Chapter 1: Introduction to digital audio Applications: audio players (e.g. MP3), DVD-audio, digital audio broadcast, music synthesizer, digital amplifier and equalizer, 3D sound synthesis 1 Properties
More informationPSY 214 Lecture 16 (11/09/2011) (Sound, auditory system & pitch perception) Dr. Achtman PSY 214
PSY 214 Lecture 16 Topic: Sound, auditory system, & pitch perception Chapter 11, pages 268-288 Corrections: None needed Announcements: At the beginning of class, we went over some demos from the virtual
More informationHEARING AND COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
HEARING AND COCHLEAR IMPLANTS FRANCIS CREIGHTON, MD NEUROTOLOGY & SKULL BASE SURGERY FELLOW JOHNS HOPKINS SCHOOL OF MEDICINE NOV 9 TH, 2017 THANKS TO: CHARLIE DELLA SANTINA, HEIDI NAKAJIMA AND DOUG MATTOX
More informationSPECIAL SENSES: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM
SPECIAL SENSES: THE AUDITORY SYSTEM REVISION OF PHYSICS: WAVES A wave is an oscillation of power, sound waves have two main characteristics: amplitude, which is the maximum displacement or the power of
More informationWhat you re in for. Who are cochlear implants for? The bottom line. Speech processing schemes for
What you re in for Speech processing schemes for cochlear implants Stuart Rosen Professor of Speech and Hearing Science Speech, Hearing and Phonetic Sciences Division of Psychology & Language Sciences
More informationDeafness and hearing impairment
Auditory Physiology Deafness and hearing impairment About one in every 10 Americans has some degree of hearing loss. The great majority develop hearing loss as they age. Hearing impairment in very early
More informationAdvanced otoacoustic emission detection techniques and clinical diagnostics applications
Advanced otoacoustic emission detection techniques and clinical diagnostics applications Arturo Moleti Physics Department, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, ITALY Towards objective diagnostics of human
More informationApplication of force to the cochlear wall: effect on auditory thresholds, OHC transduction, and DPOAEs
Application of force to the cochlear wall: effect on auditory thresholds, OHC transduction, and DPOAEs The Auditory Laboratory, Physiology University of Western Australia Greg O Beirne Dept. of Communication
More informationWhat does it mean to analyze the frequency components of a sound? A spectrogram such as that shown here is the usual display of frequency components
1 2 3 4 What does it mean to analyze the frequency components of a sound? A spectrogram such as that shown here is the usual display of frequency components as a function of time here during the production
More informationModelling the micromechanics of the cochlea in Femlab
Modelling the micromechanics of the cochlea in Femlab R.R.J.J. van Doorn DCT 27.7 Traineeship report Coach(es): Supervisor: Prof. S.J. Elliott Prof. P. Gardonio Prof. H. Nijmeijer Technische Universiteit
More informationTrajectory of the Aging Cochlea
Trajectory of the Aging Cochlea Sumitrajit (Sumit) Dhar Professor & Chair Roxelyn & Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Fellow, Hugh Knowles Center for Hearing Science Northwestern
More informationTwo-Tone Suppression of Simultaneous Electrical and Mechanical Responses in the Cochlea
Article Two-Tone Suppression of Simultaneous Electrical and Mechanical Responses in the Cochlea Wei Dong and Elizabeth S. Olson 2, * VA Loma Linda Health Care System and Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery,
More informationSound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function.
Hearing Sound and its characteristics. The decibel scale. Structure and function of the ear. Békésy s theory. Molecular basis of hair cell function. 19/11/2014 Sound A type of longitudinal mass wave that
More informationOtoAcoustic Emissions (OAE s)
OtoAcoustic Emissions (OAE s) Phenomenon and applications in audiological diagnostics Measurement procedures TEOAE and DPOAE Physiological backgound, functional models Acknowledgment: several illustrations
More informationUnit VIII Problem 9 Physiology: Hearing
Unit VIII Problem 9 Physiology: Hearing - We can hear a limited range of frequency between 20 Hz 20,000 Hz (human hearing acuity is between 1000 Hz 4000 Hz). - The ear is divided into 3 parts. Those are:
More informationLecture 7 Hearing 2. Raghav Rajan Bio 354 Neurobiology 2 February 04th All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned:
Lecture 7 Hearing 2 All lecture material from the following links unless otherwise mentioned: 1. http://wws.weizmann.ac.il/neurobiology/labs/ulanovsky/sites/neurobiology.labs.ulanovsky/files/uploads/purves_ch12_ch13_hearing
More informationEMANATIONS FROM RESIDUUM OSCILLATIONS IN HUMAN AUDITORY SYSTEM
EMANATIONS FROM RESIDUUM OSCILLATIONS IN HUMAN AUDITORY SYSTEM V.S. Balaji, N.R.Raajan, S. Rakesh Kumar, Har Narayan Upadhyay School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA University Thanjavur,
More informationCochlear anatomy, function and pathology III. Professor Dave Furness Keele University
Cochlear anatomy, function and pathology III Professor Dave Furness Keele University d.n.furness@keele.ac.uk Aims and objectives of this lecture Focus (3) on the cochlear lateral wall and Reissner s membrane:
More informationMeasurement of cochlear power gain in the sensitive gerbil ear
Received 4 Nov 2 Accepted 3 Feb 2 Published Mar 2 DOI:.38/ncomms226 Measurement of cochlear power gain in the sensitive gerbil ear Tianying Ren,2, Wenxuan He & Peter G. Gillespie,3 The extraordinary sensitivity
More informationComparing in vitro, in situ, and in vivo experimental data in a three-dimensional model of mammalian cochlear mechanics
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 3676 3681, March 1999 Biophysics Comparing in vitro, in situ, and in vivo experimental data in a three-dimensional model of mammalian cochlear mechanics PAUL J.
More informationHearing. istockphoto/thinkstock
Hearing istockphoto/thinkstock Audition The sense or act of hearing The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Sound waves are composed of changes in air pressure unfolding over time. Acoustical transduction: Conversion
More informationRepresentation of sound in the auditory nerve
Representation of sound in the auditory nerve Eric D. Young Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University Young, ED. Neural representation of spectral and temporal information in speech.
More informationClinical applications of otoacoustic emissions in Industry. Prof. Dr. B. Vinck, MSc, PhD University of Ghent, Belgium
Clinical applications of otoacoustic emissions in Industry Prof. Dr. B. Vinck, MSc, PhD University of Ghent, Belgium The 25th anniversary of the discovery of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) [sounds that can
More informationEffect of the Attachment of the Tectorial Membrane on Cochlear Micromechanics and Two-Tone Suppression
1398 Biophysical Journal Volume 106 March 2014 1398 1405 Effect of the Attachment of the Tectorial Membrane on Cochlear Micromechanics and Two-Tone Suppression Julien Meaud * and Karl Grosh Department
More informationHearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics
9 Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics Click Chapter to edit 9 Hearing: Master title Physiology style and Psychoacoustics The Function of Hearing What Is Sound? Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory
More informationWhat is the effect on the hair cell if the stereocilia are bent away from the kinocilium?
CASE 44 A 53-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of feeling like the room is spinning, dizziness, decreased hearing, ringing in the ears, and fullness in both ears. He states
More informationAuditory Periphery! external middle inner. stapes movement initiates a pressure wave in cochlear fluid
Auditory Periphery! external middle inner sound causes air pressure to increase at eardrum stapes movement initiates a pressure wave in cochlear fluid VIIIth nerve conveys neural signal to cochlear nucleus
More informationChapter 3. of energy that moves through air, water and other matter, in waves of pressure.
Chapter 3 Human Hearing Mechanism 3.1 Introduction Audition is the scientific name for the perception of sound. Sound is a form of energy that moves through air, water and other matter, in waves of pressure.
More informationAnatomy and Physiology of Hearing
Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing The Human Ear Temporal Bone Found on each side of the skull and contains the organs for hearing and balance Divided into four major portions: - squamous - mastoid - tympanic
More informationA cochlear AGC model, proposing a new type of cochlear non-linearity
TEL-AVIV UNIVERSITY The Iby and Aladar Fleischman faculty of engineering The Zandman-Slaner school of Graduate studies A cochlear AGC model, proposing a new type of cochlear non-linearity A thesis submitted
More informationAuditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis. Lecture 29. Hearing
Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 29 A dangerous device. Hearing The sound stimulus is changes in pressure The simplest sounds vary in: Frequency: Hertz, cycles per second. How fast the
More informationPSY 310: Sensory and Perceptual Processes 1
Auditory Physiology PSY 310 Greg Francis Lecture 29 A dangerous device. Hearing The sound stimulus is changes in pressure The simplest sounds vary in: Frequency: Hertz, cycles per second. How fast the
More informationCOM3502/4502/6502 SPEECH PROCESSING
COM3502/4502/6502 SPEECH PROCESSING Lecture 4 Hearing COM3502/4502/6502 Speech Processing: Lecture 4, slide 1 The Speech Chain SPEAKER Ear LISTENER Feedback Link Vocal Muscles Ear Sound Waves Taken from:
More informationEssential feature. Who are cochlear implants for? People with little or no hearing. substitute for faulty or missing inner hair
Who are cochlear implants for? Essential feature People with little or no hearing and little conductive component to the loss who receive little or no benefit from a hearing aid. Implants seem to work
More informationPrescribe hearing aids to:
Harvey Dillon Audiology NOW! Prescribing hearing aids for adults and children Prescribing hearing aids for adults and children Adult Measure hearing thresholds (db HL) Child Measure hearing thresholds
More informationWho are cochlear implants for?
Who are cochlear implants for? People with little or no hearing and little conductive component to the loss who receive little or no benefit from a hearing aid. Implants seem to work best in adults who
More informationLecture 3: Perception
ELEN E4896 MUSIC SIGNAL PROCESSING Lecture 3: Perception 1. Ear Physiology 2. Auditory Psychophysics 3. Pitch Perception 4. Music Perception Dan Ellis Dept. Electrical Engineering, Columbia University
More informationConsequences of Location-Dependent Organ of Corti Micro-Mechanics
RESEARCH ARTICLE Consequences of Location-Dependent Organ of Corti Micro-Mechanics Yanju Liu 1, Sheryl M. Gracewski 1,2, Jong-Hoon Nam 1,2 * 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester,
More informationHearing Lectures. Acoustics of Speech and Hearing. Auditory Lighthouse. Facts about Timbre. Analysis of Complex Sounds
Hearing Lectures Acoustics of Speech and Hearing Week 2-10 Hearing 3: Auditory Filtering 1. Loudness of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for more) 2. Pitch of sinusoids mainly (see Web tutorial for more)
More informationHearing Sound. The Human Auditory System. The Outer Ear. Music 170: The Ear
Hearing Sound Music 170: The Ear Tamara Smyth, trsmyth@ucsd.edu Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016 Sound interpretation in the auditory system is done by
More informationMusic 170: The Ear. Tamara Smyth, Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016
Music 170: The Ear Tamara Smyth, trsmyth@ucsd.edu Department of Music, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) November 17, 2016 1 Hearing Sound Sound interpretation in the auditory system is done by
More informationCollege of Medicine Dept. of Medical physics Physics of ear and hearing /CH
College of Medicine Dept. of Medical physics Physics of ear and hearing /CH 13 2017-2018 ***************************************************************** o Introduction : The ear is the organ that detects
More informationCarlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
Carlson (7e) PowerPoint Lecture Outline Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited
More informationSound Waves. Sensation and Perception. Sound Waves. Sound Waves. Sound Waves
Sensation and Perception Part 3 - Hearing Sound comes from pressure waves in a medium (e.g., solid, liquid, gas). Although we usually hear sounds in air, as long as the medium is there to transmit the
More informationUnderstanding Otoacoustic Emissions Generation
Understanding Otoacoustic Emissions Generation Andrew Binder Dr. Christopher Bergevin, Supervisor March 20, 2008 1 Introduction The primary function of the ear is to convert acoustic stimuli to neural
More informationBCS 221: Auditory Perception BCS 521 & PSY 221
BCS 221: Auditory Perception BCS 521 & PSY 221 Time: MW 10:25 11:40 AM Recitation: F 10:25 11:25 AM Room: Hutchinson 473 Lecturer: Dr. Kevin Davis Office: 303E Meliora Hall Office hours: M 1 3 PM kevin_davis@urmc.rochester.edu
More informationA truly remarkable aspect of human hearing is the vast
AUDITORY COMPRESSION AND HEARING LOSS Sid P. Bacon Psychoacoustics Laboratory, Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 A truly remarkable aspect of human
More informationChapter 13 Physics of the Ear and Hearing
Hearing 100 times greater dynamic range than vision Wide frequency range (20 ~ 20,000 Hz) Sense of hearing Mechanical system that stimulates the hair cells in the cochlea Sensors that produce action potentials
More informationNeurobiology Biomed 509 Sensory transduction References: Luo , ( ), , M4.1, M6.2
Neurobiology Biomed 509 Sensory transduction References: Luo 4.1 4.8, (4.9 4.23), 6.22 6.24, M4.1, M6.2 I. Transduction The role of sensory systems is to convert external energy into electrical signals
More informationHearing Evaluation: Diagnostic Approach
Hearing Evaluation: Diagnostic Approach Hearing Assessment Purpose - to quantify and qualify in terms of the degree of hearing loss, the type of hearing loss and configuration of the hearing loss - carried
More informationHST 721 Efferent Control Lecture October 2004
HST 721 Efferent Control Lecture October 2004 1 Stapedius Muscle Central Circuitry 2 Hypotheses for MEM Function A. Stapedius 1. Extend Dynamic Range - a gain control system 2. Protect the Inner Ear from
More informationThe mammalian cochlea possesses two classes of afferent neurons and two classes of efferent neurons.
1 2 The mammalian cochlea possesses two classes of afferent neurons and two classes of efferent neurons. Type I afferents contact single inner hair cells to provide acoustic analysis as we know it. Type
More informationIntro to Audition & Hearing
Intro to Audition & Hearing Lecture 16 Chapter 9, part II Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Fall 2017 1 Sine wave: one of the simplest kinds of sounds: sound for which pressure
More informationexternal middle inner
Auditory Periphery external middle inner 3. movement of stapes initiates a pressure wave in cochlear fluid. 1. sound causes air pressure to increase at eardrum 5. auditory nerve conveys neural signal to
More informationFrequency refers to how often something happens. Period refers to the time it takes something to happen.
Lecture 2 Properties of Waves Frequency and period are distinctly different, yet related, quantities. Frequency refers to how often something happens. Period refers to the time it takes something to happen.
More informationIn vivo outer hair cell length changes expose the active process in the cochlea
In vivo outer hair cell length changes expose the active process in the cochlea Dingjun Zha, Fangyi Chen, Sripriya Ramamoorthy, Anders Fridberger, Niloy Choudhury, Steven L Jacques, Ruikang K Wang and
More informationPhysiological basis of sound design. Prof. Dr. med. Eckhard Hoffmann Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Steffen Kreikemeier Aalen University of Applied Sciences
Physiological basis of sound design Prof. Dr. med. Eckhard Hoffmann Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Steffen Kreikemeier Aalen University of Applied Sciences Index of contents Physiological basis of the inner ear Organ
More informationto vibrate the fluid. The ossicles amplify the pressure. The surface area of the oval window is
Page 1 of 6 Question 1: How is the conduction of sound to the cochlea facilitated by the ossicles of the middle ear? Answer: Sound waves traveling through air move the tympanic membrane, which, in turn,
More informationMusic and Hearing in the Older Population: an Audiologist's Perspective
Music and Hearing in the Older Population: an Audiologist's Perspective Dwight Ough, M.A., CCC-A Audiologist Charlotte County Hearing Health Care Centre Inc. St. Stephen, New Brunswick Anatomy and Physiology
More informationAUDL GS08/GAV1 Signals, systems, acoustics and the ear. Pitch & Binaural listening
AUDL GS08/GAV1 Signals, systems, acoustics and the ear Pitch & Binaural listening Review 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 100 1000 10000 25 20 15 10 5 0-5 100 1000 10000 Part I: Auditory frequency selectivity Tuning
More informationHearing Aids. Bernycia Askew
Hearing Aids Bernycia Askew Who they re for Hearing Aids are usually best for people who have a mildmoderate hearing loss. They are often benefit those who have contracted noise induced hearing loss with
More informationEssential feature. Who are cochlear implants for? People with little or no hearing. substitute for faulty or missing inner hair
Who are cochlear implants for? Essential feature People with little or no hearing and little conductive component to the loss who receive little or no benefit from a hearing aid. Implants seem to work
More informationHealthy Organ of Corti. Loss of OHCs. How to use and interpret the TEN(HL) test for diagnosis of Dead Regions in the cochlea
'How we do it' Healthy Organ of Corti How to use and interpret the TEN(HL) test for diagnosis of s in the cochlea Karolina Kluk¹ Brian C.J. Moore² Mouse IHCs OHCs ¹ Audiology and Deafness Research Group,
More informationAn active cochlear model showing sharp tuning and high sensitivity
Hearing Research, 9 (1983) 123-13 Elsevier Biomedical Press 123 An active cochlear model showing sharp tuning and high sensitivity Stephen T. Neely * and D.O. Kim Box 811, Washington Unitlersit}', St.
More informationSUBJECT: Physics TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: 15/1/2017 GRADE: DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: The Physics Of Hearing
SUBJECT: Physics TEACHER: Mr. S. Campbell DATE: 15/1/2017 GRADE: 12-13 DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: The Physics Of Hearing The Physics Of Hearing On completion of this section, you should be able to:
More informationChapter 3. Sounds, Signals, and Studio Acoustics
Chapter 3 Sounds, Signals, and Studio Acoustics Sound Waves Compression/Rarefaction: speaker cone Sound travels 1130 feet per second Sound waves hit receiver Sound waves tend to spread out as they travel
More informationThe transformation of sound stimuli into electrical signals
The transformation of sound stimuli into electrical signals Robert Fettiplace 2 1 Introduction Our sense of hearing depends on the correct performance of about 15 000 hair cells in each cochlea that serve
More informationPlural Publishing Newsletter Spring Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): A 30-Year Perspective. James W. Hall III, Ph.D. University of Florida
Plural Publishing Newsletter Spring 2010 Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs): A 30-Year Perspective James W. Hall III, Ph.D. University of Florida Sumitrajit Dhar, Ph.D. Northwestern University The First Decade:
More information