LECTURE 2 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Transcription

1 LECTURE 2 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2 Respiratory system - a complex of organs and anatomical structures exercising function of external respiration. Functions of the respiratory system: - Provides the organism with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; - cleaning, moisturizing and warming air; - barrier (protective) function; - participation in smelling; - participation in phonation

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6 Nasal cavity. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the surface of the nasal cavity. It is covered in epithelial hair-like structures known as cilia (orange), which line the respiratory tract. They are covered with a wet, sticky mucus that humidifies inhaled air and traps dust particles and other air pollutants. Co-ordinated, wave-like beating of the cilia propels the mucus to the back of the nose (pharynx), where it is swallowed.

7 In the middle and lower nasal conchae have a dense network of small blood vessels, forming cavernous venous plexus. Thermogram of the respiratory tract. Inspiratory air instantly warms up to 30 C.

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9 Paranasal sinuses Functions: 1. facilitation of the facial region of the skull; 2. the resonator function for phonation; 3. thermoinsulating cushions for surrounding structures.

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11 Conchae, meatuses and their openings

12 Main phenomena in anatomy of the nasal cavity Partition of the cavity: vestibulum, cavity proper, olfactory and respirtory regions, meatuses Composition of the nasal concha Comminications of the paranasal sinuses with the meatuses Clinical importance of the sinuses involvement in inflammation with its further expansion onto the brain and its surrounding

13 Computerized cross-sections (СT)of the head: what can you identify?

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15 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Development of the external nose and nasal cavity is associated with formation of facial skull, oral cavity and olfactory organs.

16 The proximal part of the laryngotracheal tube develops into epithelium and glands of the larynx. The distal part form the epithelium and glands of the trachea. The surrounding mesenchyme develops into connective tissue, cartilages, muscles, blood and lymph vessels.

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20 LARYNX The larynx is located at 4-6 cervical vertebrae. At the top is attached to the hyoid bone, at the bottom goes into the trachea.

21 LARYNX In front the larynx is covered by the pretracheal and superficial laminae of cervical fascia and by the infrahyoid group of neck muscles. At the front and side it is covered by the left and right lobes of the thyroid gland.

22 LARYNX Behind the larynx lies the laryngopharynx.

23 LARYNX

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25 CONUS ELASTICUS=CRICOVOCAL MEMBRANE and VOCAL LIGAMENT

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27 INNER ASPECT OF THE LARYNX.

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29 MODE OF ACTION OF THE APPARATUS FOR SIZE OF RIMA GLOTTIDIS

30 APPARATUS FOR SIZE of the rima glottidis: main dilator posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

31 APPARATUS FOR SIZE of the rima glottidis: another of the narrowers transverse arytenoid muscle

32 APPARATUS FOR SIZE of the rima glottidis: one of the narrowers thyroarytenoid muscle

33 APPARATUS FOR SIZE of the rima glottidis: another of the narrowers oblique arytenoid muscle

34 APPARATUS FOR TENSION OF THE VOCAL CORDS: cricothyroid joints and cricothyroid muscles

35 Main fenomena in anatomy of the larynx Individualized cartilages Existence of the synovial joints and their functionning Apparatus responsible of: tension of the vocal cords (ligaments) size of the rima glottidis their composition and mode of action Partition of the cavity Features in structure of vocal folds: in adult no submucosa and glands in infant submucosa, rich vasculature > danger of rapid swelling (oedema)

36 TRACHEA

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38 BRONCHI

39 BRONCHI

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43 ACINUS

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48 MECHANISM OF INSPIRATION. 1.expansion of the chest 2.expansion of the lungs 3.flow of air into the alveoli

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50 Why during inspiration lung follows the walls of the chest cavity?

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52 MEDIASTINUM

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54 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!