Spotted Wing Drosophila: A New Pest of Cherries and
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1 Spotted Wing Drosophila: A New Pest of Cherries and Janet Caprile, Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Contra Costa County Cherry Grower Meeting, Brentwood April 5, 12
2 In California Bob Van Steenwyk, UCB Kent Daane, UCB Janet Caprile, UCCE Bill Coates, UCCE Joe Grant, UCCE Kathy Anderson, UCCE The Research Team Some Key Players In the Pacific Northwest Vaughn Walton, OSU Corvallis Amy Dreves, OSU Corvallis Peter Shearer, OSU Hood River Jeffrey Miller, OSU Corvallis Wei Yang, OSU NWREC Flaxen Conway, OSU Corvallis David Haviland, UCCE Frank Zalom, UCD Kelly Hamby, UCD Mark Bolda, UCCE David Begun, UCD Rachel Goodhue, UCD Jana Lee, USDA-ARS, Corvallis Denny Bruck, USDA-ARS, Corvallis Elizabeth Beers, WSU Wenatchee Doug Walsh, WSU Prosser Lynell Tanigoshi, WSU Mt Vernon
3 Summary of 12 Findings Monitoring New trap styles How do they help growers? Seasonal flight summary Management Tidbits Are figs a host? Canopy height The promise of biological control Control Baits Sprays Do post harvest sprays help? Dr. Van Steenwyk s recommendations for 13 Brentwood spray-flight-damage summaries
4 Monitoring Adults Choose a bucket style trap Hang 3-5 high, in the shade Bait with real apple cider vinegar
5 3/16 3/23 3/3 4/6 4/13 4/ 4/27 5/4 5/11 5/18 5/25 6/1 6/8 6/15 6/22 6/29 7/6 7/13 7/ 7/27 8/3 8/1 8/17 8/24 8/31 9/7 9/14 9/21 9/28 Avg SWD/trap/week You have to count males AND females! In some orchards, the male flight starts later than the female flight Contra Costa County Phenology Site /12 Burlat harvest 5/3 Bing harvest: % damage SWD male SWD female 5
6 Are traps worth it? We don t need them to time sprays There aren t any trap thresholds We know we have a significant population Can help to gauge population pressure High pressure - more aggressive management Can help show how long your sprays last In retrospect (for future planning) Very important tool for researchers
7 DATE 4/8/11 4/14/11 4//11 4/27/11 5/4/11 5/11/11 5/19/11 5/26/11 6/1/11 6/8/11 6/15/11 6/23/11 6/29/11 7/6/11 7/12/11 7//11 7/27/11 8/3/11 8/1/11 8/17/11 8/24/11 8/31/11 9/8/11 9/14/11 9/21/11 9/28/11 1/4/11 1/1/11 1/18/11 1/25/11 11/1/11 11/8/11 11/15/11 11/21/11 11/3/11 12/6/11 12/14/11 12/21/11 12/28/11 1/4/12 1/11/12 1/18/12 1/25/12 2/1/12 2/8/12 2/15/12 2/22/12 3/1/12 3/7/12 3/14/12 SWD/week 3/16/1 3/24/1 3/3/1 4/6/1 4/13/1 4//1 4/27/1 5/5/1 5/12/1 5/18/1 5/26/1 6/2/1 6/8/1 6/16/1 6/23/1 6/3/1 7/7/1 7/14/1 7/21/1 7/28/1 8/4/1 8/11/1 8/18/1 8/24/1 9/1/1 9/8/1 9/15/1 9/24/1 9/29/1 1/6/1 1/13/1 1//1 1/27/1 11/3/1 11/1/1 11/17/1 11/24/1 12/1/1 12/8/1 12/15/1 12/22/1 12/29/1 1/5/11 1/11/11 1/19/11 1/26/11 2/2/11 2/9/11 2/17/11 2/23/11 3/2/11 3/9/11 3/17/11 3/23/11 SWD/week 1-11 Unsprayed Cherries (SJC1, CCC1, CCC2) LAB SWD male LAB SWD female HARVEST DAMAGE (%/1 fruit) Early Late Burlat: 3% 34% Bing: 9-36% -77% Rainier:.5-2% 1-22% Unsprayed Cherries (SJC1, CCC1) LAB SWD male LAB SWD female HARVEST DAMAGE (Larva floated/1 fruit) Early Late Burlat: 26% 28% Bing: 7-8% 11-4% Rainier: 8% 12%
8 4/8/11 4/15/11 4/22/11 4/29/11 5/6/11 5/13/11 5//11 5/27/11 6/3/11 6/1/11 6/17/11 6/24/11 7/1/11 7/8/11 7/15/11 7/22/11 7/29/11 8/5/11 8/12/11 8/19/11 8/26/11 9/2/11 9/9/11 9/16/11 9/23/11 9/3/11 1/7/11 1/14/11 1/21/11 1/28/11 11/4/11 11/11/11 11/18/11 11/25/11 12/2/11 12/9/11 12/16/11 12/23/11 12/3/11 1/6/12 1/13/12 1//12 1/27/12 2/3/12 2/1/12 2/17/12 2/24/12 3/2/12 3/9/12 SWD/week 3/24/1 3/31/1 4/7/1 4/14/1 4/21/1 4/28/1 5/5/1 5/12/1 5/19/1 5/26/1 6/2/1 6/9/1 6/16/1 6/23/1 6/3/1 7/7/1 7/14/1 7/21/1 7/28/1 8/4/1 8/11/1 8/18/1 8/25/1 9/1/1 9/8/1 9/15/1 9/22/1 9/29/1 1/6/1 1/13/1 1//1 1/27/1 11/3/1 11/1/1 11/17/1 11/24/1 12/1/1 12/8/1 12/15/1 12/22/1 12/29/1 1/5/11 1/12/11 1/19/11 1/26/11 2/2/11 2/9/11 2/16/11 2/23/11 3/2/11 3/9/11 3/16/11 3/23/11 SWD/week 1 Sprayed Cherries (12-14 orchards) SWD male SWD female HARVEST DATES: Burlat: May 1 - Coral: May - 3 Bing: June HARVEST DATES Burlat: May 1 - Coral: May - 3 Bing: June Sprayed Cherries (12 orchards) SWD male SWD female
9 4/9 4/19 4/26 5/1 5/9 5/15 5/22 5/3 6/5 6/12 6/19 6/27 7/3 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/4 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/23 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 1/7 Trap catch per week 12 Sprayed Cherries (16 orchards) 5 HARVEST DATES: Burlat: May Coral: May 18-3 Bing: May 25- June 1 SWD male SWD female 4 3 1
10 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Harvest Harvest Management Tidbits Brentwood Host Crops: Cherries (White nectarines) Figs under shady, moist conditions a fall host SWD male Figs 12 SWD female
11 In Japan Some identified Not sufficient control Management Tidbits Biological Control In North America Pacific NW: Parasitoids found in Oregon (OSU) & British Columbia: 9, 1, 11 California: Biological control studies begin 13 UCB Dr. Kent Daane, et al. CA Cherry Board funding Also SWD biology & migration patterns Photo courtesy of Peter Shearer, OSU
12 Mean # larvae per 1 fruit Management Tidbits Infestation by Canopy Height Dr. R.A Van Steenwyk, UC Berkeley a Low Bing Mid Bing High Bing Low Rainier/ Larian Mid Rainier/ Larian High Rainier/ Larian a a a a San Joaquin CA, 11 Low: < 4 a a b b 31-May 6-Jun Total a ab b a ab b a ab b Mid: 5-8 High: 9-12
13 Control: Baits Does GF-1 work? Quick application with ATV Can direct stream to avoid fruit days PHI (4 hr REI) GF-1 Trial, 11 Adults+Pupae Emerged/5 fruit unreplicated, large block Sample date 18 Jul 26 Jul 2 Aug (E.Beers, WSU) NOT RECOMMENDED UNTIL BAIT IMPROVED Dow is NOT going to change the bait formulation Need research into additives ACV Yeast Others GF-1 Entrust Check
14 GF-1 Enhancment Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps Brentwood 12 Screen top traps with kill strips 6 Treatments: oz/a in a 1:4 dilution 1. GF 1 alone 2. GF1 + Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) 3. GF 1 + Yeast & sugar 4. GF 1 + Monterey Insect Bait (MIB) 5. GF 1 + MIB + ACV + Yeast & sugar 6. Monterey Insect Bait alone 5 Replicates 3 apart in a high pressure orchard Changed every 3-4 days & rotated
15 GF-1 Enhancment Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps
16 GF-1 Enhancement Trial 1: Comparing additives in traps
17 GF-1 Enhancement Trial 2: Field control demonstration Location: Brookside Farm ¼ acre block of cherries Treatment: GF1 + MIB + ACV + Yeast/sugar Entire block treated Compare with previous year s damage straw spray every 3-4 days Hand pump sprayer, coarse droplets
18 Total No. SWD/trap/week GF-1 Enhancment Trial 2: Trap Suppression 25 Total SWD Catch 12 treated 15 GF HARVEST /14 3/21 3/28 4/4 4/11 4/18 4/25 5/2 5/9 5/16 5/23 5/3 6/6 6/13 6/ 6/27 7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25
19 Total No. SWD/trap/week GF-1 Enhancment Trial 2: Trap Suppression 25 Total SWD Catch 12 treated 11 untreated HARVEST GF HARVEST /14 3/21 3/28 4/4 4/11 4/18 4/25 5/2 5/9 5/16 5/23 5/3 6/6 6/13 6/ 6/27 7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25
20 GF-1 Enhancment Trial 2: Fruit Damage.
21 Total No. SWD/trap/week Bait Trials for 13 Start bait treatment earlier? Use Entrust instead of GF -1 3 day PHI How long does bait attract How long is mix toxic 25 Total SWD Catch 12 treated Start Earlier? HARVEST 12 3/14 3/21 3/28 4/4 4/11 4/18 4/25 5/2 5/9 5/16 5/23 5/3 6/6 6/13 6/ 6/27 7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25
22 SWD Control: Sprays Spray Guidelines Protect fruit BEFORE eggs are laid in fruit Start when earliest fruit changes from straw to blush Spray the early pollinators to keep populations low Burlat & Black Tartarian are very favorable hosts Eggs laid in these will result in a large population emerging as Bings become susceptible Maintain the spray residue until the last variety is picked Check with packers on materials to use for MRL concerns Switch chemical classes to avoid resistance Post harvest sprays won t help control next years SWD
23 Dr. Bob s 13 Recommendations Trade Name Class PHI REI 1 DAT 7DAT Sevin Carbamate 1 day 12 hr 2 3 Entrust* Spinosyn 3 day 4 hr 2 3 Malathion Organophosphate 3 day 12 hr 1 5 Danitol Pyrethroid 3 day 24 hr 2 1 Ambush/Pounce Pyrethroid 3 day 12 hr 3 3 Baythroid Pyrethroid 7 days 12 hr 2 1 Success Spinosyn 7 days 4 hr 2 3 Delegate Spinosyn 7 days 4 hr 2 2 Mustang Pyrethroid 14 days 12 hr 3 2 Warrior/Lambda-Cy Pyrethroid 14 days 12 hr 3 1 Days After Treatment (DAT) Control Rating: 1 = excellent 2=good 3=fair 4= poor 5= none * Organically acceptable Dr. Bob = Dr. R.A. Van Steenwyk (UCB)
24 SWD Damage Survey 12 Conducted in 14 Brentwood orchards Collected trap data to show pressure Evaluated fruit damage at harvest Collected grower spray records Then put it all together in graphs:
25 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Dense canopy Moist orch. floor Previous damage Near exc. habitat 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage 5 High Pressure Site # 1 SWD male SWD female 4 3 4%.5% 6% 1% 1 Grower Sprays: 5/15 Danitol 18 oz 5/23 Danitol 18 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/24 5.8% Pre-harvest color pick 5/31 3.7% I day pre-harvest 6/7.9% Main harvest 6/14.5% Post-harvest
26 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Dense canopy Moist orch. floor Previous damage Near exc. habitat 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage 5 High Pressure Site # 2 SWD male SWD female % % Grower Sprays: 5/3 Danitol 13 oz 5/12 Danitol 13 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/22.9% Main harvest 6/22 % 2 weeks post-harvest
27 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Moderate canopy Moderate irrigation 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage 5 Moderate Pressure Site # 1 SWD male SWD female 4 3 2% 1% % 1 Grower Sprays: 5/13 LamdaCy 4 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/3 1.8% 2 days pre-harvest 6/5.9% 2 days post-harvest 6/12.% 9 days post-harvest
28 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Variable canopy Well irrigated 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Moderate Pressure Site # 2 5 SWD male SWD female 4 3 % % 1 Grower Sprays: 5/2 LambdaStar 5 oz 5/22 Danitol 21 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/31 % Main harvest 6/8 % 3 days post-harvest
29 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 Trap catch per week 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Open canopy Dry orchard floor Organic Moderate Pressure Site 1 9 SWD male SWD female % 3% % 1% No Sprays: (irrigation began ~ 5/26) % Damage (1 fruit): 5/22 24% main Burlat harvest 5/3.9% early Bing harvest 6/5 2.7% main Bing harvest 6/12 1. % late Bing harvest
30 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Dense canopy Well irrigated 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Moderate Pressure Site #3 5 SWD male SWD female 4 3 % % 2% 5% 1 Grower Sprays: 5/3 LambdaStar 5 oz 5/14 Malathion pt 5/24 Fyfanon ULV by air 16 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/25 5.1% Coral: main pick 5/31.% Bing: Main pick 6/7. % Bing: 1 week postharvest 6/14 1.9% Bing: 2 weeks postharvest
31 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Moderate canopy Moderate irrigation 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Moderately Low Pressure Site 5 SWD male SWD female % 1 Grower Sprays: 5/2 Danitol 21 oz 5/1 Malathion8 (trunk strip) 1.75 pt 5/21 Malathion8 (trunk strip) 1.75 pt 5/23 Danitol 21 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 6/ % Sweetheart 17.6% 1 day after collection 31.5% 4 days after collection 33.3% 6 days after collection
32 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Open canopy Dry orchard floor Windy 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage 1 9 SWD male Organic Moderately Low Pressure Site SWD female % % % Grower Sprays - organic: 5/4 Entrust 2 oz 5/21 Entrust 2 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 5/3 % Bing: Early harvest 6/5 % Bing: Main harvest 6/12 % Bing: Last harvest
33 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week Open canopy Dry orchard floor Windy 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Low Pressure Site # 1 SWD male SWD female % % % % 1 Grower Sprays: 5/3 Danitol 13oz 5/17 Danitol 13 oz 5/27 Danitol 13 oz % Damage (1 fruit): 6/1 % early harvest 6/7 % main harvest 6/14 % 4 days post harvest 6/22 % 12 days post harvest
34 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 SWD/trap/week % 21% 15% 26% Open canopy Dry orchard floor 12 SWD Flight, Sprays, Damage Organic Low Pressure Site 5 SWD male SWD female Bait Sprays: 5/16 + 5/19 + 5/22 + 5/25 + 5/29 + 6/1 + 6/5 oz/a % Damage (1 fruit): 5/ % Bing: 1 st color pick 6/1 15.4% Bing: main harvest 6/5.7% Bing: main harvest 6/8.% Bing: post harvest
35 4/9 4/16 4/23 4/3 5/7 5/14 5/21 5/28 6/4 6/11 6/18 6/25 7/2 7/9 7/16 7/23 7/3 8/6 8/13 8/ 8/27 9/3 9/1 9/17 9/24 1/1 1/8 1/15 1/22 1/29 11/5 11/12 11/19 11/26 12/3 12/1 12/17 12/24 12/31 % SWD/trap/week % % % 3% Large dense canopy Well watered orchard floor Figs nearby (summer & fall flight) 12 SWD Flight & Sprays High Pressure Site #3 SWD male SWD female Grower Sprays: 5/6 Danitol 13 oz 5/13 Entrust 2.5 oz % Fruit Damage (per 1 fruit): 5/24 3% Coral: Main harvest 5/3 % Bing: 7 days pre-harvest 6/5 % Bing: prime harvest 6/12 % 4 days post harvest 6/19 % 11 days post harvest
36 Life Cycle of the Spotted Wing Drosophila Hambry presentation
37
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