BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012) MIDTERM EXAM 2

Transcription

1 BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY I (2012) MIDTERM EXAM 2 Mark the ONE BEST letter choice (either A, B, C, D, or E) on the computer-graded sheet in NUMBER TWO PENCIL. If you need to erase, do so completely! You MUST use the answer sheet provided by us inside your exam packet. No other answer sheet will be allowed. Take a deep breath, relax; you will do just fine! 1. In the central nervous system, the brain is a) anterior to the spinal cord. b) posterior to the spinal cord. c) caudal to the spinal cord. d) ventral to the spinal cord. e) both a and b. 2. Which of the following structure is contained in the diencephalon? a) cortex. b) basal ganglia. c) thalamus. d) amygdala. e) tectum. 3. The somatic nervous system controls a) vegetative functions of the body. b) emergency (alarm) functions of the body. c) vestibular perception. d) voluntary movement. e) the sympathetic nervous system. 4. The pia matter is part of a) the brain. b) the meninges. c) the spinal cord. d) the cerebrospinal fluid. e) the peripheral nervous system. 5. Which of the following brain region evolved last in humans (i.e., is the newest )? a) metencephalon. b) myelencephalon. c) diencephalons. d) mesencephalon. e) neocortex. 6. Which part of the nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate? a) the somatic system. b) the parasympathetic system. c) the sympathetic system. d) the cranial nerves. e) all of the above.

2 7. Which cranial nerve innervates internal body organs? a) the trigeminal nerve. b) the vagus nerve. c) the accessory nerve. d) the vestibulocochlear nerve. e) none of the above. 8. John was involved in a car crash. Upon arrival in the ER, the physician on call observes that John cannot feel or move his left leg. Where is the most likely site of injury? a) the occipital lobe. b) the frontal lobe. c) the temporal lobe. d) the hypothalamus. e) the spinal cord. 9. The semicircular canals of the ear are important for detecting: a) auditory stimuli. b) gravity. c) acceleration. d) continuous motion. e) loudness. 10. On the other hand, the vestibular sacs are important for detecting: a) auditory stimuli. b) gravity. c) acceleration. d) continuous motion. e) pitch. 11. Which of the following is not a component of the vestibular sacs? a) otoconia. b) hair cells. c) gelatinous mass. d) utricle. e) cupula. 12. Which of the following process enables the function of the semicircular canals? a) inertial resistance of the endolymph. b) weight of the otoconia. c) motion of the otoconia. d) vibration of the basilar membrane. e) none of the above. 13. Which of the following is true of the vestibular senses? a) they prevent damage to the cochlear hair cells. b) they keep muscle spindle receptors tight. c) they are not responsible for maintaining upright posture. d) motion sickness is caused by their activation. e) both c) and d) are true.

3 14. Which cranial nerve transmits information about the vestibular senses to the brain? a) II nd nerve. b) V th nerve. c) VIII th nerve. d) X th nerve. e) XII th nerve. 15. Sound waves travel through: a) air. b) water. c) vacuum (like in outer space). d) all of the above. e) only a) and b). 16. Given that a piano and a violin play the same note, C, in the same scale, why do they sound different? a) because they are not tuned properly. b) because they produce different frequencies. c) because they produce different timbres. d) because they produce different amplitudes. e) because they produce different loudness. 17. What are the frequency limits, in cycles per second, normally perceived in young people? a) 0 to 160. b) 0 to c) 20 to d) 20 to e) 200 to The pitch (frequency) of sound is measured in units of: a) Hertz. b) Joules. c) decibel. d) Watts. e) Dalton. 19. Which of the following bone is attached to the tympanic membrane? a) stirrup. b) anvil. c) incus. d) cranium. e) hammer. 20. The Organ of Corti: a) is responsible for transmitting sound waves from the outer ear to the middle ear. b) is the structure responsible for sound perception. c) contains the ossicles. d) is made up of the basilar membrane only. e) both a) and c).

4 21. Which of the following brain region is not involved in auditory processing? a) cerebellum. b) inferior colliculus. c) medial geniculate body. d) cochlear nuclei. e) none of the above. 22. Intensity differences between the two ears are used by the auditory system to: a) determine the intensity of a sound. b) determine the frequency of a sound. c) determine the timbre of a sound. d) determine the location of a sound. e) determine the loudness of a sound. 23. Rate coding is the process by which the basilar membrane responds to: a) all frequencies. b) all intensities. c) moderate to high frequencies only. d) low frequencies only. e) low intensities only. 24. The visible spectrum: a) contains the entire range of electromagnetic energies. b) is measured in decibels. c) is continuous with sound energy. d) can be detected by the auditory system. e) is a narrow part of electromagnetic energy. 25. When we detect different wavelengths of light, we see different? a) purity. b) brightness. c) hue. d) saturation. e) objects. 26. The specialized structure of the eye that transduces light into nerve impulses is called: a) the retina. b) the iris. c) cornea. d) the fovea. e) the lens. 27. The fovea: a) is the part of the eye where ganglion cell axons leave the eye. b) is the area where blood vessels enter and exit the eye. c) is the part of the eye where light enters. d) is a small area in the retina providing high visual acuity. e) is the blind spot.

5 28. Astigmatism is experienced because: a) the cornea or lenses are uneven. b) the eyeballs are too short. c) the lenses are opaque. d) the eyeballs are too long. e) the ciliary muscles don t work properly. 29. Which cell layer of the retina is first reached by light entering the eye? a) amacrine cells. b) ganglion cells. c) cones. d) horizontal cells. e) bipolar cells. 30. At night, which part of the retina is most sensitive to light? a) optic disk. b) blind spot. c) peripheral retina. d) central retina. e) fovea. 31. The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the a) bleaching of rhodopsin by light. b) elicitation of action potentials in rods. c) turning red of rhodopsin. d) depolarization of hair cells. e) movement of cilia. 32. An effective way of activating off- cells of the retina: a) is to project light onto their surround field. b) is to project light onto their center field. c) is to turn light off in their center field. d) is to turn light off in their surround field. e) both a) and c). 33. Which of the following cells in the visual system do not produce action potentials? a) simple visual cortical cells. b) complex visual cortex cells. c) retinal bipolar cells. d) retinal ganglion cells. e) lateral geniculate nucleus cells. 34. The trichromatic theory of color proposed by Young and Helmholtz: a) is based on retinal ganglion cells organization. b) is the same as the opponent process theory of Hering. c) can only be explained at the level of the visual cortex. d) is based on the relative activity of 3 photoreceptor subtypes. e) makes it impossible to see red and green simultaneously.

6 35. Which cells of the visual system respond to inputs from both (binocular) eyes? a) complex cortical cells. b) retinal ganglion cells. c) simple cortical cells. d) lateral geniculate nucleus cells. e) retinal bipolar cells. 36. The chemical senses include: a) the vestibular system. b) the gustatory system. c) the olfactory system. d) all of the above. e) both b) and c) only. 37. Which of the following taste qualities are perceived by our taste system? a) saltiness. b) bitterness. c) umami. d) all of the above. e) both a) and b) only. 38. The orbitofrontal cortex: a) is probably responsible for taste perception. b) is probably responsible for the perception of smell. c) is probably responsible for the perception of flavor. d) is the same as the primary gustatory cortex. e) is the same as the primary olfactory cortex. 39. The chemicals that produce odors: a) are heavy metals. b) must first bind in the lungs. c) are watery substances. d) reach the brain directly. e) must first be dissolved in mucus. 40. How many different odor receptors have been discovered so far? a) only 4. b) only 10. c) about 100. d) about e) over 100, The olfactory system is unique among the sensory systems in that: a) its signals are chemical. b) its signals are relayed to the neocortex by the thalamus. c) its signals reach cortical tissue before reaching the thalamus. d) its signals do not reach the neocortex. e) its signals are completely contralateral.

7 42. Myosin filaments are important for which function? a) the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. b) muscle fiber contraction. c) the re-uptake of calcium. d) the production of endplate potentials. e) all of the above. 43. What are the specific neurons that contact intrafusal muscle fibers? a) gamma motor neurons. b) pseudounipolar neurons. c) alpha motor neurons. d) interneurons. e) corticospinal neurons. 44. About how many muscle fibers could be contained in a large motor unit? a) 1. b) from 3 to 5. c) up to d) 100. e) up to Endplate potentials are to muscle fibers what are to neurons. a) neurotransmitters. b) excitatory post-synaptic potentials. c) chemical potentials. d) electrical synapses. e) inhibitory neurotransmitters. 46. Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? a) lactic acid. b) nicotine. c) muscarine. d) acetylcholine. e) glutamate. 47. Why is the stretch reflex faster than the pain withdrawal reflex? a) because the neurons involved in the stretch reflex are larger. b) because the pain withdrawal reflex is monosynaptic. c) because the stretch reflex involves larger motor units. d) because the stretch reflex is polysynaptic. e) none of the above. 48. Golgi tendon organs: a) are located within extrafusal muscle fibers. b) provide inputs only to excitatory interneurons. c) inhibit gamma motor neurons. d) are one type of stretch receptors. e) produce muscle damage.

8 49. What is/are the direct pathway(s) from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord? a) corticospinal tract. b) rubrospinal tract. c) corticobulbar tract. d) corticorubral tract. e) spinothalamic tract. 50. Ballistic body movements are controlled by which brain region? a) the basal ganglia. b) the motor cortex. c) the caudate/putamen. d) the substantia nigra. e) the cerebellum. That s it, you re done!!! Exam answers: 1. a 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. e 6. c 7. b 8. e 9. c 10. b 11. e 12. a 13. d 14. c 15. e 16. c 17. d 18. a 19. e 20. b 21. a 22. d 23. d 24. e 25. c 26. a 27. d 28. a 29. b 30. c 31. a 32. e 33. c 34. d 35. a 36. e 37. d 38. c 39. e 40. d 41. c 42. b 43. a 44. c 45. b 46. d 47. e 48. d 49. a 50. e