Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions. Module 2
|
|
|
- Dale George
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions Module 2
2 How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? The Scientific Method Goals and Tools of Psychology Description Correlation Experimentation
3 . Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations.
4 Question (Write down your answer) Please rank the following statements by their probability, using 1 for the most probable and 8 for the least probable. (a) Linda is a teacher in elementary school. (b) Linda works in a bookstore and takes Yoga classes. (c) Linda is active in the feminist movement. (d) Linda is a psychiatric social worker. (e) Linda is a member of the League of Women Voters. (f) Linda is a bank teller. (g) Linda is an insurance sales person. (h) Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement
5 Question (Write down your answer) If a test to detect a disease whose prevalence is 1/1000 has a false positive rate of 5%, what is the chance that a person found to have a positive result actually has the disease, assuming that you know nothing about the person's symptoms or signs? %
6 Bayes Theorem P(Disease Pos) = P(A B) = P(B A)P(A) P(B A)P(A)+ P(B nota)p(nota) P(Pos Disease)P(Disease) P(Pos Disease)P(Disease) + P(Pos Healthy)P(Healthy) Assume that the test is perfect and thus P(Pos Disease)=1 P(Disease Pos) = 1*.001 1* *.999 =.0196
7 Why Do Psychology? How can we differentiate between uniformed opinions and examined conclusions? The science of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people feel, think, and act as they do!
8 What About Intuition & Common Sense? Many people believe that intuition and common sense are enough to bring forth answers regarding human nature. Intuition and common sense may aid queries, but they are not free of error. Personal interviewers may rely too much on their gut feelings when meeting with job applicants. Taxi/ Getty Images
9 Hindsight Bias and Overconfidence Hindsight Bias is the I- knew- it- all- along phenomenon. After learning the outcome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome. Anything seems commonplace once explained. Overconfidence: Sometimes we think we know more than we actually know. Both hindsight bias and overconfidence lead us to overestimate our intuition.
10 Over-Confidence Subjects were asked factual questions such as: In each of the following pairs, which city has more inhabitants? (a) Las Vegas (b) Miami (a) Sydney (b) Melbourne (a) Hyderabad (b) Islamabad (a) Bonn (b) Heidelberg
11 Over-Confidence When subjects said they were 100% confident they were only 80% correct, when 90% they were only 70% correct,. This is a robust phenomenon observed even after warning people about it. It has been observed in diverse groups of occupations that include students, physicians, and analysts intelligence agencies. Does this sounds familiar?
12 The Scientific A\itude The scientific a\itude is composed of curiosity (passion for exploration), skepticism (doubting and questioning) and humility (ability to accept responsibility when wrong). Critical thinking does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly. It examines assumptions, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
13 The Scientific Approach Most people have greater difficulty thinking of psychology and other behavioral sciences as science. In part this is because many people misunderstand what science is. Research involving molecules and chromosomes seems more scientific than research involving emotions, memories, or social interactions, for example. Whether an area of study is scientific has li\le to do with the topics it studies. Rather science is defined in terms of the approaches used to study the topic.
14 Can we study EVERYTHING scientifically? Is there life after death? Are there angels?
15 Solvable Problems Science only deals with solvable problems. Researchers can investigate only those questions that are answerable, given current knowledge and research techniques. In sum, to be considered scientific: 1. the questions addressed must be potentially solvable 2. observations must be systematic and empirical 3. research must be conducted in a manner that is publicly verifiable Pseudoscience involves evidence that masquerades as science but that fails to meet one or more of the three criteria used to define science.
16 How Do Psychologists Ask & Answer Questions? Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations.
17 Theory A theory is an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events. For example: Social Learning Theory People learn through observing others'ʹ behavior.
18 Hypothesis A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. For example: One hypothesis from the Social Learning Theory: People who watch violent films display more aggressive behavior.
19 Research Research would require us to administer surveys or experiments. For example: Conduct a research study to examine if there is a relationship between frequency of watching violent films and aggressive behaviors.
20 The Scientific Method Operational Definition a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables How you are going to measure aggression is your operational definition for aggression. Operational definition for violent films.
21 Example violent movies and aggression Hypothesis? There is a relationship between frequency of watching violent films and aggressive behaviors Operational definition of variables? Exposure to violent movies: number of times a person watches violent movies in a week in the last 3 months Aggression: Frequency of behavior that aims to harm other people.
22 Research Process (1) Theory: Social learning theory People learn through observing others' behavior. (3) Research and observations: Is there a relation between frequency of watching violent films and aggressive behaviors (2) Hypothesis: People who watch violent films display more aggressive behavior. 22
23 The Scientific Method Replication repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances usually with different participants in different situations Example
24 Goals of Psychology 1. To describe behavior and mental processes 2. To predict behavior and mental processes 3. To explain and understand behavior and mental processes 4. To influence/control behavior and mental processes
25 Goals and Tools of Psychology Descriptive Methods 1. To describe human and animal behavior and mental processes Case study Surveys Observations (naturalistic or lab)
26 Descriptive Methods Case Study A technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles. Susan Kuklin/ Photo Researchers Example: Is language uniquely human?
27 Descriptive Methods Case Study Researchers make case studies to examine rare cases: Example: school shooting Case studies can suggest hypotheses for further studies. Problems: Cannot make generalizations. Conclusions can be misleading.
28 Descriptive Methods Survey A technique for ascertaining the self- reported a\itudes, opinions or behaviors of people (usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people) Examples: Media surveys Koç University student satisfaction survey
29 Survey Wording Effects Wording can change the results of a survey. Q1: Should cigare\e ads be allowed on television? Q2: Should cigare\e ads be forbidden on television? (allowed vs. forbid)
30 Survey Random Sampling If each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample, it is called a random sample (unbiased). If the survey sample is not random, the results may not be representative. Examples: Media surveys Koç University student satisfaction survey
31 Random Sampling Population all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study Random Sample a sample that (fairly) represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion Randomly pick from the student list
32 Random Sampling
33 Descriptive Methods Naturalistic Observation
34 Naturalistic Observation observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations (or in more controlled environments) without trying to manipulate and control the situation Examples: Descriptive Methods Observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild Observing preschool children s social behaviors Recording self- seating pa\erns in a multi- racial school lunch room.
35 Descriptive Methods Summary 1. To describe human and animal behavior and mental processes Case study Surveys Observations (naturalistic/lab)
36 Goals of Psychology 2. To predict behaviors, thoughts, feelings, change and so on Mainly by way of assessing the relationship between two or more variables - Correlational studies
37 Definition of Variable Variable Any characteristic or a\ribute that varies in amount and kind Examples: Age Weight Height Self- esteem Reaction time in a learning experiment Stress level Achievement motivation
38 Correlation Prediction When one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say the two correlate. Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00) Correlation coefficient r = Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative)
39 Prediction Correlation Positive correlation: one variable inceases, the other one also increases, or vice versa. Example: r =.22 (age and intelligence) Negative correlation: one variable decreases, the other one increases. Example: r = -.85 (self- esteem and depression) 39
40 Correlation
41 Q: Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest correlation? A).10 B) -.64 C).35 D) -.10
42 Correlations do not permit inferring causality
43 Inferring Causality If we know that two variables are highly correlated, can we determine the causal relationship between them? Violence viewing Actualized violence OR Violence viewing Actualized violence Correlation does not mean causation! 43
44 A third variable could cause A and B: Instability at home Violence viewing Actualized violence 44
45 Another Example or 45
46 CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION In order to determine causality we must turn to experimental methods. 46
47 Goals of Psychology 3. To explain and understand behavior and mental processes Experimentation Like other sciences, experimentation is the backbone of psychological research. Experiments isolate causes and their effects. 47
48 Experimentation Experiment an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). 48
49 Experimentation Independent Variable (IV) the experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied Dependent Variable (DV) the experimental factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable 49
50 Experimentation Watch violent films Aggressive behavior 50
51 Experimentation Experimental Condition the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment (to one version of the independent variable) Control Condition the condition of an experiment that does not expose participants to the treatment serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment 51
52 Example: The Bobo Doll Experiment Participants: and 6- year- old children. The total of 72 children were split in to 2 groups. One group was put into an aggressive model scenario: the adult a\acked the Bobo doll by hi\ing it. Another group was used as a control group and not exposed to any adult model at all. 52
53 Example: The Bobo Doll Experiment Measure: The final stage of the experiment took place in a room in which the child was left alone for 20 min. with a series of aggressive and non- aggressive toys to play with. Results: Children exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in physically aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model. 53
54 Experimental Condition Watch violent model/movie Control Condition Watch nothing Measure aggressive behaviors Figure
55 Exploring Cause & Effect Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1) manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept under (2) control. Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. by random assignment of participants the experiment controls other relevant factors 55
56 Experimental Condition Watch violent movie Control Condition Watch nothing Measure aggressive behaviors Figure 7.1 Other variables here can be: socioeconomic background (income) 56 56
57 Experimentation Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance minimizes pre- existing differences between those assigned to the different groups 57
58 Experimentation Single- Blind Procedure the research participants are uninformed (blind) about what treatment, if any, they are receiving. Do antidepressant drugs really work? Placebos can have significant antidepressant effects To show superior efficacy to placebo 58
59 Experimentation Placebo an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent. 59
60 Experimentation Double- Blind Procedure both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo commonly used in drug- evaluation studies 60
61 Another Example Study: One of the factors for prejudice is lack of knowledge about members of the other group Hypothesis: Watching a documentary film about the history of the outgroup will result in change in prejudice (reduce prejudice) IV DV Manipulation (Experimental stimulus) 61
62 62
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, 2006 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 2 Thinking Critically with
Introductory Psychology
Going over the Syllabus Introductory Psychology PSY 120 (3) Prof. Kipling Williams Purdue University Spring 2008 Teaching Assistants: Jackie Schram Jim Wirth 1 Going over the Syllabus 2 Going over the
Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers The Need for Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct
Unit 1 History and Methods Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Unit 1 History and Methods Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Fact vs. Falsehood 1. Human intuition is remarkably accurate
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Introductory Psychology PSY 120000-003 Prof. Kipling Williams Purdue University Fall 2008 Teaching Assistants: Alvin Ty Law Jim Wirth Going over the Syllabus Go to: www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip Click on
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Elementary Psychology PSY 120000-003 Prof. Kip Williams Purdue University Spring 2009 Teaching Assistants: Nicole Capezza Jim Wirth 1 Let s go over the Syllabus The class webpage is: http://www2.psych.purdue.edu/~kip/120/index.htm
Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions
Myers PSYCHOLOGY 8 th Edition in Modules Module 2/3 Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions 1 The Need for Psychological Science Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science What s wrong with intuition? Lie detection Eyewitness accuracy 2 Left Half of Room Psychologists
UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS
THINKING CRITICALLY WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE UNIT II: RESEARCH METHODS Module 4: The Need for Psychological Science Module 5: Scientific Method and Description Module 6: Correlation and Experimentation
Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error.
Human intuition is remarkably accurate and free from error. 3 Most people seem to lack confidence in the accuracy of their beliefs. 4 Case studies are particularly useful because of the similarities we
Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010
Myers Psychology for AP* David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which
Theory. = an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Definition Slides Hindsight Bias = the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the I knew it all along phenomenon. Critical Thinking = thinking that
Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview
Psych 1Chapter 2 Overview After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What are five characteristics of an ideal scientist? 2) What are the defining elements of
Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research. Case Study
Research Methods Chapter 1 Conducting Research Goals of Psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Pitfalls of intuition and common sense explanations: Hindsight bias, overconfidence Remember psychology
Chapter 1: Thinking critically with. Introduction
Chapter 1: Thinking critically with psychological science Introduction Fact or Falsehood 1. Human intuition is remarkable accurate and free from error. 2. Most people seem to lack confidence in the accuracy
Conducting Research. Research Methods Chapter 1. Descriptive Research Methods. Conducting Research
Research Methods Chapter 1 Conducting Research Goals of Psychology Describe Explain Predict Control Pitfalls of intuition and common sense explanations: Hindsight bias, overconfidence Remember psychology
The Science of Psychology
The Science of Psychology Module 2 Psychology s Scientific Method Module Objectives Why is Psychology a Science? What is the scientific method? Why should I believe what researchers say? How do Psychologist
AP Psychology Ch. 01 Psych Science & Stats Study Guide
Name: Period: 1. Which of the following best describes the hindsight bias? A) Events seem more predictable before they have occurred. B) Events seem more predictable after they have occurred. C) A person's
Practice for Units 1 & 2
PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time--.7 Minutes per question 50 Questions, Units 1 & 2 Practice for Units 1 & 2 Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers
Psychological Research Methods. Excavating Human Behaviors
Psychological Research Methods Excavating Human Behaviors 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1 2 Thinking Critically with Psychological Science The Need for Psychological Science
Research. how we figure stuff out. Methods
Research how we figure stuff out Methods Penny in the Glass Activity Let s Make A Deal! One volunteer is needed for a chance to win $1,334,499! Let s Make A Deal Shows Us That: Human Intuition is highly
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODS II. Lecturer: Dr. Paul Narh Doku Contact: Department of Psychology, University of Ghana
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODS II Lecturer: Dr. Paul Narh Doku Contact: pndoku@ug.edu.gh Department of Psychology, University of Ghana Session Overview This session will present an overview of several non-experimental
2 Critical thinking guidelines
What makes psychological research scientific? Precision How psychologists do research? Skepticism Reliance on empirical evidence Willingness to make risky predictions Openness Precision Begin with a Theory
The Science of Psychology
The Science of Psychology Module 2 Psychology s Scientific Method Module Objectives Why is Psychology a Science? What is the scientific method? Why should I believe what researchers say? How do Psychologist
The Scientific Method. Myers PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 1. Thinking Critically with. Psychological Science
Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Thinking Critically with Psychological C1:1 Outline of Chapter 1 - The Need for Psychological The Scientific Attitude Naturalistic Observation - and Causation Illusory s C1:2
Psychology's History and Approaches
Psychology's History and Approaches Empiricism: the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation. Structuralism: an early school of psychology
(CORRELATIONAL DESIGN AND COMPARATIVE DESIGN)
UNIT 4 OTHER DESIGNS (CORRELATIONAL DESIGN AND COMPARATIVE DESIGN) Quasi Experimental Design Structure 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Definition of Correlational Research Design 4.3 Types of Correlational
Introduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods Updated August 08, 2016 1 The Three Types of Psychology Research Psychology research can usually be classified as one of three major types: 1. Causal Research When most
Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Methodology Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Empirical research allows us to test the validity of personal observations and folk wisdom.
Introduction to PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction to PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY The scientific study of behavior and the mental process. What are the characteristics of an excellent Psychologist? How do psychologists think? I feel myself a naturalist
Science is a way of learning about the natural world by observing things, asking questions, proposing answers, and testing those answers.
Science 9 Unit 1 Worksheet Chapter 1 The Nature of Science and Scientific Inquiry Online resources: www.science.nelson.com/bcscienceprobe9/centre.html Remember to ask your teacher whether your classroom
PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL
PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS, BIG IDEAS AND CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS CHAPTER 1 MYERS AND DEWALL CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW PSYCHOLOGY S ROOTS FOUR BIG IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY WHY DO PSYCHOLOGY ASKING AND ANSWERING QUESTIONS
Practice Quiz for Chapter 1
Practice Quiz for Chapter 1 1. Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of A. the false consensus
Unit 2: Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
Unit 2: Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Module 4- The Need for Psychological Science Define the following key terms 1. hindsight bias 2. critical thinking Answer the following
Psychology - MR. CALLAWAY Mundy s Mill High School Unit RESEARCH METHODS
Psychology - MR. CALLAWAY Mundy s Mill High School Unit 2.1 - RESEARCH METHODS Intro to Research How do psychologists ask & answer questions? Differentiate types of research with regard to purpose, strengths,
Psychology: The Science
Psychology: The Science How Psychologists Do Research Ex: While biking, it seems to me that drivers of pick up trucks aren t as nice as car drivers. I make a hypothesis or even develop a theory that p/u
THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY
THE RESEARCH ENTERPRISE IN PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2 Mr. Reinhard Winston Churchill High School Adapted from: Psychology: Themes and Variations by Wayne Weiten, 9 th edition Looking for laws Psychologists share
04/12/2014. Research Methods in Psychology. Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs. What is your ideas? Testing
Research Methods in Psychology Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs 1 Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments? What is your ideas? 2 Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments? Testing Hypotheses derived from
What is Psychology? chapter 1
What is Psychology? chapter 1 Overview! The science of psychology! What psychologists do! Critical and scientific thinking! Correlational studies! The experiment! Evaluating findings What is psychology?
Chapter 11. Experimental Design: One-Way Independent Samples Design
11-1 Chapter 11. Experimental Design: One-Way Independent Samples Design Advantages and Limitations Comparing Two Groups Comparing t Test to ANOVA Independent Samples t Test Independent Samples ANOVA Comparing
Why do Psychologists Perform Research?
PSY 102 1 PSY 102 Understanding and Thinking Critically About Psychological Research Thinking critically about research means knowing the right questions to ask to assess the validity or accuracy of a
The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Accuracy
Accuracy The degree to which a measure is free from error. (See page 65) Case studies A descriptive research method that involves the intensive examination of unusual people or organizations. (See page
Introduction Stanovich, Chapter 1
Introduction Stanovich, Chapter 1 A. Exercises 1. Write a brief characterization of each of the following professionals: A. Psychologist B. Astrologist C. Scientist 2. List the most interesting psychologist
AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology
AP Psychology -- Chapter 02 Review Research Methods in Psychology 1. In the opening vignette, to what was Alicia's condition linked? The death of her parents and only brother 2. What did Pennebaker s study
Reasoning with Uncertainty. Reasoning with Uncertainty. Bayes Rule. Often, we want to reason from observable information to unobservable information
Reasoning with Uncertainty Reasoning with Uncertainty Often, we want to reason from observable information to unobservable information We want to calculate how our prior beliefs change given new available
Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
Why Do Psychology? Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Chapter 1 1. How can we differentiate between uniformed opinions and examined conclusions? 2. The science of psychology helps make these
Experimental Economics Lecture 3: Bayesian updating and cognitive heuristics
Experimental Economics Lecture 3: Bayesian updating and cognitive heuristics Dorothea Kübler Summer term 2014 1 The famous Linda Problem (Tversky and Kahnemann 1983) Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken,
How to Think Straight About Psychology
How to Think Straight About Psychology A Quick and Dirty Overview of Stanovich s Wonderful Book. Chapter 1 Freud problem general public s link of Freud to psychology most psychologists don t find his theory
8/17/2012. Social Psychology: An Empirical Science. Social Psychology: An Empirical Science. Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Slides prepared by JoNell Strough, Ph.D. & Philip Lemaster, M.A. West Virginia University Social Psychology: An Empirical Science Fundamental
RESEARCH METHODS: PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
RESEARCH METHODS: PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE TODAY S OBJECTIVE Explain basic methods of psychological research. IMPORTANT KEY TERMS Variable: anything that can change Theory: broad idea or set of closely
Behavioural Issues: Heuristics & Biases; Level-k Reasoning
Decision Making in Robots and Autonomous Agents Behavioural Issues: Heuristics & Biases; Level-k Reasoning Subramanian Ramamoorthy School of Informatics 5 March, 2013 The Rational Animal The Greeks (Aristotle)
Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time.
Clever Hans the horse could do simple math and spell out the answers to simple questions. He wasn t always correct, but he was most of the time. While a team of scientists, veterinarians, zoologists and
Basic Concepts in Research and DATA Analysis
Basic Concepts in Research and DATA Analysis 1 Introduction: A Common Language for Researchers...2 Steps to Follow When Conducting Research...2 The Research Question...3 The Hypothesis...3 Defining the
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUMMARY 1 ABDULLAH ALZIBDEH Introduction In this lecture, we discuss the definitions of psychology and behavior. We also discuss the approaches in psychology and the scientific
9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100
9 research designs likely for PSYC 2100 1) 1 factor, 2 levels, 1 group (one group gets both treatment levels) related samples t-test (compare means of 2 levels only) 2) 1 factor, 2 levels, 2 groups (one
CHAPTER 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
CHAPTER 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science TOPICS AND QUESTIONS How do I explain dreams? Anxiety? The abilities and funny behavior of babies? The history and growth of psychology The big
AP Psychology Unit 2 REVIEW
Name: Date: 1. Dr. DeVries is interested in measuring how practice in problem solving affects this ability. The population of interest is high school seniors, and the sample consists of students who attend
Chapter 1. Understanding Social Behavior
Chapter 1 Understanding Social Behavior Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think and feel about, interact with, and influence each other individually and in groups. Model for
Variables Research involves trying to determine the relationship between two or more variables.
1 2 Research Methodology Week 4 Characteristics of Observations 1. Most important know what is being observed. 2. Assign behaviors to categories. 3. Know how to Measure. 4. Degree of Observer inference.
The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2
The Research Enterprise in Psychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including
Overview of the Logic and Language of Psychology Research
CHAPTER W1 Overview of the Logic and Language of Psychology Research Chapter Outline The Traditionally Ideal Research Approach Equivalence of Participants in Experimental and Control Groups Equivalence
Research Methodology. Characteristics of Observations. Variables 10/18/2016. Week Most important know what is being observed.
Research Methodology 1 Characteristics of Observations 1. Most important know what is being observed. 2. Assign behaviors to categories. 3. Know how to Measure. 4. Degree of Observer inference. 2 Variables
Composed of gray matter and arranged in raised ridges (gyri), grooves (sulci), depressions (fissures).
PSYC1020 Neuro and Pysc Notes Structure Description Major Functions Brainstem Stemlike portion of the brain, continuous with diencephalon above and spinal cord below. Composed of midbrain, pons, medulla
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY. Radwan Banimustafa
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Radwan Banimustafa At the end of this Chapter you should be able to: Understand the scope of psychology Different perspectives in psychology The scientific research method in
First Problem Set: Answers, Discussion and Background
First Problem Set: Answers, Discussion and Background Part I. Intuition Concerning Probability Do these problems individually Answer the following questions based upon your intuitive understanding about
Psychology Intro Unit Practice Questions
Psychology Intro Unit Practice Questions The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists: A. have little value for applied research. B. typically contradict common sense. C. are generally
Goal: To become familiar with the methods that researchers use to investigate aspects of causation and methods of treatment
Goal: To become familiar with the methods that researchers use to investigate aspects of causation and methods of treatment Scientific Study of Causation and Treatment Methods for studying causation Case
Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research?
Section 1: Conducting Research Question: What steps do scientists follow in conducting scientific research? In psychology, assumptions must be supported by evidence. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1. Form
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions (The answers are provided after the last question.) 1. Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality? a. quantitative research b. qualitative research
The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Basic assumption of science: Events are governed by some lawful order. Goals of psychology: Measure and
The Scientific Approach: A Search for Laws Basic assumption of science: Events are governed by some lawful order. Goals of psychology: Measure and describe Understand and predict Apply and control Explain
Research Methods in Psychology UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY 2013
+ Research Methods in Psychology UNIT 3 PSYCHOLOGY 2013 + Chapter 1 Summary 2 Experimental research: construction of research hypotheses; identification of operational independent and dependent variables
In this chapter we discuss validity issues for quantitative research and for qualitative research.
Chapter 8 Validity of Research Results (Reminder: Don t forget to utilize the concept maps and study questions as you study this and the other chapters.) In this chapter we discuss validity issues for
RESEARCH FUNDAMENTALS
RESEARCH FUNDAMENTALS What do psychologists study? The ABCs (emotion) E.g., emotional reactions to stimuli, ideas, and oneself, emotional disorders, manipulating emotions, etc Behavior E.g., behavioral
PSYC1024 Clinical Perspectives on Anxiety, Mood and Stress
PSYC1024 Clinical Perspectives on Anxiety, Mood and Stress LECTURE 1 WHAT IS SCIENCE? SCIENCE is a standardised approach of collecting and gathering information and answering simple and complex questions
Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at:
Psychology 12th Edition Wade TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-test-bank/ Psychology 12th Edition Wade SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/psychology-12th-edition-wade-solutions-manual/
Educational Psychology
Educational Psychology Introduction/Research Methods Daniel H. Tingstrom, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Box 5025 Univ. of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, MS 39406-5025 1 My Background??? 2 B = E x B
ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES ( ) PSYCHOLOGY. Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology
ISC- GRADE XI HUMANITIES (2018-19) PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 2- Methods of Psychology OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTER (i) Scientific Methods in Psychology -observation, case study, surveys, psychological tests, experimentation
Goal: To become familiar with the methods that researchers use to investigate aspects of causation and methods of treatment
Key Dates TU Mar 28 Unit 18 Loss of control drinking in alcoholics (on course website); Marlatt assignment TH Mar 30 Unit 19; Term Paper Step 2 TU Apr 4 Begin Biological Perspectives, Unit IIIA and 20;
Research Methods in Social Psychology. Lecture Notes By Halford H. Fairchild Pitzer College September 4, 2013
Research Methods in Social Psychology Lecture Notes By Halford H. Fairchild Pitzer College September 4, 2013 Quiz Review A review of our quiz enables a review of research methods in social psychology.
Perception Search Evaluation Choice
Decision Making as a Process Perception of current state Recognition of problem, opportunity, source of dissatisfaction Framing of problem situation and deciding how to decide Search Search for alternatives
Thinking Like a Researcher
3-1 Thinking Like a Researcher 3-3 Learning Objectives Understand... The terminology used by professional researchers employing scientific thinking. What you need to formulate a solid research hypothesis.
Introduction to Research Methods
Introduction to Research Methods 8-10% of the AP Exam Psychology is an empirical discipline. Psychologists develop knowledge by doing research. Research provides guidance for psychologists who develop
CHAPTER 1. Introduction & Research Methods. Lecture Overview
Introduction & Research Methods CHAPTER 1 Lecture Overview Introducing Psychology Origins of Psychology The Science of Psychology Research Methods Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology Introducing
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior
CHAPTER 1 Understanding Social Behavior CHAPTER OVERVIEW Chapter 1 introduces you to the field of social psychology. The Chapter begins with a definition of social psychology and a discussion of how social
Beware of Confounding Variables
Beware of Confounding Variables If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues, what are some confounding variables? The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. A confounding variable
What is Psychology? Science versus Intuition 1 a. What is psychology? (from text) b. Note the revision from class:
Lilienfeld et al. Chapter 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking: A Framework for Everyday Life p. 1 of 12 Many first time college students struggle adjusting to expectations of college- level courses.
Lecture 9 Internal Validity
Lecture 9 Internal Validity Objectives Internal Validity Threats to Internal Validity Causality Bayesian Networks Internal validity The extent to which the hypothesized relationship between 2 or more variables
Research Methods. It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!!
Research Methods It is actually way more exciting than it sounds!!!! Why do we have to learn this stuff? Psychology is first and foremost a science. Thus it is based in research. Before we delve into how
Module 01 Doing Social Psychology
Module 01 Doing Social Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 1) According to the text, social psychology is defined as the scientific study of how people A. motivate, persuade and hurt one another.
20. Experiments. November 7,
20. Experiments November 7, 2015 1 Experiments are motivated by our desire to know causation combined with the fact that we typically only have correlations. The cause of a correlation may be the two variables
Student Lecture Guide YOLO Learning Solutions
Student Lecture Guide Social psychology is the scientific study of how individuals think and feel about, interact with, and influence each other individually and in groups Model for social behavior that
Chapter 2 Psychological Research, Methods and Statistics
Chapter 2 Psychological Research, Methods and Statistics Section 1- What is Research? Psychologists must first decide how to approach the research issue. Then psychologists conduct the research in one
Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1. Chapter 1 Chapter 1
psychology theory pure research applied research introspection structuralism functionalism behaviorism reinforcement Gestalt psychology a formulation of relationships underlying observed events the science
Psychological Research
Introduction Psychologists do more than just wonder about human behavior: they conduct research to understand exactly why people think, feel, and behave the way they do. Like other scientists, psychologists
Critical Thinking and Reading Lecture 15
Critical Thinking and Reading Lecture 5 Critical thinking is the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons. (Wade and Tavris, pp.4-5)
Choosing designs and subjects (Bordens & Abbott Chap. 4)
Choosing designs and subjects (Bordens & Abbott Chap. 4) Once we have examined all the nitty-gritty details of a study (e.g., variables, variable levels), it is time to conceptually organize the details
OBSERVATION METHODS: EXPERIMENTS
OBSERVATION METHODS: EXPERIMENTS Sociological Research Methods Experiments Independent variable is manipulated, and the dependent variable respond to the manipulation. e.g. Eating a chocolate bar prior
Experimental Design. Dewayne E Perry ENS C Empirical Studies in Software Engineering Lecture 8
Experimental Design Dewayne E Perry ENS 623 Perry@ece.utexas.edu 1 Problems in Experimental Design 2 True Experimental Design Goal: uncover causal mechanisms Primary characteristic: random assignment to
Lab 2: The Scientific Method. Summary
Lab 2: The Scientific Method Summary Today we will venture outside to the University pond to develop your ability to apply the scientific method to the study of animal behavior. It s not the African savannah,
Experimental Psychology
Title Experimental Psychology Type Individual Document Map Authors Aristea Theodoropoulos, Patricia Sikorski Subject Social Studies Course None Selected Grade(s) 11, 12 Location Roxbury High School Curriculum