Why?!? The more you have the greater chance that you will have an offspring survive. What is the meaning of life. The Red Queen

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1 What is the meaning of life The Red Queen Lundquist The purpose of life is to continue Organisms take extreme measures to insure survival In Hostile Environments organisms choose immortality as a goal Self-sufficiency Self-sustainability In Nurturing Environments Organisms choose to reproduce When they die they pass on their knowledge Tardigrade Reproduction as much as possible ensures that knowledge continues There is no such thing as too many Why?!? The more you have the greater chance that you will have an offspring survive. Then But. Now Nobody s eating us now Most babies make it 1

2 Fine for you smarty pants but what about the sea turtles? May the odds be ever in your favor Of all the eggs that hatch only 1% survive to adult hood to reproduce I VOLUNTEER AS TRIBUTE! Wait a minute If the whole point if to have as many offspring as possible Why don t organisms reproduce like crazy? There are more bacterial cells on your body than human cells Todays random disgusting fact. Two type of reproduction Asexual reproduction sexual asexual CENSORED 2

3 Micro-organisms do it alone called binary fission When your cells do it, it is called mitosis Bacteria, some algae, protozoa Simple organisms do it with little nubs called budding Jellyfish, some plants (called pupping), corals Back to sex. Sexual reproduction is different When two people fall in love they stand naked in an awkward diagram. Meiosis Where babies-making cells come from All the DNA gets copied 3

4 Copies split up This Crossing over with DNA Not this DNA splits in half Ladies, all your eggs in one basket. Haploid cells form We will win by superior numbers gentlemen! Haploid cells form Sexual reproduction (Meiosis) Two divisions, with 4 genetically unique and incomplete offspring (gametes) More energy find a date, convince them you have a future (lie), fine a place to put on some romantic music (Lets Marvin Gaye ) Gametes converge to make a zygote (diploid) SO Asexual reproduction (Mitosis) One division, with two offspring genetically the same Less energy get fat, and split 4

5 Obvious winner: Asexual reproduction Faster, cheaper But why do so many organism reproduce sexually? As far as we can tell only a handful of species derive pleasure from the horizontal mambo. Cause it feels good And try to explain this: The female praying mantis eats the head of her mate when he ejaculates. Or this Snails shoot each other in the head with love darts So why reproduce sexually? The Red Queen At one point in the story, Alice was on the queens chess board. To stay in place she had to run as fast as she could. 5

6 The never ending cold war Big baby killers Disease Parasites Predation If you want your babies to survive, you ll need to give them some way to fend off killers If every offspring were the same, and never changed, one disease or parasite could infect an entire population with little trouble and lead to that population becoming extinct. A hypothesis: Sexual reproduction Provides a means of variation in a population That variation prevents larger organism from mass extinction at least from disease, parasites, and predation like Alice running on the chess board, a population must reproduce and change as fast as it can to survive the pressures of parasites changing to eradicate them. This happens, and your pretty hosed no matter how much sex you had. So thank mom and dad What kills them, will hopefully miss you Sexual Reproduction for the win. 6

7 Knowledge? The ability to fight this cold war is stored in your genes The study of genes is called Genetics Gregor Mendel Father of genetics Experiments Well documented Good design Lots of data Genetics Today I think I ll give birth to genetics. Yea, that sounds like a good idea. Terms to know Terms to know Genotype Phenotype Gene Allele The specific alleles that make up that trait How something looks The specific code for a trait The different versions of that trait Terms to know Homozygous (SS) Homozygous (ss) Heterozygous Two different allele (types) of the same gene Homozygous Two of the same allele of a gene 7

8 Punnett square All spherical (?) Punnett square Since they were all spherical, spherical must be dominate Words to know Dominate Expressed over other alleles Say my genotype! Recessive Only expressed if paired with another recessive trait Heterozygous (Ss) 8

9 Punnett square The lab today (p. 16) We re going to start by looking at some complete dominance traits Phenythiocarbamide (PTC) Indicator found in cabbages, brussel sprouts, & kale First paternity tests ¾ people will have the dominant gene (P_) (record your genotype on p. 16) Widows Peak Hairline dips down to a point Named because of a superstition Presence indicated the dominant trait (W_) Presents is NOT entirely genetic Can be trained Caused by a difference in facial muscles (which are genetic) Absents is recessive (dd) Dimpled Cheeks 9

10 Tongue Rolling Another NOT entirely genetic trait Muscle abnormality Ability to do it is dominant (U_) Inability is recessive (uu) Is this a one or the other trait?? Continuous is recessive (aa) detached is dominant (A_) Attached Earlobes Long Palmar Muscle To determine: Palm up Clench your fist Flex your hand away from face Look and feel for three tendons. A middle tendon indicates the presence of the recessive long palmar muscle. Freckles are caused by concentration of pigment beneath the skin (not the lack of a soul) Having freckles is dominant (F_) Not having freckles is recessive (ff) Freckles Bent little finger Mid-digit hair Dominant Lay your hand flat on the table If your pinky curves towards your ring finger you have the dominant allele (F_) Straight fingers are recessive (ff) Hairy like ape = Dominant (H_) Smooth as a babies bottom = recessive (hh) 10

11 Hitchhiker s Thumb Think about Mom & Dad If you could catch a space ship with your thumb you have the dominant trait (L_) Recessive is the normal thumb (ll) Widows Peak = Ww Dimples = Dd Tongue Rolling = Uu Earlobes = Aa Palmer Muscles = Mm Freckles = Ff PTC taste = Pp Little Finger = Ff Mid-digit hair = Hh Hitchhikers = Ll If you have a dominant trait, your parents have to have at least one of the traits (A_) If you have the recessive trait, do neither of your parents have it (aa) Does one of them have it (A_) 11