Ideally balanced amino acid levels influence egg performance, feed efficiency, egg quality, feathering, hen weight and body composition
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1 Ideally balanced amino acid levels influence egg performance, feed efficiency, egg quality, feathering, hen weight and body composition D. Kumar*, C. Raginski, K. Schwean-Lardner, and H. L. Classen Department of Animal and Poultry Science University of Saskatchewan
2 Introduction Genetic improvement of laying hens (Anderson, 2013) Increase in egg performance Reduced hen weight Nutrition requirement must have changed? Protein and essential amino acids (AA) are key components (Bregendahl et al., 2008) Diets balanced protein and AA levels
3 Inadequate protein: Introduction contd. Lost production, reduced revenue Excess protein: Metabolic cost of eliminating excess AA (Sklan and Plavnic, 2010) High protein diets cause nitrogen pollution (Keshavarz and Austic, 2004) Dietary protein level influences egg quality (Figueiredo et al., 2012), feathering (Ambrosen and Petersen, 1997)
4 Effect of Dietary Protein on Cumulative Feather Score (Ambrosen and Petersen, 1997) Dietary Protein (%) 45W 65W
5 Introduction contd. Most early work failed to use digestible AA and an ideal AA ratio in diet formulations (Ishibashi et al., 1998; Scheideler et al., 2004) Often research amino acid levels did not result in a maximum response for all response criteria Research AA levels did not study impact on feathering and body composition Recommendations may be extrapolated from existing research
6 Research Objective To assess laying hens response to graded levels of balanced amino acid intake from 27 to 66 wk of age on egg performance, feed efficiency, hen weight, body composition, feathering and egg quality
7 Materials and Methods Dietary treatments Balanced amino acid intake based on digestible lysine: 550, 625, 700, 775 and 850 mg/hen/day Birds and housing Lohmann-LSL Lite hens (600), conventional cages Replications Ten replications of 12 hens per treatment (two adjacent cages with 6 hens/cage)
8 Preparation of Experimental Diets Two base diets were made with 500 and 850 mg of digestible lysine/100 g of diet Experimental diets were prepared by mixing base diets Average daily feed intake was considered to decide on the mixing ratio of the basal diets
9 Data Collection Egg production Weekly hen-day egg production (%) Egg weight, egg specific gravity and feed intake Every three weeks Egg mass and feed efficiency Every three weeks Mortality and culls Collected when presented, Independent necropsy
10 Hen weight Data Collection Recorded at 27, 47 and 66 wk of age Feather score, 1 to 4 (Davami et al., 1994) Neck, back, wings, breast and vent area Measured at 27, 47 and 66 wk of age Egg component measurements 41, 52 and 65 wk of age. Measured albumen height, and albumen, yolk and dry eggshell wts
11 Data Collection Body tissues and organs (66 wk of age) Breast muscles (major and minor), abdominal fat pad, heart, liver and kidneys weights
12 Statistical Analysis Completely randomized design (CRD) Data were checked for normality and transformed (log + 1) when appropriate Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED, PROC REG and PROC RSREG of SAS 9.3 (2003) The level of significance was fixed at P 0.05
13 Daily D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d): Actual vs. Projected 900 Projected Actual Experimental Diets
14 Results
15 Hen-day Egg Production (%) 95 P = D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
16 Hen-day Egg Production (%) 95 P = D-Lys intake (mg/h/d) 769 mg/h/d
17 64 62 P < Egg Weight (g) D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
18 Egg Weight (g) P < mg/h/d D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
19 Egg Mass (g/h/d) P < D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
20 Egg Mass (g/h/d) P < mg/h/d D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
21 Feed Efficiency (g feed/g egg mass) P < D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
22 Feed Efficiency (g feed/g egg mass) P < mg/h/d D-Lys intake (mg/h/d)
23 Hen Weight (kg) W 47 W 66 W STD D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
24 Hen Weight (kg) W 47 W 66 W STD D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
25 Hen Weight (kg) W 47 W 66 W P = STD D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
26 Hen Weight (kg) W 47 W 66 W P = STD D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
27 Cumulative Feather Score P = W 47W 66W D.Lys intakes (mg/h/d)
28 Feather cover comparison (Back) D.Lysine 858 mg/h/d
29 Feather cover comparison (Back) D.Lysine 858 mg/h/d D.Lysine 560 mg/h/d
30 P < Abdominal Fat Pad (g) D.Lys intake (mg/h/d)
31 Total Breast Muscle Weight (g) D.Lys intake (mg/h/d)
32 Total Breast Muscle Weight (g) P = D.Lys intake (mg/h/d)
33 Effect on Other Internal Organ Weights No significant effect on heart, liver and kidney weights No significant effect on ovaries for: Ovary weight Number of ovarian follicles (yellow and white) Size of large yellow follicles
34 Egg Specific Gravity P < D. Lysine Intake (mg/h/d)
35 Eggshell Weight (%) 10.5 P < D. Lysine Intake (mg/h/d)
36 Albumen Height (mm) P = D. Lysine Intake (mg/h/d)
37 59 58 P = Albumen Weight (%) D. Lysine Intake (mg/h/d)
38 Yolk Weight (%) P = D. Lysine Intake (mg/h/d)
39 Conclusions Egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency improved quadratically Hen weight and feather scores improved Proportion of internal egg components increased but eggshell proportion decreased D-Lys required for a maximum response varies with response criteria
40 Research implications Data will provide egg and feed industries with an improved ability to reach production goals Data may also be used for nutritional information on hen welfare characteristics (feathering and body composition)
41 NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Poultry Nutrition
42 Thank You
43 D.Lys (mg/h/d) Jumbo Egg-size classification Ex- Large Large Medium Small Pee- Vee P Value < < < < < NS Effect Linear Linear Quadratic Quadratic Quadratic
44 Additional Data Sorting eggs by egg weight classification Feather condition (neck, back, wings, breast and vent) Egg components (yolk, albumen and egg-shell weights) Body composition (heart, liver, gut, breast meat and abdominal fat) Manure nitrogen levels Economics
45 Egg component Weights D. Lysine intake (mg/h/d) Parameter Albumen weight (%) Yolk weight (%) Eggshell weight (%)
46 Hen Weight (kg) W 66 W P = D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
47 Hen Weight (kg) W 66 W D.Lys Intake (mg/h/d)
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