Competing Streams at the Cocktail Party
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1 Competing Streams at the Cocktail Party A Neural and Behavioral Study of Auditory Attention Jonathan Z. Simon Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences / Biology / Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Maryland, College Park Topics In Neuroscience Seminar December 5, 2008
2 Computational Sensorimotor Systems Laboratory Current & Former Students Juanjuan Xiang Jiachen Zhuo Nai Ding Harsha Agashe Huan Luo Maria Chait Nayef Ahmar Ling Ma Minsuk Park Faculty Collaborators David Poeppel Shihab Shamma Alain de Cheveigné Current & Former Postdocs Dan Hertz Yadong Wang Mounya Elhilali Lab Staff Jeff Walker Ray Shantanu Supported by NIH: NIDCD, NIBIB, NIA
3 Outline Magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a tool of Non-Invasive Auditory Physiology MEG in the Frequency Domain Neural & Behavioral Correlates of Auditory Attention
4 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Non-invasive, Passive, Silent Neural Recordings Simultaneous Whole-Head Recording (~200 sensors) Sensitivity high: ~100 ft (10 13 Tesla) low: ~10 4 ~10 6 neurons Temporal Resolution: ~1 ms Spatial Resolution coarse: ~1 cm ambiguous
5 Functional Imaging Hemodynamic techniques Non-invasive recording from human brain (Functional brain imaging) Electromagnetic techniques Functional magnetic resonance imaging fmri Positron emission tomography PET Electroencephalography EEG Magnetoencephalography MEG Excellent spatial resolution ( ~ 1-2 mm) Poor temporal resolution ( ~ 1 s) PET, EEG require across-subject averaging fmri and MEG can capture effects in single subjects Poor spatial resolution ( ~ 1 cm) Excellent temporal resolution ( ~ 1 ms)
6 Primary Neural Current Photo by Fritz Goro
7 Primary Neural Current Photo by Fritz Goro
8 MEG Measures Neural Currents Magnetic Dipolar Field (Projection) MEG = Magnetoencephalography Direct electrophysiological measurement not hemodynamic real-time No unique solution for distributed source Sink Source 40 ft/step
9 MEG Response 3-D Isofield Contour Map Sagittal View Axial View Chait et al., Cerebral Cortex 2006
10 Time Course of MEG Responses Evoked Responses MEG Events Time-Locked to Stimulus Event Pure Tone Chait et al., NeuroReport 2004 Broadband Noise
11 Spatial Auditory MEG Responses Auditory Responses Robust Strongly Lateralized M50 Chait et al., NeuroReport 2004 Change Onset Chait et al., J. Neuroscience 2007 SSR Simon & Wang J. Neuroscience Methods 2005 ICA Xiang et al., Neural Engineering 2005
12 MEG as Auditory Physiology Tool Advantages of humans over animals Subjects can be rented (by the hour) Subjects can be trained in minutes Better grasp of subjects perceptual space (?) Access to Speech & Language processing (?) Advantage of Whole Head Recording Disadvantage of Neural Source Localization Coarseness/Ambiguity in Source Location Blindness to Many Kinds of Coding Neutral Aspects Neural Source is Dendritic Current (not Spikes) Humans not typical mammals (?) New Technique/Immature Analysis Tools
13 Outline Magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a tool of Non-Invasive Auditory Physiology MEG in the Frequency Domain Neural & Behavioral Correlates of Auditory Attention
14 An Alternative to Time: Frequency Use Stimuli localized in Frequency, not time vs. = t t f Examine Response at Same Frequency Steady State Response (SSR) Frequency Response/Transfer Function
15 Frequency Response Stimulus 32 Hz Modulation time (s) Response 5 Single MEG Channel frequency (Hz) s (concatenated) frequency (Hz) Precise Phase-Locking: 0.01 Hz Little trial-to-trial jitter Amplitude + Phase...
16 Whole Head Steady State Response 32 Hz Simon & Wang J. Neuroscience Methods 2005
17 Complex Equivalent-Current Dipoles Two Dipole Fit Phase Strength Sharpness Orientations Physiologically Simple Current Sources: η = 0
18 Outline Magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a tool of Non-Invasive Auditory Physiology MEG in the Frequency Domain Neural & Behavioral Correlates of Auditory Attention
19 Competing Auditory Streams
20 Foreground & Background Slow Stream Fast Stream Time
21 Foreground & Background Time
22 Experimental Paradigm Null Condition Time
23 Experimental Paradigm Null Condition Slow Condition Time Time Fast Condition Target rates: 4Hz, 7 Hz Target rove: Hz Duration: 5.25 s, 6.25 s, 7.25 s Frequency Separation:+/- 8 st Tone dur: 75 ms Deviant Jitter: 40 ms, 70 ms Time
24 Foreground & Background Paradigm Null Condition Target Condition Protection Zone ΔF Time Time Masker Condition Target & Masker Condition Time Time ΔF Target rate: 4Hz Target rove: Hz Duration: 5.5 s Protection Zone: 8 st Band: Hz Tone dur: 75 ms Target dev: +/- 2 st Masker dev: 400 ms
25 Psychophysical Performance Behavioral Performance for Two Streams Slow Task (N=28) Fast Task (N=28) Slow Fast
26 Psychophysical Performance Behavioral Performance for Two Streams Behavioral Performance for Foreground/Background Slow Task (N=28) Fast Task (N=28) 1 Target Task (N=14) Masker Task (N=14) Slow Fast Target Masker
27 Attention Modulates Competing Streams Tracking 4 Hz task Frequency (Hz)
28 Attention Modulates Competing Streams Tracking 4 Hz task Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
29 Attention Modulates Competing Streams Tracking 4 Hz task Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Tracking 4 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
30 Attention Modulates Competing Streams Tracking 4 Hz task Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Tracking 4 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
31 Attention Modulates Response to Target Neural Response to Target Target Task Neural Response to Target Masker Task Target Frequency Target Frequency +5-5 Hz Hz
32 Attention Modulates Competing Streams Tracking 4 Hz task Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Tracking 4 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Tracking 7 Hz task Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
33 Neural Enhancement by Frequency Neural Response Enhancement 6 * Δf 4 4+Δf 7-Δf 7 7+Δf Frequency (Hz) *
34 Neural Enhancement of Target Neural Response Enhancement 16 * Δf 4 4+Δf
35 Attention Modulates Phase Coherence Coherence at 4 Hz of Single Subject Coherence at 7 Hz of Single Subject 40 0
36 Coherence Enhancement by Frequency Long-distance Coherence Enhancement Δf 4 4+Δf 7-Δf 7 7+Δf Frequency (Hz)
37 Coherence Enhancment of Target Long-distance Coherence Enhancement * 4-Δf 4 4+Δf
38 Right Hemisperic Advantage Neural Response to Target Difference across Hemispheres (R-L) 6 tracking 4Hz task tracking 7Hz task 3 0 4Hz response 7Hz response
39 Target Hemispheric Asymmetry Flips 25 Neural Response to Target across Hemispheres * Left hemisphere Right hemisphere 10 L R * 5 L R 0
40 Behavioral & Neural Build-ups Build up of 4 Hz Stream Behavioral data Time after Sequence Onset (seconds) 2.5
41 Behavioral & Neural Build-ups Build up of 4 Hz Stream Behavioral data Neural data Time after Sequence Onset (seconds) 2.5
42 Target Behavioral & Neural Build-ups 1.5 behavioral Behavioral data (N=14) 1.5 Time after sequence onset (s) Target Task
43 Target Behavioral & Neural Build-ups neural behavioral Neural data (N=14) Behavioral data (N=14) Time after sequence onset (s) Target Task
44 Behavioral & Neural Build-ups 7 Build up of 7Hz Stream 2.5 Behavioral data Neural data Time after Sequence Onset (seconds)
45 Summary Strong Neural Response to Both Streams + Acquired non-invasively, with high temporal resolution Attention strongly modulates Neural Response & Coherence Change in Behavior correlates with Change in Neural Response + Buildup of Neural Response correlates within subjects with Behavioral Buildup for Slow Stream Only Right Hemispheric Advantage + Modulated by Attention (more complicated in Foreground/Background experiment)
46 Thank You
47 Complex Magnetic Field
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