THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. Chapter 6
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1 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 6
2 Bone is made of several different tissues working together Bone or osseous tissue Cartilage Dense connective tissue epithelium Various blood forming tissues Adipose tissue Nervous tissue
3 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Support Supports soft tissues Attachment sites for tendons of most skeletal muscles images.webmd.com
4 PROTECTION Protects internal organs from injury
5 ASSISTANCE IN MOVEMENT Skeletal muscles contract and pull and bones to produce movement
6 MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Releases into or absorbs minerals from bloodstream
7 BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION Red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Hemopoiesis hemo = blood poiesis = to make Red blood cells, purple: platelets, green/gold: WBC
8 TRIGLYCERIDE STORAGE Yellow bone marrow consist of adipocytes and a few scattered blood cells.
9 The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton limbs and girdle Slide 5.1
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11 Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Homogeneous Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b Slide 5.3
12 Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Examples: Femur, humerus Slide 5.4a
13 Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals Slide 5.4b
14 Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Slide 5.4c
15 Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum Slide 5.5a
16 Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip Slide 5.5b
17 Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Slide 5.5c
18 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis Shaft Composed of compact bone Epiphysis Ends of the bone Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a Slide 5.6
19 Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane Arteries Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c Slide 5.7
20 Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a Slide 5.8a
21 Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity Cavity of the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a Slide 5.8b
22 Bone Markings (Table 6.1, Pg. 103) Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Categories of bone markings Projections and processes grow out from the bone surface Depressions or cavities indentations Slide 5.9
23 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian System) A unit of bone Central (Haversian) canal Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves Slide
24 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3 Slide
25 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3 Slide
26 Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system Figure 5.3 Slide
27 Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints Slide 5.12
28 Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Slide
29 Bone Growth Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops Bones change shape somewhat Bones grow in width Slide
30 Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a Slide
31 Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts Slide 5.15
32 Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone Slide 5.16
33 Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2 Slide 5.17
34 Repair of Bone Fractures (Pg. 101) 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch Slide 5.18
35 Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5 Slide 5.19
36 The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax Slide
37 The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6 Slide
38 The Skull Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint Slide
39 The Skull Figure 5.7 Slide
40 Bones of the Skull Figure 5.11 Slide 5.22
41 Human Skull, Superior View Figure 5.8 Slide 5.23
42 Human Skull, Inferior View Figure 5.9 Slide 5.24
43 Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10 Slide
44 Paranasal Sinuses Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10 Slide
45 The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12 Slide 5.26
46 The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13 Slide
47 The Fetal Skull Fontanelles fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones Allow the brain to grow Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13 Slide
48 The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14 Slide 5.28
49 Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Figure 5.16 Slide 5.29
50 The Bony Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a Slide
51 The Bony Thorax Made-up of three parts Sternum Ribs Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a Slide
52 The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Slide
53 The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6c Slide
54 The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle collarbone Scapula shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement Slide 5.33
55 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Slide
56 Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Figure 5.21a, b Slide
57 Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius Figure 5.21c Slide
58 Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals wrist Metacarpals palm Phalanges fingers Figure 5.22 Slide 5.36
59 Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubic bone The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Slide 5.37
60 The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Slide
61 Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Slide 5.39
62 Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b Slide
63 Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula Figure 5.35c Slide
64 Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsus ankle Metatarsals sole Phalanges toes Figure 5.25 Slide 5.41
65 Joints Articulations of bones Functions of joints Hold bones together Allow for mobility Ways joints are classified Functionally Structurally Slide 5.43
66 Functional Classification of Joints Synarthroses immovable joints Amphiarthroses slightly moveable joints Diarthroses freely moveable joints Slide 5.44
67 Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joints Generally immovable Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable Synovial joints Freely moveable Slide 5.45
68 Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e Slide 5.46
69 Cartilaginous Joints mostly amphiarthrosis Bones connected by cartilage Examples Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c Slide 5.47
70 Synovial Joints Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f h Slide 5.48
71 Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint Slide 5.49
72 Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Bursae flattened fibrous sacs Lined with synovial membranes Filled with synovial fluid Not actually part of the joint Tendon sheath Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Slide 5.50
73 The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28 Slide 5.51
74 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a c Slide
75 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29d f Slide
76 Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction Tendonitis inflammation of tendon sheaths Arthritis inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States Slide 5.53
77 Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis Most common chronic arthritis Probably related to normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis An autoimmune disease the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities Slide
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80 Clinical Forms of Arthritis Gouty Arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet Slide
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82 ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES Bone x-rays Bone marrow aspiration Bone marrow biopsy Radionuclide bone scan Computed axial tomography (CAT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Bone densitometry COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
83 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Ankylosing spondylitis A hereditary chronic spinal disease Arthritis A group of disorders evidenced by inflammation of a joint, pain and stiffness during movement Avulsion fracture Occurs when a ligament or tendon pulls off part of a bone during an injury Bursitis Inflammation of the sac around a joint that is caused by trauma or irritation COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
84 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Caries Also called cavities, it is the major cause of tooth loss Carpal tunnel syndrome A disorder caused by pressure on the median nerve of the wrist due to repetitive use or trauma Degenerative joint disease Also called osteoarthritis, usually associated with aging; it is the most common form of arthritis COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
85 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Dislocation When bones move out of their proper location, usually in the shoulder or hip Fracture A broken bone caused by trauma Gout A painful swelling of a joint that results from the buildup of uric acid crystals, most commonly in the great toe COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
86 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Herniated disk A ruptured or slipped disk between vertebrae Kyphosis Also called hunchback or humpback, is an abnormal curvature of the thoracic part of the spine Lordosis Also called swayback, is an abnormal curvature of the lumbar spine COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
87 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Meningomyelocele Also called spina bifida, is a congenital condition of the spinal column Osteoma A bone tumor Osteomalacia Also called rickets in children, is a softening of the bones caused by vitamin D and calcium deficiency COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
88 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Osteomyelitis A bacterial infection of the bone Osteoporosis A weakening of the bones Paget s disease Also called osteitis deformans, is due to excessive destruction of bone cells COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
89 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Periodontitis An inflammation of the tissues that keep teeth in place Rheumatoid arthritis Pain and stiffness in the joints caused by thickening of the synovial membrane Rickets A painless deformity at the epiphysis of the bones caused by insufficient vitamin D COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
90 DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONTINUED) Scoliosis An abnormal lateral spinal curvature Subluxation A partial dislocation of a joint, such as in the neck in a whiplash injury Talipes A congenital deformity involving the foot and ankle COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
91 ISSUES AND INNOVATIONS Progress in dental care Corrective measures including bonding, bleaching, and implants Bone substitutes and repairs Bone replacing material including organoapatites and coral Surgical implants for cranial and joint injuries Bone regeneration COPYRIGHT 2003 BY MOSBY, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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