5.1 BONES: AN OVERVIEW

Transcription

1 Unit 5 Skeletal System 5.1 BONES: AN OVERVIEW

2 Section Objectives Identify the major structures and functions of the skeletal system. Differentiate between the two divisions (axial and appendicular) of the skeleton. Identify and describe the 4 types of bone shapes and provide examples of each. Explain the 3 functional roles of bone markings.

3 5.1 Discussion Preview Divisions of the Skeleton Bone Shapes Bone Markings Bone Development

4 The Skeletal System STRUCTURES Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments: attach bone to bone FUNCTIONS Support of the body Protection of soft organs Anchor for skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation

5 Skeletal System Organization The adult skeleton has 206 bones Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

6 Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton AXIS : an imaginary line that something turns around Appendicular Skeleton APPENDAGE : a part of the body that is attached to the trunk Which color is which? ON YOUR DIAGRAM: Label each view (anatomical language). Create a color key and color in the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton. Figure 5.6

7 Divisions of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton: forms long axis of the body AXIAL Includes bones of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage Appendicular Skeleton: Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton Girdle: something that encircles, like a belt Pectoral (shoulder) Pelvic (hip) Pectoral Girdle APPENDICULAR

8 Divisions of the Skeleton AXIAL Cranium/cranial bones Facial bones Sternum Hyoid Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx APPENDICULAR Scapulae Ossa coxae Clavicles Femurs Humeruses Patellas Radii Tibias Ulnas Fibulas Carpals Tarsals Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges Phalanges

9 Identify and label on your diagram as we go along. BONE SHAPES

10 Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube-shape Examples: Carpals On your diagram, identify 1 additional example of short bones.

11 Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Example: Parietal bone (cranium) In your notes, identify 2 additional examples of flat bones. Flat Bones Sternum Scapulae Ribs Most Skull Bones

12 Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Example: humerus On your diagram, identify 4 additional examples of long bones.

13 Classification of Bones Irregular bones Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae In your notes, identify 1 additional example of an irregular bones.

14 Classification of Bones by Shape Create a color key on your diagram for the different classes of bone shape. Figure 5.1

15 Bone Markings Surface features of bones Categories Projections and processes grow out from the bone surface 1. Muscle/ligament attachment 2. Articular Surfaces 3. Depressions /Passageways: blood vessels and nerves

16 Bone Markings

17 Bone Markings

18 How do the bones of the skeletal system grow and change? BONE DEVELOPMENT

19 Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage Until Week 8 During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints

20 Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures may be treated by splinting secure (a broken limb) with strips of rigid material

21 Splinting a Bone

22 Common Types of Fractures In your notes, use only 2-3 words to describe each type of fracture. Table 5.2

23 Repair of Bone Fractures 1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

24 Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5