Introduction to Types of Body Tissue Putting it All Together. Packet #12

Transcription

1 Introduction to Types of Body Tissue Putting it All Together Packet #12

2 Introduction Body Tissues Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and function Four primary types Epithelial tissue (epithelium) Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Types of Body Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

3 Epithelial Tissue

4 Epithelial Tissues Locations Body coverings Body linings Glandular tissue Functions Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion Locations Epithelial Tissue Body Coverings Body Linings Glandular Tissue Functions Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion

5 Epithelium Characteristics Cells fit closely together and often form sheets The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane Avascular (no blood supply) Regenerate easily if well nourished

6 Epithelium Characteristics Figure 3.17a

7 Classification of Epithelia I Number of cell layers Simple one layer Stratified more than one layer Figure 3.17a

8 Classification of Epithelia II Shape of cells Squamous flattened Cuboidal cube-shaped Columnar column-like Figure 3.17b

9 Simple Epithelia I Simple squamous Single layer of flat cells Usually forms membranes Lines body cavities Lines lungs and capillaries Simple Classification of Epithelia Cells Squamous Cuboidal Stratified Columnar Pseudofied Columnar

10 The Heart & Systemic Blood Flow

11 Respiratory System & Airflow

12 Blood & Gas Alveoli Simple Squamous Tissue Regular Diffusion

13 The Heart & Systemic Blood Flow

14 Simple Epithelia II Figure 3.18a

15 Simple Epithelia III Simple cuboidal Single layer of cube-like cells Common in glands and their ducts Forms walls of kidney tubules Single layer Cube like cells Simple Cuboidal Glands & Ducts Covers Ovaries Covers the ovaries

16 Ovary Ovulation Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

17 Kidney & Nephron Tubules of Nephron Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

18 Simple Epithelia IV Figure 3.18b

19 Simple Epithelia V Simple columnar Single layer of tall cells Often includes mucusproducing goblet cells Simple Columnar Lines digestive tract Single layer Mucus Producing Globlet cells Lines digestive tract

20 Simple Epithelia VI Figure 3.18c

21 The Small Intestine Absorption of Glucose Types of Diffusion Simple Columnar Cells

22 The Small Intestine Absorption of Glucose Types of Diffusion Simple Columnar Cells

23 Simple Epithelia VII Pseudostratified columnar Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others Often looks like a double layer of cells Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract May function in absorption or secretion Pseudostratified Columnar Single Layer Some cells shorter than others Looks like double layer Sometimes ciliated Absorption or Secretion

24 Simple Epithelia VIII Figure 3.18d

25 Stratified Epithelia I Stratified squamous Cells at the apical surface are flattened Found as a protective covering where friction is common Locations Skin Mouth Esophagus Flattened cells Stratified Squamous Locations Skin Mouth Esophagus

26 The Skin Epidermis Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue Epidermis outer layer Stratified squamous epithelium Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) Dermis Dense connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis Not part of the skin Anchors skin to underlying organs Composed mostly of adipose tissue

27 Stratified Epithelia II Figure 3.18e

28 Stratified Epithelia III Stratified cuboidal two layers of cuboidal cells Stratified columnar surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape Stratified cuboidal and columnar Rare in human body Found mainly in ducts of large glands Stratified cuboidal Two layers of cuboidal cells Stratified Epithelia Stratified Columnar Stratified Cuboidal & Columnar Rare

29 Stratified Epithelia IV Transitional epithelium Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching Lines organs of the urinary system

30 Transitional Epithelium The Bladder of the Urinary System

31 Stratified Epithelia V Figure 3.18f

32 Glandular Epithelium I Gland One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

33 Glandular Epithelium II Two major gland types Endocrine gland Ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels All secretions are hormones Exocrine gland Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface Include sweat and oil glands Endocrine Glands Secretions into Blood Vessels Exocrine Secretions into epithelial surface

34 Glandular Epithelium Exocrine Glands vs. Endocrine Glands

35 Reproductive System Vagina & Vaginal Clear Discharge Exocrine Glands

36 Digestive System Pancreatic Discharge Exocrine Glands

37 Endocrine System Thyroid Gland Endocrine Gland

38 Connective Tissue

39 Connective Tissue I Found everywhere in the body Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues Extremely varied Tough and flexible Tendons Dermis of the skin Hard and dense Bone Resilient and shock-absorbing Cartilage Soft and transparent Jelly that fills interior of the eye Touch & Flexible Tendons Dermis Hard & Dense Connective Tissue Characteristics Bone Resilient & Shock Absorbing Cartilage Soft & Transparent Jelly of eye

40 Connective Tissue II Functions Binds body tissues together Supports the body Functions Cartilage Binding Support Protection Transport Bone Provides protection Cartilage Blood Transport Bone Blood

41 Connective Tissue Characteristics Variations in blood supply SOME tissue types are well vascularized SOME have a poor blood supply or are avascular Extracellular matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells

42 Extracellular Matrix Two main elements Ground substance mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules Fibers Produced by the cells Three types Collagen (white) fibers Elastic (yellow) fibers Reticular fibers Ground Substance ECM Produced by cells Fibers Types Collagen Elastin Reticular Fibers

43 Connective Tissue Collagen Tensile strength is provided by the fibrous protein collagen There are 20 different variations of the protein Chief proteins in bone, tendon and skin Make up 25% of the total protein mass in a mammal More than any other type of protein Collagen is long, stiff and a triple stranded helical structure Collagen fibrils nm in diameter

44 Connective Tissue Collagen Homework Question How does procollagen and the extracellular enzyme collagenase relate to the formation of collagen? What is the result of a genetic disorder that results in the deficit of the enzyme collagenase? What is the relationship between collagen, connective tissue and the movement of cells within the extra cellular matrix?

45 Connective Tissue Types I Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) Hard matrix of calcium salts Large numbers of collagen fibers Used to protect and support the body Bone cells Osseous Tissue Bone Hard Matrix Collagen Fibers

46 Connective Tissue Skeletal System Anatomy of Long Bone

47 Connective Tissue Types II Figure 3.19a

48 Connective Tissue Types III Hyaline cartilage Most common type of cartilage Composed of Abundant collagen fibers Rubbery matrix Locations Larynx Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth Most common cartilage Collagen fibers Hyaline Cartilage Locations Larynx Fetal Skeleton

49 Reproductive System Child Birth & Connective Tissue First Stage of Labor Transition Stage Crowning of Baby Molding

50 Reproductive System Child Birth & Connective Tissue First Stage of Labor Transition Stage Crowning of Baby Molding

51 Larynx Vocal Cords Connective Tissue

52 Connective Tissue Types IV Figure 3.19b

53 Connective Tissue Types V Elastic cartilage Provides elasticity Location Supports the external ear Fibrocartilage Highly compressible Location Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Hyaline Cartilage Osseous Tissue Fetal Skeleton Types of Cartilage Elastic Cartilage External Ear Fibrocartilage Discs between Vertebrae

54 Connective Tissue Elastic Cartilage External Ear

55 Connective Tissue Types VI Figure 3.19c

56 Connective Tissue Types VII Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue) Main matrix element is collagen fiber Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers Locations Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone Ligaments attach bone to bone at joints Dermis lower layers of the skin Tendons Fibroblasts Muscle to bone Dense Connective Tissue Ligaments Bone to Bone Dermis Lower Layer of Skin

57 Dense Connective Tissue Ligaments of the Knee

58 The Skin Dermis Dense Connective Tissue Epidermis outer layer Stratified squamous epithelium Often keratinized (hardened by keratin) Dermis Dense connective tissue Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to dermis Not part of the skin Anchors skin to underlying organs Composed mostly of adipose tissue

59 Connective Tissue Types VIII Figure 3.19d

60 Connective Tissue Thus Far Bone Connective Tissu Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Tendons Ligaments Dermis

61 Connective Tissue Types IX Loose connective tissue types Areolar tissue Most widely distributed connective tissue Soft, pliable tissue like cobwebs Functions as a packing tissue Contains all fiber types Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema) Areolar Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Types

62 Connective Tissue Types X Figure 3.19e

63 Connective Tissue Types XI Loose connective tissue types Adipose tissue Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate Many cells contain large lipid deposits Functions Insulates the body Protects some organs Serves as a site of fuel storage Loose Connective Tissue Types Areolar Tissue Adipose Tissue Insulates Protection Fuel

64 The Breast & Connective Tissue

65 Connective Tissue Types XII Figure 3.19f

66 Connective Tissue Types XIII Loose connective tissue types Reticular connective tissue Delicate network of interwoven fibers Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow Loose Connective Tissue Types Areolar Tissue Adipose Tissue Reticular Tissue Insulates Protection Fuel Lymph Nodes Spleen Bone Marrow

67 Connective Tissue Thus Far II Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Tendons Areolar Tissue Ligaments Adipose Tissue Dermis Reticular Tissue

68 Connective Tissue Types XIV Figure 3.19g

69 Connective Tissue Types XV Blood (vascular tissue) Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma Fibers are visible during clotting Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

70 Connective Tissue Blood

71 Connective Tissue Types XVI Figure 3.19h

72 Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Blood Tendons Areolar Tissue Ligaments Adipose Tissue Dermis Reticular Tissue

73 Muscle Tissue

74 Muscle Tissue Function is to produce movement Three types Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Muscle Tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

75 Muscle Tissue Types I Skeletal muscle Under voluntary control Contracts to pull on bones or skin Produces gross body movements or facial expressions Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells Striated Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) Long, cylindrical Skeletal Muscle Cells Striated Multinucleate Long Cylindrical

76 Skeletal Muscle of the Human Body

77 Muscle Tissue Types II Figure 3.20a

78 Muscle Tissue Types III Cardiac muscle Under involuntary control Found only in the heart Function is to pump blood Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks Striated One nucleus per cell Cardiac Muscle Cells Cells attached to other cardiac cells Intercalated discs Striated One nucleus per cell

79 Muscle Tissue Types IV Figure 3.20b

80 Muscle Tissue Types V Smooth muscle Under involuntary muscle Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels Characteristics of smooth muscle cells No visible striations One nucleus per cell Spindle-shaped cells Smooth Muscle Cells No striations One nucleus per cell Spindle shaped cells

81 Muscle Tissue Types VI Figure 3.20c

82 Nervous Tissue

83 Nervous Tissue I Composed of neurons and nerve support cells Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body Irritability Conductivity Composition Neurons Nervous Tissue Nerve Support Cells Functions Sending Impulses Irritability Conductivity

84 Vertebral Column Nervous Tissue

85 Brain Nervous Tissue

86 Nervous Tissue II Figure 3.21

87 Tissue Repair

88 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells Fibrosis Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar tissue) Determination of method Type of tissue damaged Severity of the injury Regeneration Wound Healing Fibrosis Determination Method

89 Events in Tissue Repair Capillaries become very permeable Introduce clotting proteins A clot walls off the injured area Formation of granulation tissue Growth of new capillaries Rebuild collagen fibers Regeneration of surface epithelium Scab detaches Events of Tissue Repair Capillaries permeable Formation of Granulation Tissue Regeneration of surface epithelium

90 Regeneration of Tissues Tissues that regenerate easily Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes) Fibrous connective tissues and bone Tissues that regenerate poorly Skeletal muscle Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord Easy Skin Mucous membrane Bone Regeneration of Tissue Poor Skeletal Muscle Scar Tissue Cardiac Muscle

91 Developmental Aspects of Tissue Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers Development of Tissue Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue With old age, there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues Connective Tissue Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue

92 Review