JOINTS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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1 JOINTS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
2 Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton makes up the central bony axis of the body and is composed of: the skull hyoid bone sternum ribs vertebral column sacrum coccyx
3 Appendicular Skeleton Just as the name suggests, the appendicular skeleton is composed of the appendages or extremities: This includes the supporting structures
4 ANATOMY & FUNCTION BONE
5 Primary Types of Tissue Cortical (compact) outmost portions of bone Strong Dense Absorptive (forces) Cancellous (spongy) inner portions of bone Porous Lightens the bone Redistributes forces & is covered by articular cartilage
6 Structural features of bone Diaphysis Epiphyses (2) Proximal Distal Articular cartilage hyaline cartilage Periosteum Medullary canal Endosteum
7 Primary Types of Bones Five categories Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
8 Joint Classifications Synarthrosis Allows little to no movement Sutures in the skull Distal tibiofibular joint Suture lines
9 Joint Classifications Amphiarthrosis Formed by fibro and hyaline cartilage Shock absorbers Allows limited motion
10 Joint Classifications Diarthrosis (Synovial Joints) Contains fluid-filled cavity between 2 or more bones There are 7 categories with 7 common elements!
11 Synovial Joints Common structure 1. Fluid 2. Cartilage 3. Capsule 4. Membrane 5. Capsular ligaments 6. Blood vessels 7. Sensory nerves Classifications 1. Hinge 2. Pivot 3. Ellipsoid 4. Ball-and-Socket 5. Plane 6. Saddle 7. Condyloid
12 Hinge Joint Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples 1 Flexion and extension Door hinge Humero-ulnar joint, interphalangeal joints
13 Pivot Joint Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples 1 Spinning one member on an axis Door knob Proximal radioulnar joint
14 Elipsoid Joint Degrees of Freedom 2 Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples Flex & Ext, ABD & ADD Flattened convex with concave trough Radiocarpal joint
15 Ball & Socket Joint Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples 3 Flex & Ext, ABD & ADD, IR & ER Spherical convex surface & concave cup Glenohumoral joint and hip
16 Plane Joints Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples Variable Slide &/or rotation Book sliding or spinning on a table Intercarpal joints intertarsal joints
17 Saddle Joints Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanical Analogy Anatomic Examples 2 Bilpanar, excluding spin Horseback rider on a saddle CMC joint of the thumb Sternoclavicular joint
18 Condyloid Joint Degrees of Freedom Primary Motions Mechanica l Analogy Anatomic Example 2 Biplanar Motion Spherical convex surface & concave cup Tibiofemoral joint MCP joint
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20 Connective Tissue Fibers provide support for the joint 1. Type I collagen ligaments, tendons, joint capsules 2. Type II collagen the basis for articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage It makes up 50% of all protein in cartilage 85-90% of the collagen of articular cartilage 3. Elastin What cells maintain & repair bone? o o Blastocytes Phagocytes
21 Connective Tissue provides joint support A. Ground substance [disperses repetitive forces] 1. Water 2. Glycosaminoglycans 3. Solutes B. Cells cytes Cells for maintenance and repair. Blastocytes, phagocytes Why do bones need maintenance & repair?
22 Types of Connective Tissue in Joints Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Binds bones together Makes up ligaments & external joint capsule Type I collagen Injuries- Ruptured Lateral Collateral ligaments in the ankle, instability in the talocrural ligament
23 Types of Connective Tissue in Joints Articular Cartilage Resists compressive and shear forces in articular surfaces Covers the ends of articulating surfaces of bones in synovial joints High % type II collagen content which helps to anchor the cartilage to the bone Injuries Wear & tear decreases it s effectiveness in reducing compression leading to OA and joint pain & inflammation.
24 Types of Connective Tissue in Joints Fibrocartilage Provides support & stabilization to joints, resists compression & shear forces Makes up the intervertebral discs and menisci of the knees Multidirectional bundles of type I collagen Injuries Tearing can cause disruption of the integrity of the structure and pain with loss of function
25 Types of Connective Tissue in Joints Bone Forms primary supporting structure of the body & a rigid level to transmit the force of muscle to move & stabilize the body Forms internal levers of MS system Specialized arrangement of type I collagen & framework for hard mineral salts Injuries osteoporosis
26 Types of Connective tissue 1. Dense irregular (attachment points) a. Ligaments b. Joint capsule 2. Articular cartilage (ease of movement) a. Covering at the end of bones of synovial joints 3. Fibrocartilage (the shock absorbers) a. Menisci pleural of meniscus b. Intervertebral discs 4. Bone (the levers in the musculoskeletal system)
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