Chapter 1. Self, Family, and Community

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 Self, Family, and Community 1

2 Dimensions of Wellness 2

3 Health and Wellness Health: state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being Wellness: process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction 3

4 The Wellness Continuum 4

5 The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness Addresses interrelationship between individual and environment Individual has unique set of characteristics, including genetics, age, and knowledge Environment is your relationships with people, and community affiliations Many social determinants of health influence the options you have and the choices you make 5

6 The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness 6

7 DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity The nucleus of every human cell contains an entire set of genetic instructions stored in our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA has four building blocks that can be arranged to form a distinct message (gene) that acts as the body s instruction booklet A person s genome is his/her complete set of DNA Within the cell s nucleus, DNA is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each pair comes from each parent) 7

8 DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity Most cells become specialized, taking on characteristic shapes or functions Skin, bone, nerve, muscle Process is called differentiation Stem cells are unspecialized cells Stem cells present in an embryo Adult stem cells retained within tissues 8

9 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 9

10 Genetic Inheritance A change in a gene is called a mutation Alternate forms of the same gene are called alleles Some mutations are harmful, some mutations can be beneficial, and some have no effect Mutations allow for human diversity 10

11 Genetic Inheritance The alternate forms of genes called alleles are responsible for traits such as eye color Alleles can be dominant or recessive Most characteristics (such as height or skin color) are determined by the interaction of multiple genes at multiple sites on different chromosomes 11

12 Dominant and Recessive Alleles 12

13 Genetic Inheritance Conditions caused by interactions among one or more genes and the environment are called multifactorial disorders Account for the majority of illnesses and death in the developed world Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial disease 13

14 Creating a Family Health Tree Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree Visual representation of your family s genetic history Illustrates the patterns of health and illness within a family Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk for you 14

15 Contributions of the Environment and Genetics 15

16 A Family Health Tree 16

17 What Can You Learn From Your Health Tree? An early onset of disease is more likely to have a genetic component The appearance of a disease in multiple individuals on the same side of the family is more likely to have a genetic correlation 17

18 Health-Related Behavior Choices Health-related behavior choices are the actions you take and decisions you make that affect your health Physical choices Mental choices Emotional choices Spiritual choices Social well-being choices Psychologists have proposed the Stages of Change model for why people don t make choices that enhance their health 18

19 The Health Belief Model Health behaviors are influenced by: Perceived susceptibility (risk of a problem) Perceived seriousness of consequences Perceived benefits of specific action Perceived barriers to taking action All these considerations enter into your decision-making process when making health-related behavior change decisions 19

20 The Stages of Change Model The Stages of Change Model takes into account thinking, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and many other factors Change is a process that includes: Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination 20

21 The Stages of Change Model 21

22 Creating a Behavior Change Plan Accept responsibility for your own health and make a commitment to change To do this: Set goals Develop action steps Identify benefits Identify positive enablers Sign a behavior change contract Create benchmarks Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary 22

23 Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information Developing health literacy Ability to read, understand, and act on health information As many as eighty million American adults have limited health literacy skills Health risk: probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences 23

24 Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information Understanding medical research studies Formal studies include basic medical research, clinical studies, and epidemiological studies Careful consideration of health recommendations involves asking a series of critical questions 24

25 Self and Community Public health is a discipline that focuses on the health of populations of people, rather than individuals Health promotion Disease prevention Community health aims to improve the health of those people within a defined community Public health officials need to understand demographics 25

26 The Healthy People Initiative Leading health indicators: priority public health issues to be targeted Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Tobacco Substance Abuse Reproductive and Sexual Health Mental Health Injury and Violence Environmental Quality Clinical Preventative Services Access to Health Care Oral Health Social Determinants of Health 26

27 Individual Choice Versus Societal Responsibility When choosing a personal behavior or supporting or opposing a public policy: What is the risk to the individual and/or the community? How strong is the opposition to restrictions? What is the evidence that restriction will impact behavior? Use these questions to make reasoned, responsible decisions 27

28 Culture, Ethnicity, and Race Three primary dimensions of diversity impact groups of people Culture: shared pattern of values, beliefs, language, and customs within a group Ethnicity: sense of identity individuals draw from a common ancestry, national, religious, tribal, language, or cultural origin Race: describes ethnic groups based on personal characteristics, such as skin color or facial features 28

29 Health Inequities Health inequities: differences in health outcomes from unjust social and economic practices that create barriers to opportunity Why is this occurring? Residential segregation Community poverty Income disparity Discrimination Limited access to health information and resources 29

30 Leading Causes of Death 30

31 Looking Ahead While reading each chapter of this text: Reflect on your current level of health in that area Know your predispositions based upon family history Assess your readiness to change any harmful behaviors, and develop a behavior change plan Think about the influences that shape your decisions Share health information with family members and friends 31