Close to spine/ point of attachment

Transcription

1 Terms, Tissues and Imaging INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 1. Anatmical Facts; islated bservatins r statements abut structures (bdy parts) r events (happenings) Anatmical cncepts; structures (r classes f structures) r events each with cmmn, defining characteristics Anatmical principles; generalisatins abut recurring patterns f assciatin f cncepts in different parts f the bdy 2. Anatmical relatinships; the relatinship f an anatmical structure can be described in terms f where it is relative t smething else. i.e. What lies anterir, psterir, superir, inferir, etc. Anterir/ ventral Frnt Psterir/ drsal Back Superir/ cranial Twards tp f head Inferir/ caudal Prximal Distal Medial Lateral Superficial Deep Twards tes Clse t spine/ pint f attachment Far frm spine 3. Standard Anatmical Psitin Middle f bdy eg. Spine Side f bdy eg. Hands --> they are n the side f the bdy Twards the skin/ utside f bdy Int the skin/ inside f the bdy eg. Heart is deep cmpared t the sternum which is superficial Head facing frward Palms frward and near t sides Tes facing frward and feet slightly apart

2 Describe fllwing mvements; Type f mvement Definitin f mvement Plane it ccurs in Flexin extensin Drsiflexin (ankle) Plantarflexin (ankle) abductin adductin Prnatin (frearm) Supinatin (frearm) Elevatin (jaw) Depressin (jaw) Prtractin (jaw) retractin (jaw) circumductin Decreasing the angle f the jint. Bending the jint. Increasing the angle f the jint. Straightening the jint. Lifting ankle superirly. Decreasing angle f the ankle jint. (pinting feet upwards) Pinting ft dwnwards. Increasing angle f the ankle jint. (pinting feet dwnwards) Mving a limb away frm the centre line (medial line) f the bdy Mving a limb twards the centre line (medial line) f the bdy Rtating the frearm s that the palm faces dwn if the frearm is flexed. Rtating the frearm s that the palm faces upward if the frearm is flexed. Shutting f jaw. Mving a bdy part in a superir directin. Opening f jaw. Mving a bdy part in an inferir directin. Jaw pulled frward Jaw pulled back Mving arms in circular mtin Sagittal Sagittal Sagittal sagittal crnal crnal transverse transverse

3 BODY TISSUES AND LAYERS 5. List and explain the 4 basic tissue types fund in the human bdy. Epithelial tissue; cvers Cvers a bdy surface r lines a bdy cavity Cvers walls and rgans in the ventral bdy cavities CHARACTERISTICS; Firm and hlds tgether well One free surface Supprted by cnnective tissue Nerve supply (= innervated) but desn't have bld vessels in tissue (= avascular) Regenerates (if skin is scratched, it will fix itself) Cnnective tissue; supprts + cnnects Muscular tissue; mvement Nervus tissue; cntrl 6. Describe the characteristics f epithelial tissue and give examples f the fllwing epithelial layers. Simple layer; ne layer f skin Stratified layer; many layers f epithelial cells a. Simple squamus FOUND IN; Alveli f lungs Serus membranes Lining f heart and bld vessels b. Simple cubidal FOUND IN; Kidney tubules Ducts and secretry sectins f small glands c. Simple clumnar FOUND IN; Digestive tract (secretry) Brnchi, uterine tubes (ciliated) Secretry OR ciliated d. Stratified squamus FOUND IN;

4 Outer layer f skin Linings f esphagus, trachea g. Cmpnents f cnnective tissue. Cnnective tissue made up f; Specialised cells Fibres Cllagen Dense fibre which is strnger than steel Elastin Fibre that is elastic Reticular Fibres that help in making cnnective tissue Grund substance Fibres + grund substance = extracellular matrix that surrunds the cells DEALING WITH DENSITY; Bld is least dense fllwed by Lse cnnective tissue Dense cnnective tissue Cartilage Bne while is mst dense Types f cnnective tissue; Cnnective tissue prper Lse cnnective tissue Semifluid f gelatinus grund substance Variety f cell types present Lse arrangement f fibres Appears t be full f hles (= arelar) Eg. Arelar tissue, adipse (fat) tissue, fund in hypdermis Dense cnnective tissue Tendn Ligament Deep fascia Cartilage Dense grund substance Cells cntained in small spaces (called lacunae) in grund substance Tugh but flexible TYPES OF CARTILAGE Hyaline cartilage On the bne ends at jints Frms develping bnes Frms the medial brder f the rib cage Fibrcartilage cartilage Intervertebral disks f the vertebral clumn Disk in the pubic symphysis f the pelvis Bne Calcified matrix Cells fund in lacunae

5 d. Bld 8. Bdy cavities TYPES OF CAVITIES; Drsal Cavity Cranial cavity- brain Vertebral canal- spinal crd Ventral cavity Thracic cavity Pulmnary cavity- lungs Pericardial cavity- heart Abdminpelvic cavity Serus membranes; membranes that prduce serus fluid Serus membranes line the ventral bdy cavities Parietal membranes; membranes which line the walls Serus membranes are frmed f a simple squamus epithelial layer lying n a lse cnnective tissue layer Principle RV6; in serus fluid-filled cavities which ccur within the majr bdy cavities, frictin between rgans and the bdy wall and between the rgans themselves is limited, and mbility enhanced, by serus fluid derived frm the membranes lining the walls f the cavity Serus membranes means that the rgans can mve and nt stick t the bdy walls NAMING SEROUS MEMBRANES; Pleural Cavity; parietal pleural lines thracic wall

6 Pericardial cavity; parietal pericardium lines pericardial wall Abdminpelvic cavity; parietal peritneum lines abdminal wall FUNCTION OF SEROUS MEMBRANE; T prduce serus fluid Prvide lubricatin fr rgans t slide acrss the bdy wall What factrs cntrl tissue repair Gd bld supply = tissue grwth and repair Skin + bne has gd bld supply s will heal relatively quickly Tendns/ ligaments n the ther hand will take a very lng time t heal as they have very little bld supply (bld vessels can't fit in dense cnnective tissue) MEDICAL IMAGING POSITIONS Lateral Psitin Prne Psitin

7 Supine Psitin Right Anterir Oblique Left Anterir Oblique Right Psterir Oblique Left Psterir Oblique There are 2 types f Medical Radiatin; Inizing All inizing radiatin is harmful Tissue sensitivity Risk vs Benefit Types f imaging;

8 X Rays Nuclear Medicine (Gamma) Flurscpy CT Nn-inizing Types f imaging; Ultrasund MRI Crrect Practices include; ALARA Principle; As lw as reasnably achievable (ALARA) principle Lwest radiatin dse fr maximum amunt f infrmatin Imaging Mdalities; General X-Rays Is a shadwy negative image f internal structures Visualize hard, bny structures and lcate abnrmally dense structures (tumrs, TB ndules) Psitives Cst effective Readily available in mst twns and cities Quick, easy, gd starting pint fr suspected injury Excellent visualisatin f bnes Negatives Uses X-Rays (inizing radiatin) t prduce images Relatively lw dse Pr visualisatin f sft tissues Psitins;

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10 Image Quality; Tissues f greater density absrb mre X-rays, therefre appear whiter n a radigraph Lighter/white regins f image; less X rays reaching the receptr Black/ dark regins; many X rays reaching the receptr Flurscpy Is a study f mving bdy structures A cntinuus X-Ray beam is passed thrugh bdy part being examined. It is then transmitted t a TV-like mnitr s that the bdy part and its mtin can be seen in detail Psitives Excellent fr functinal studies Simple and lw cst tests fr diagnsis Real time imaging Negatives Uses X Rays t prduce images Need t intrduce cntrast Increased dse cmpared t plain x rays

11 Cmputed Tmgraphy (CT) Uses a refined versin f X ray equipment. As the patient is mved thrugh the dughnut shaped CT machine, its X ray tube rtates arund the bdy and sends beams frm all directins t specific level f the patient's bdy. CT ends the cnfusin resulting frm verlapping structures seen in cnventinal X Rays. (because at any mvement its beam is cnfined t a 'slice' f the bdy abut as thick as a dime) Cmputer translates infrmatin int a detailed, crss-sectinal picture f each bdy regin scanned Frefrnt fr evaluating mst prblems that affect the brain and abdmen Psitives Excellent visualisatin f bnes when high reslutin is required Excellent visualisatin f bld vessels (pst cntrast) and internal rgans Nn-invasive Negatives Uses X Rays t prduces images Limited sft tissue (muscles and tendns) demnstrated Increased dse when cmpared t x rays Increased cst cmpared t x rays, still lw cmpared t MRI

12 Ultrasund The bdy is prbed with pulses f sund waves that cause eches when reflected and scattered by bdy tissues. A cmputer analyses these eches t cnstruct smewhat blurry utlines f bdy rgans Handheld device emits the sund and picks up n the eches The sund waves use have lw penetrating pwer and rapidly dissipate in air. Hence wn't wrk fr lking at air-filled structures (lungs) r thse surrunded by bne (brain and spinal crd) Psitives Uses sund waves t prduce images Nn inizing radiatin Safe t use fr pregnant wmen Lw cst Excellent fr sft tissues, internal rgans and musculskeletal imaging Negatives Operatr dependent Large bdy habitus

13 Magnetic Resnance Imaging (MRI) Prduces high-cntrast images f ur sft tissues, an area in which x rays and CT scans are weak Maps the bdy's cntent f hydrgen (which is mstly water) Whilst in an MRI, hydrgen mlecules act like tiny magnets. Their energy is further enhanced by radi waves. When the radi waves are turned ff, the energy released is translated int a visual image MRI distinguishes bdy tissues based n their water cntent, s it can differentiate between the fatty white matter and the mre watery gray matter f the brain Dense structures DO NOT shw up at all n an MRI. It enables the view f delicate nerve fibres f the spinal crd. They can accurately diagnse heart attacks r ischemic strkes- cnditins that require rapid treatment t prevent fatal cnsequences Psitives Magnetic field t prduce images Nn inizing radiatin Greater sft tissue reslutin than ther imaging Nn invasive Negatives High cst cmpared t ther imaging Lng scan time (45+ min) cmpared t CT (<10min) Sme patients excluded due t freign bdies (ie. Metal shavings and pacemakers) Claustrphbia

14 Nuclear Medicine (NM) Psitives Unique infrmatin Can help t find disease and assess the extent Less expensive and less invasive than explratry surgery Can be used t fr pregnant r lactating wmen (when essential) Negatives Uses radiatin t prduce images Pr cntrast in images Patient can be radiactive when they leave department

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