ocelli recurrent nerve CORPUS CARDIACUM HYPOCEREBRAL GANGLION CORPUS ALLATUM PRO- THORACIC GANGLION to spiracle & alary muscles MESO- THORACIC
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1 frontal nerve (to cibarium) red & black = CNS blue = VNS ocelli PROTOCEREBRUM compound eye lateral connectives neurosecretory cells MOUTHPARTS: SUBESOPHAGEAL FRONTAL frontal connective with tritocerebrum TRITOCEREBRUM DEUTOCEREBRUM PROTOCEREBRUM recurrent nerve CORPUS CARDIACUM HYPOCEREBRAL CORPUS ALLATUM VENTRICULAR (INGLUVIAL) BRAIN: PRO- MESO- DEUTOCEREBRUM TRITOCEREBRUM to labrum postesophageal (paraesophageal) connectives circumesophageal connective to mandible to maxilla to labium & hypopharynx SUBESOPHAGEAL ventral nerve cord CAUDAL to antenna to wing BRAIN (META & ABDOMINAL ganglia not shown) caudal nerve Centralization of CNS (1) (2) (0) Apterygota (unspecialized) e.g. 8 abdominal ganglia (7 in Odonata) (5/6 in Orthoptera) 1
2 Types of neurons dendrites UNIPOLAR (motor & associative) cell body axon dendrites BIPOLAR (sensory) axon neurofibrillae MULTIPOLAR (sensory) axon dendrites muscle Nerve connections axons of unipolar motor neurons multipolar stretch receptor (sensory) seta associative neuron (unipolar) cuticle INTEGUMENT epidermis axons of bipolar sensory neurons 2
3 Brain or ganglion, cross-section Typical nerve neural lamella perineurium (secretes the neural lamella) giant fibers nerve cell bodies fiber tracts Glial cells: 1. Protection (cushioning) 2. Nutrition (passing nutrients & salts to neurons) 3. Food storage (glycogen) 4. Insulation (for delicate, leaky neurons/axons) neuropile (principal site of synapses) The insect brain ocellar nerve optic lobe antennal nerve (frontal ganglion) Protocerebrum Deutocerebrum Tritocerebrum (2 nd ant.) circumesophageal connective postesophageal connective(s) Subesophageal ganglion Grasshopper brain (Orthoptera) Same as 520my-old 3-part brain of earliest arthropods, e.g. Fuxianhuia. 3
4 The CNS: anterior components corpus cardiacum ocellar nerve PROTOCEREBRUM hypocerebral ganglion corpus allatum inner esophageal nerve position of molt gland ventricular (ingluvial) ganglion` AORTA SUBESOPHAGEAL PRO antennal nerve ocellar nerve DEUTOCEREBRUM TRITOCEREBRUM frontal ganglion lateral connective recurrent nerve circumesophageal connective labral nerve mandibular nerve nerve to neck labial nerve maxillary nerve hypopharyngeal nerve frontal nerve (to cibarium) Ganglia posterior to the brain FRONTAL frontal connective with tritocerebrum ocelli PROTOCEREBRUM DEUTOCEREBRUM TRITOCEREBRUM labral nerve compound eye lateral connectives neurosecretory cells recurrent nerve CORPUS CARDIACUM HYPOCEREBRAL CORPUS ALLATUM VENTRICULAR (INGLUVIAL) PRO- MESO- postesophageal (paraesophageal) connectives circumesophageal connective to mandible (to hypopharynx) to maxilla to labium (& hypopharynx?) SUBESOPHAGEAL ventral nerve cord CAUDAL to wing (META & ABDOMINAL ganglia not shown) caudal nerve 4
5 Brain sizes (as fraction of body weight) Dytiscidae (Coleoptera): 1/4000 Pompilidae (Hymenoptera): 1/400 Termitinae (Isoptera): 1/280 Apidae (Hymenoptera): 1/75 Mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata (Ex. = worker ant brain) and in Drosophila yellow = visual data red = olfactory data blue = higher associative centers 5
6 Giant fibers (axons): No synapses, large diameter ventral nerve cord of Syrphidae (Diptera) µ? Insecta < 5 µ Lophotrochozoa Myelinated (red) (100x faster) Non-myelinated (blue) Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Nematodes Evolution of myelinated axons (red) The VNS: Stomatogastric components corpus cardiacum ocellar nerve protocerebrum hypocerebral ganglion corpus allatum inner esophageal nerve position of molt gland ventricular (ingluvial) ganglion AORTA subesophageal ganglion prothoracic ganglion antennal nerve ocellar nerve deutocerebrum tritocerebrum frontal ganglion lateral connective recurrent nerve circumesophageal connective labral nerve mandibular nerve nerve to neck labial nerve maxillary nerve hypopharyngeal nerve 6
7 frontal nerve (to cibarium) Visceral Nervous System (in blue) FRONTAL frontal connective with tritocerebrum ocelli PROTOCEREBRUM DEUTOCEREBRUM TRITOCEREBRUM labral nerve compound eye lateral connectives neurosecretory cells recurrent nerve CORPUS CARDIACUM HYPOCEREBRAL CORPUS ALLATUM VENTRICULAR (INGLUVIAL) postesophageal (paraesophageal) connectives circumesophageal connective to mandible to maxilla to labium & hypopharynx SUBESOPHAGEAL ventral nerve cord PRO- MESO- to wing CAUDAL caudal nerve Stomatogastric VNS Function 7
8 CNS function: Reflex behavior 1. Reflex excitability e.g. light, through dorsal ocelli 2. Reflex immobilization total inhibition of CNS Thanatosis Warning attitudes (e.g. caterpillars) Camouflage (e.g. stick insects) 3. General immobilization (insect sleeps ) Remove antennae Remove halteres in Diptera Block off all ocelli 4. Note: Brain is the inhibitory center Example: mantis male with head eaten Nymphalis antiopa the mourning cloak butterfly (experiments on neural integration) (also: brain ruling ganglia) 8
9 Reflex immobilization (Thanatosis) Thanatosis in a gryllid Death-feigning beetle, Crytoglossa variolosa (Tenebrionidae) Learning 1. Habituation (learning not to respond) cedarwood oil or some other challenge constant prodding of a cockroach 2. Conditioning (responding to something previously ineffectual) floral odors; stimulus assoc. w/ feeding 3. Imprinting (special type of conditioning) critical developmental stage (plasticity) host shifts, host fidelity, and speciation 4. Trial and Error beetle courtship long axis 5. Latent Learning (recognition of landmarks) solitary wasps, bee foraging, ant mazelearning 6. Time sense (cuing to 24 hour cycle) antlion Note: Percent of brain made up of corpora pedunculata: workers = 13.5% queen = 9.2% drones = 5.6% Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) 9
10 Sophisticated Learning Latent learning (landmark orientation) (Digger wasp Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) (not immediately expressed as an overt response) Conditioning [to nectar sources] (Honey bee Hymenoptera: Apidae) Learning through Imprinting (host fidelity and speciation Diptera: Tephritidae: Rhagoletis pomonella) hawthorns apples overlap 10
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