Jesse K. McKenney, MD

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1 Jesse K. McKenney, MD

2 Outline Microscopic anatomy of the urinary bladder Diagnosing invasion Subtle patterns (variants) of carcinoma Clinically important variants of carcinoma

3 Microanatomy of Bladder Initial description of muscularis mucosae Urothelium Dixon JD, Gosling JA. J Anat 1983;136: Muscularis Ro JY, Ayala AG, El-Naggar A. Am J Surg mucosae Pathol 1987;11: Muscularis propria

4 Classic Lamina Propria

5 Classic Muscularis Mucosae

6 Classic Muscularis Mucosae

7 Classic Lamina Propria

8 Classic Lamina Propria

9 Muscularis Propria in Biopsy

10 Lamina Propria Muscularis Propria

11 However

12 Recent Studies Detailing the Bladder Wall Musculature Paner GP, Ro JY, Wojcik EM, et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31: Vakar-Lopez F, Shen SS, Zhang S, Tamboli It s not so easy any more! P, Ayala AG, Ro JY. Ann Diag Pathol 2007;

13 Variability in Bladder Musculature 1) Larger bundles of smooth muscle may be in the lamina propria - Small, individual, round compact - Large aggregates 2) Superficial border of the muscularis propria may not be sharp/distinct - Trigone - Dome

14 Separate round compact smooth muscle bundles in LP

15 Separate round compact smooth muscle bundles in LP

16 Dense compact smooth muscle bundles in LP

17 Dense compact smooth muscle bundles in LP

18 Dense compact smooth muscle bundles in LP

19 Dispersed

20 Dispersed

21 Dispersed Muscle Bundles Contiguous with MP

22 What is the lamina propria?

23

24 Dispersed

25

26 Staging

27 Patterns of Lamina Propria Invasion: What is Invasion? Detached clusters and single cells Retraction spaces Irregular nests of cells with surrounding: Edema Fibrosis (collagen) Desmoplasia (fibroblasts) Inflammation Myxoid stroma Irregular nests of cells with no response

28 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

29 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

30 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

31

32

33 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

34 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

35 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

36 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

37 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

38 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

39 Stalk Invasion (pt1)

40 Stalk Invasion (pt1) with Cautery

41 Mimic of Stalk Invasion: Blood Vessels

42 Mimic of Stalk Invasion: Blood Vessels

43 Mimic of Stalk Invasion: Blood Vessels

44

45 Lamina Propria Invasion

46 Lamina Propria Invasion

47 Lamina Propria Invasion

48

49 Invasion of Muscularis Propria

50 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Involving MP

51 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Involving MP

52 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Problematic Areas in Staging

53

54

55 Muscularis Mucosae Invasion (pt1)

56 Invasion of Hyperplastic Muscularis Mucosae (pt1)

57 Invasion of Hyperplastic Muscularis Mucosae (pt1)

58 Muscularis Mucosae Invasion (pt1)

59 Muscularis Mucosae Invasion (pt1)

60 Invasion of Individual Thick Muscle bundles in Lamina Propria (pt1)

61 Invasion of Individual Thick Muscle bundles in Lamina Propria (pt1)

62 Invasion of Individual Thick Muscle bundles in Lamina Propria (pt1) Actin HMWCK

63 Which Type of Muscle?

64 Where is the Muscularis Propria?

65 Invasion of Individual Thick Muscle bundles in Lamina Propria (pt1)

66 Invasion of Muscularis Propria

67 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

68 Muscle Type?

69 Muscle Type..Muscularis Propria (>pt2)

70 Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Involving MP (>pt2)

71 Invasive Carcinoma, Indeterminate Depth (pt?)

72 Immunohistochemistry: Help or Hindrance?

73 Utility of Immunohistochemistry in Distinguishing MM from MP NOT sufficient specificity for diagnostic utility Recent marker with some promise? Smoothelin

74 Actin Smoothelin M u c o s a e P r o p r i a

75 H&E Smoothelin Smoothelin Titer Significantly Affects Staining Specificity!!!! Confluent invasion in muscle? MP?

76 Pitfalls in Invasion Evaluation: Potential Overdiagnosis

77 Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Invasion Invasion Urothelial carcinoma in-situ colonizing von Brunn nests Muscle Invasion Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation Urothelial Neoplasia Colonizing Prostatic Glands Near the Bladder Neck Tangentially Sectioned Blood Vessels

78 Cystitis Cystica Colonized by Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ CIS in von Brunn nests Lamina Propria Invasion

79 Carcinoma with Associated Myofibroblastic Proliferation

80 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

81 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

82 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

83 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

84 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

85 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

86 CA with Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation

87 Carcinoma Colonizing Prostate Glands

88 Urothelial Carcinoma Colonizing Prostate Glands

89 Endophytic Architecture Amin MB, Gomez JA, Young RH. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:

90 WHO/ISUP 2004 Endophytic Urothelial Lesions Inverted Papilloma Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential (PUNLMP) Urothelial Carcinoma, Low-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma, High-Grade

91 Inverted Papilloma

92 Endophytic Urothelial Carcinoma, Low Grade

93 Endophytic Urothelial Carcinoma, High Grade

94 Endophytic Urothelial Carcinoma with Invasion (pt1)

95 Tangentially Sectioned Blood Vessels

96 Tangentially Sectioned Blood Vessels

97 Tangentially Sectioned Blood Vessels

98 Tangentially Sectioned Blood Vessels

99 Substaging in TUR pt1 Not standardized Not recommended by consensus groups >pt2 Cannot be diagnosed Adipose tissue is present in both the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa Abraham, Amin, Tamboli, et al. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:

100 Adipose Tissue in Lamina Propria and MP

101 One Mimic that Really, Really, Really Looks Like Invasive Cancer

102

103 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia Pattern of urothelial injury secondary to radiation and/or chemotherapy effect Very close mimic of urothelial carcinoma Now rarely reported in absence of therapy

104 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

105 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

106 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

107 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

108 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

109 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

110 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

111 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia

112 Pseudocarcinomatous Hyperplasia Invasive carcinoma

113 Summary Microanatomy of the urinary bladder Staging Patterns of invasion Applying new microanatomy data Pitfalls

114 Evaluation of the TURBT Jesse K. McKenney, MD

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