CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER... 1

Transcription

1 CONTENTS NOTE TO THE READER List of Participants... 3 PREAMBLE A. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES Background Objective and scope Selection of agents for review Data for the Monographs Meeting participants Working procedures...15 B. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW AND EVALUATION Exposure data Studies of cancer in humans Studies of cancer in experimental animals Mechanistic and other relevant data Summary Evaluation and rationale...29 References...33 General Remarks EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Virus-associated B-cell lymphoma Virus-associated T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas Cancers of the nasopharynx, stomach, and lymphoepithelium Other cancers Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Transforming capacity of EBV Biochemical and biological properties of EBV gene products...70 v

2 IARC MONOGRAPHS - 100B 4.3 In vivo and in vitro evidence for a role of EBV in human malignancies Interaction between EBV and other agents; mechanisms involved in EBV reactivation Transgenic models for EBV-associated cancers Synthesis Evaluation...80 References...80 HEPATITIS B VIRUS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Hepatocellular carcinoma Cancers other than HCC Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Introduction Chronic necro-inflammatory hepatic disease in hepatocarcinogenesis Direct mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis Epigenetic mechanisms Other major risk factors in hepatocarcinogenesis Role of HBV in other cancers Synthesis Evaluation References HEPATITIS C VIRUS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Hepatocellular carcinoma Cancers other than hepatocellular carcinoma Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Biochemical properties of HCV proteins Biological properties of HCV proteins Experimental evidence for a role of HCV in malignant conversion Interaction between HCV and environmental agents Animal models for HCV-associated cancers HCV, host immune system, and genetic susceptibility Synthesis Evaluation References vi

3 Contents KAPOSI SARCOMA HERPESVIRUS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Kaposi sarcoma Primary effusion lymphoma Multicentric Castleman disease Multiple myeloma Other cancers Kaposi sarcoma and cofactors Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Transforming capacity of KSHV Biochemical and biological properties of KSHV proteins Evidence for a role of KSHV in malignant conversion Interaction between KSHV and environmental agents Animal models Transgenic mice models Synthesis Evaluation References HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Kaposi sarcoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin lymphoma Cervical and anogenital cancers Cancer of the skin Cancer of the conjunctiva Cancer of the lung Cancer of the liver Other cancers Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Biochemical and biological properties of relevant HIV-1 proteins HIV-1, host immune system, and carcinogenesis HIV-1 and other infectious agents associated with human cancers Animal models for HIV-1-associated cancers Synthesis Evaluation References vii

4 IARC MONOGRAPHS - 100B Human Papillomaviruses Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Cancer of the cervix Cancer at other anogenital sites Cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract Cancer of the skin Cancer at other sites Cofactors of HPV in cervical cancer Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Mechanisms of HPV-associated carcinogenesis Biochemical properties of HPV proteins Biological Properties of HPV Role of HPVs in malignant conversion Transgenic models for HPV-associated cancers Synthesis Evaluation References HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans T-cell malignancies Other malignancies Cofactors Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Mechanism of HTLV-1-linked carcinogenesis HTLV-1, host immune system, and genetic susceptibility Synthesis Evaluation References OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI AND CLONORCHIS SINENSIS Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Cholangiocarcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Cofactors Cancer in Experimental Animals viii

5 Contents 4. Other Relevant Data Pathological changes in vivo Carcinogenicity of liver fluke infections Gene mutation, methylation, and altered expression in cholangiocarcinoma Host immune system and genetic susceptibility Synthesis Evaluation References SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Cancer of the urinary bladder Others Impact of Schistosoma eradication Cancer in Experimental Animals Other Relevant Data Experimental data Studies in exposed humans Host susceptibility Synthesis Evaluation References HELICOBACTER PYLORI Exposure Data Taxonomy, structure, and biology Epidemiology of infection Cancer in Humans Cancer of the stomach Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma Cancer of the oesophagus Other cancers Cofactors Cancer in Experimental Animals Mongolian gerbil Mouse Other Relevant Data Data supporting the carcinogenicity of H. pylori Host immune system and genetic susceptibility Factors associated with gastric carcinogenesis Mechanisms of lymphomagenesis Synthesis Evaluation References ix

6 IARC MONOGRAPHS - 100B List of Abbreviations CUMULATIVE CROSS INDEX TO IARC MONOGRAPHS x

7 NOTE TO THE READER The term carcinogenic risk in the IARC Monographs series is taken to mean that an agent is capable of causing cancer. The Monographs evaluate cancer hazards, despite the historical presence of the word risks in the title. Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that an agent has not yet been evaluated in a Monograph does not mean that it is not carcinogenic. Similarly, identification of cancer sites with sufficient evidence or limited evidence in humans should not be viewed as precluding the possibility that an agent may cause cancer at other sites. The evaluations of carcinogenic risk are made by international working groups of independent scientists and are qualitative in nature. No recommendation is given for regulation or legislation. Anyone who is aware of published data that may alter the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of an agent to humans is encouraged to make this information available to the Section of IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, Lyon Cedex 08, France, in order that the agent may be considered for re-evaluation by a future Working Group. Although every effort is made to prepare the Monographs as accurately as possible, mistakes may occur. Readers are requested to communicate any errors to the Section of IARC Monographs, so that corrections can be reported in future volumes. 1

8