Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders: A Perspective on their Metabolite Biomarkers and Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention
|
|
- Dominic Parsons
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Mini Review imedpub Journals Biomarkers Journal DOI: / Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders: A Perspective on their Metabolite Biomarkers and Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention Martine Uittenbogaard 1 and Anne Chiaramello 1 George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC Abstract Mitochondrial respiratory disorders are incurable progressive degenerative diseases with multi-organ system manifestations. These orphan diseases are caused by mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome affecting the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system responsible for ATP synthesis. Currently, therapeutic treatments are not available to patients, resulting in significant disability and a poor prognosis. Patients exhibit a constellation of complex neurological and multisystem phenotypic symptoms. The hallmark of these diseases is their clinical heterogeneity and high variability among patients. Consequently, establishing an accurate diagnosis remains a challenging, invasive, and time-consuming process due to the limited sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the current serum biomarkers used in clinical settings. Recent mouse model-based research combined with patient studies led to the identification of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) as a promising serum biomarker. With its high specificity and sensitivity, FGF-21 is a promising diagnostic tool for muscle-affecting mitochondrial respiratory disorders, which might be a useful first- line diagnostic tool instead of the invasive muscle biopsy currently performed in clinical settings. Discovering additional diagnostic biomarkers is critical for establishing an accurate diagnosis given the high clinical heterogeneity of these mitochondrial respiratory diseases. Ultimately, these novel biomarkers might be instrumental to monitor the progression of these diseases and the efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions. Key Words: Biomarkers, Creatine; Fibroblast-growth factor 21; Lactate; Mitochondrial respiratory disorders; Pyruvate; Oxidative phosphorylation. Abbreviations: CNS: Central nervous system; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; FGF-21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; LHON: Leber Hereditary optic neuropathy; MDS: Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome; MELAS: Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes; MIRAS: Mitochondrial recessive ataxia syndrome; MRD, Mitochondrial respiratory disorder; MRRF: Myoclonus epilepsy and ragged-red fibers; mtdna: mitochondrial DNA; NGS: Next-generation sequencing; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; WT: Wild type. The authors confirm that there is no conflict of interest to declare. Corresponding author: Anne Chiaramello achiaram@gwu.edu George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, 2300 I Street N.W, Washington, DC 20037, USA Tel: Fax: Citation: Uittenbogaard M, Chiaramello A. Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders: A Perspective on their Metabolite Biomarkers and Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention. Biochem Mol Biol J. 2016, 1:1. Received: September 16 ; Accepted: October 05, ; Published: October 12, Key Concepts and Clinical Features of Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorders (MRDs) are a group of rare and incurable diseases defined by insufficient ATP levels due to impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) [1-3]. The OXPHOS system, which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is responsible to produce ATP upon electron transfer through a Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License This article is available in:
2 series of four OXPHOS respiratory complexes, with complexes I and II being the two points of entry for electrons and ATP synthesis occurring at complex V, also called ATP synthase (Figure 1). Except for complex II that solely contains nuclear-encoded subunits, the OXPHOS complexes are composed of subunits encoded by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [4, 5]. MRD patients harbor inherited mutations that map in their mitochondrial or nuclear genome thereby impairing OXPHOS activity and ATP production [6]. Thus, the retrograde signaling pathway is impaired due to an accumulation of NAD+ and AMP, a direct consequence of a defective OXPHOS system (Figure 2). This affects the activity of the key regulators, Sirt1 and AMPK, and their main substrate, PGC-1α, required to activate the anterograde signaling for a full mitobiogenic response, thereby failing to rectify the chronic ATP deficit (Figure 2). Currently, no therapeutic options are available to these patients to mitigate their ATP insufficiency, resulting in significant disability, a poor prognosis and premature death [7,8]. MRDs can manifest at any age, ranging from the neonatal phase to adulthood, with variable severity. In the case of severe defects in the OXPHOS system, organogenesis is affected at the onset since it coincides with a metabolic shift from glycolytic to oxidative respiration to ensure optimal ATP production during high-energy embryonic developmental stages [9]. Embryonic differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes consumes about 50% of cellular ATP to execute key differentiation processes [10]. Nevertheless, MRDs always worsen over time due to their progressive degenerative characteristics. Most MRD patients display heterogeneous clinical symptoms affecting several organs with high- energy demand, such as the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nerves, skeletal and cardiac muscles, kidneys, and endocrine organs [11,12]. MRD patients exhibit symptoms with variable intensity that fall into two clinical groups: 1) central neurodegenerative phenotypes, including encephalopathy, stroke -like episodes, migraines, seizure, ataxia and dementia; and 2) peripheral neuronal and muscular phenotypes, such as myopathy, cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, and optic atrophy [13]. Clinical heterogeneity is most acute in patients affected with a specific MRD due to mutations in the mitochondrial (mt) genome. These mutations, which are maternally inherited, alter either mitochondrial protein synthesis, when mapped in a mt- trna or mt-rrna gene, or the OXPHOS system, when mapped in one the 13 mt genes encoding for a subunit of an OXPHOS complex [4]. Most pathogenic mtdna mutations only affect a subset of the multi-copy mt genome, causing heteroplasmy, which is defined as the presence of wild-type (WT) and mutated mtdnas in a mitochondrion [14,15]. Heteroplasmy is dictated by the ratio of WT and mutated mtdnas in mitochondria, which results in a mixed population of healthy and diseased mitochondria within a cell. A mitochondrion is considered diseased or dysfunctional if its mutant mtdnas surpass a certain threshold, overwhelming its WT mtdnas, and vice versa for healthy/functional mitochondria. Therefore, a diseased phenotype occurs when mitochondrial heteroplasmic reaches a certain threshold, which ranges from 60 to 90% depending of the tissue and mutation, leading to insufficient ATP levels [14,16]. Thus, the degree of heteroplasmy influences the severity of the diseased phenotype as well as the heterogeneity of clinical symptoms. This is best exemplified by the mitochondrial respiratory disorder MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes), which is due to a maternally inherited A to G substitution at position 3243 of the mitochondrial gene for trna Leu(UUR), known as the A3243G MELAS mutation [17,18]. This progressive neurodegenerative disease has an early onset of heterogeneous clinical symptoms that include encephalopathy, seizures, stroke -like episodes, and chronic lactic acidosis [19-21]. Among siblings, high clinical variability is often observed. Furthermore, the MELAS mutation can cause cardiomyopathy or myopathy in some families, while causing hearing loss and diabetes in others [22-24]. The prevalence of these rare MRDs at about 1 in 5000 live births in the United States is most likely underestimated based on recent epidemiological studies on newborn cord bloods that revealed 1 in 200 newborn carrying a potentially pathogenic mtdna mutation [25,26]. With improved clinical diagnosis and advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, more patients will be accurately diagnosed, resulting in increased prevalence of these orphan diseases [27,28]. Current Metabolite Biomarkers Used in Clinical Setting for Diagnosis of a Mitochondrial Respiratory Disorder Establishing an accurate diagnosis of MRD is often challenging, time consuming, and costly in part due to the absence of sensitive and specific biomarkers [29,30]. Due to extreme phenotypic variability among patients, the diagnostic process requires a set of clinical assessment combined with complex biochemical, histological and genetic analyses [31,32]. In the case of a single syndromic phenotype with known causative genes, such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), DNA sequencing easily confirms its clinical diagnosis since primary LHON mitochondrial DNA mutations are responsible for about 95% of LHON cases by directly affecting the enzymatic activities of the OXPHOS system and subsequently ATP levels [33-35]. Several conventional metabolite biomarkers, such as lactate, pyruvate, amino acids, and creatine, are routinely measured in plasma and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and provide a minimally invasive evaluation in patients suspected of having an MRD [8,30]. Due to their limited specificity, sensitivity and consistency, altered levels are only suggestive of a specific MRD [29]. Lactate levels are not consistently elevated in blood or CSF of patients affected with MRD. For example, patients diagnosed with LHON, Leigh disease, Kearns-Sayre syndrome and complex I deficiency display normal lactate levels [36], while most of the MELAS patients exhibit elevated levels of lactate in blood and CSF [18,19]. More specifically, high lactate levels are common in patients affected with neurodegenerative MRDs, such as MELAS, MERFF (Myoclonus Epilepsy and Ragged-Red Fibers) and MDS (Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome) [40]. Since increased lactate levels are also observed in unrelated pathologies, such as CNS infection, seizures, and stroke, lactate by itself is not a 2 This article is available in:
3 Glucose Glycolysis Alanine Pyruvate Lactate Fatty Acids Pyruvate PDHC Acetyl-Coa β-oxidation TCA FADH2 NADH Matrix IM IMS Figure 1 CI CII CIII CIV NADH NAD+ FADH2 FAD H + H + H + O2 H + H + H + H + Mt-encoded Nuclear-encoded specific and reliable biomarker to definitively establish an MRD diagnosis [38]. Pyruvate is another plasma metabolite integrated into diagnostic chemistry profile currently performed in clinical settings for diagnosis [29]. The fact that pyruvate levels are prone to inaccurate measurement due to instability and susceptibility to inadequate specimen collection diminishes its reliability as a diagnostic biomarker. Finally, measurement of the ratio of lactate to pyruvate (L:P) in blood or CSF only provides valuable diagnostic information in MRDs affecting the CNS given the elevated lactate levels in blood and/or CSF [39, 40]. Elevated blood or CSF levels of amino acids, such as alanine, glycine, and proline, have also been reported in MRD patients as a result of a defective OXPHOS system and subsequent changes in the NADH:NAD + redox signature (Figure 2) [29]. However, their sensitivity and specificity remain uncertain. For example, elevated alanine levels Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License H2O ADP+Pi CV ATP The Mitochondrial OXPHOS system and ATP synthesis. Biochemical pathways relevant to oxidative phosphorylation are indicated. Glucose gives rise to cytosolic pyruvate via glycolysis, which is then transported into the mitochondrial matrix to generate mitochondrial acetyl CoA, a key substrate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids also result in acetyl CoA synthesis in the mitochondrial matrix. NADH and FADH2, two reducing agents generated by the TCA cycle, provide electrons to CI and CII of the OXPHOS system (orange circles), which is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. A high magnification containing the series of five multi- subunit respiratory complexes (CI to CV) is shown below. Red circles indicate the two points of entry for electrons at CI and CII, which are transferred to CIII and CIV via the electron carriers, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) and cytochrome c (Cyt C). ATP synthesis occurs at complex V (CV) using the proton gradient, a key component of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), generated during transfer of electrons. The nuclear-encoded subunits are indicated in blue, while the mitochondrial-encoded subunits are shown in yellow. are not only found in MRD patients, but also in patients affected with pyruvate metabolism disorders characterized by an accumulation of cytosolic pyruvate converted into alanine (Figure 1) [41]. Recent studies investigated whether creatine could be used as a biomarker for MRDs given its known link with mitochondrial bioenergetics [42]. While plasma creatine levels were elevated in patients with specific MRDS, such as MELAS, MERFF and mtdna deletion, when compared to healthy subjects [43,44], such correlation was not consistently observed among patients affected with different MRDs from another independent cohort [45]. Thus, additional studies are required to validate the specificity and reliability of creatine as a biomarker for a definitive diagnosis of MRD. FGF-21: A promising Diagnostic Biomarker for a Group of MRDs Since none of the metabolite biomarkers currently used in a clinical 3
4 Healthy Subjects Normal OXPHOS Nucleus NADH/ NAD + Low ATP Retrograde NADH/ NAD + MRD Patients Normal OXPHOS Chronic ATP Deficit ATP/AMP ATP/AMP Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA Active Inactive Active High ATP ATP Deflcit Figure 2 Integrated mitochondrial anterograde and retrograde signaling regulating ATP levels in healthy subjects (left panel) and MRD patients (right panel). Low ATP levels are accompanied by decreased NADH:NAD + and ATP/AMP ratios, triggering a retrograde signaling that promotes PGC-1α activation via Sirt1-mediated de-acetylation and AMPK-mediated phosphorylation. PGC- 1αactivation induces mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetics, resulting in regulation of a genetic program via anterograde signaling. Successful coordination of anterograde and retrograde signaling results in increased ATP levels. In MRD patients, chronic ATP deficit is accompanied by high NADH: NAD + ratio and low ATP:AMP ratio, resulting in a deficient retrograde signaling that fails to activate PGC- 1α via Sirt1 and AMPK and subsequent anterograde signaling. This cascade of molecular events results in chronic low ATP deficit. setting is reliable, specific and discriminative, there is an urgent need to discover serum biomarkers for a definitive diagnosis in patients suspected to have an MRD [8,46]. Although global metabolic profiling using plasma from patients already properly diagnosed with an MRD was used to identify promising biomarkers for MRDs, this comprehensive approach has yet to lead to the discovery of consistent and sensitive diagnostic biomarkers [43]. Recent mouse studies combined with patient studies have revealed fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) as unexpected potential biomarker [47]. FGF-21 is a circulating cytokine known to be involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as secreted upon prolonged fasting in humans [48-51]. FGF-21 levels were significantly increased in the blood and OXPHOS-deficient muscle fibers of the deletor mouse model, which mimics key features of late- onset mitochondrial myopathy upon expression of a dominant patient mutation in the mitochondrial replicative helicase Twinkle [52,53]. Moreover, FGF-21 levels correlate with the severity of the OXPHOS deficit and the progression of mitochondrial myopathy. Interestingly, the deletor mice have skeletal muscle fibers with characteristics of a pseudo-starvation state, despite their normal nutritional state, which is congruent with FGF-21 being secreted from the liver in response to fasting [54]. The feasibility of FGF-21 as a serum diagnostic biomarker was assessed in patients genetically diagnosed with a specific MRD, patients with non-mitochondrial neurological disorders affecting muscles and healthy subjects [55]. This comprehensive multicenter study has revealed increased FGF-21 serum levels in patients with an MRD affecting skeletal muscles. However, patients with an MRD mainly affecting the nervous system, such as MIRAS (Mitochondrial Recessive Ataxia Syndrome), exhibited lower FGF-21 serum concentrations that those with mitochondrial diseases manifesting in skeletal muscle. The fact that FGF-21 levels were unaltered in patients with non-mitochondrial muscle diseases, implying that FGF-21 serum levels are a direct result of both OXPHOS deficit skeletal muscle pathology [55]. Most importantly, the sensitivity and specificity of FGF-21 was estimated at 92% for muscle-manifesting MRDs, making FGF-21 a reliable first-line diagnostic tool for these diseases instead of the more invasive muscle biopsy, which is currently the gold standard diagnostic tool [8]. In addition, FGF- 21 could be a diagnostic indicator of the progression of the disease since FGF-21 levels correlate with the severity of the symptoms. One of the siblings with MELAS exhibiting limited cardiomyopathy and myopathy had lower FGF- 21 levels than his sibling with severe phenotypic manifestation of myopathy [55]. These clinical observations are in agreement with results from studies using the deletor mice showing increased FGF- 21 levels upon progression of mitochondrial myopathy [53]. Ultimately, FGF-21 may be a promising biomarker to monitor efficacy of therapeutic intervention and therefore promote the design of novel therapeutic strategies for the currently intractable MRDs. Conclusion The fact that the FGF-21 biomarker is specific for MRDs affecting skeletal muscles emphasizes the urgent need for large- scale clinical analysis and identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers tailored to the complexity and clinical heterogeneity of those MRDs. Such discoveries will most likely establish a shift in the diagnostic pathway used in clinical settings for differential and accurate diagnosis for patients suspected of having an MRD. Such progress in translational research will result in a more precise assessment of the prevalence of those mitochondrial diseases than currently estimated. In fact, recent epidemiological studies on newborn cord bloods have revealed that 1 in 200 newborns 4 This article is available in:
5 harbor mutations affecting the OXPHOS system and therefore are at risk of developing MRD. In sum, the use of new biomarkers combined with the advent of NGS technique will bring the field of mitochondrial medicine forward and accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Institute of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Grant Number R21NS to AC). Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License 5
6 References 1 DiMauro S and Schon EA (2003) Mitochondrial respiratory-chain diseases. New Engl J Med 348: DiMauro S (2004) Mitochondrial medicine. Biochem Biophys Acta 1658: Reineke F, Smeitink JA and van der W (2009) gene expression and control in mitochondrial disorders. Biochem Biophysic Acta 1792: Wallace DC (1999) Mitochondrial diseases in man and mouse. Science 283: Wallace DC (2005) The mitochondrial genome in human adaptive radiation and disease: on the road to therapeutics and performance enhancement. Gene 354: Ylikallio E and Suomalainen A (2012) Mechanisms of mitochondrial diseases. Annals Med 44: Kerr DS (2010) Treatment of mitochondrial electron transport chain disorders: a review of clinical trials over the past decade. Mol Genet Metab 99: Suomalainen A (2011) Therapy for mitochondrial disorders: Little proof, high research activity, some promise. Sem Fetal Neonatal Med 16: Uittenbogaard M and Chiaramello A (2014) Mitochondrial biogenesis: a therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Current Pharm Des 20: Bernstein BW and Bamburg JR (2003) Actin-ATP hydrolysis is a major energy drain for neurons. J Neurosci 23: DiMauro S and Schon EA (2008) Mitochondrial disorders in the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 31: DiMauro S and Schon EA (2013) The clinical maze of mitochondrial neurology. Nat Rev Neurol 9: Kisler JE, Whittaker RG and McFarland R (2010) Mitochondrial diseases in childhood: a clinical approach to investigation and management. Dev Med Child Neurol 52: Wallace DC and Chalkia D (2013) Mitochondrial DNA Genetics and the heteroplasmy conundrum in evolution and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5: a Stewart JB and Chinnery PF () The dynamics of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy: implications for human health and disease. Nature Rev Genet 16: Park CB and Larsson NG (2011) Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. J Cell Biol 193: Kobayashi Y, Momoi MY, Tominaga K, Shimoizumi H and Nihei K, et al. (1991) Respiration-deficient cells are caused by a single point mutation in the mitochondrial trna-leu (UUR) gene in mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Am J Hum Genet 49: Hirano M and Pavlakis SG (1994) Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS): current concepts. J. Child Neurol 9: Sproule DM and Kaufmann P (2008) Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1142: Kaufmann P, Engelstad K, Wei Y, Kulikova R and Oskoui M, et al. (2003) Spectrum of the mitochondrial DNA mutations of Leber s hereditary optic neuropathy in Koreans. J Neurol 250: El-Hattab AW, Adenisa AM, Jones J and Scaglia F () MELAS syndrome: Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment options. Mol. Genet Metab 116: Ciacci F, Silvestri G, Shanske S, Sciacco M and Hirano M, et al. (1993) A typical clinical presentations associated with the MELAS mutation at position 3243 of human mitochondrial DNA. Neuromuscul Disord 3: Reardon W, Ross RJ, Sweeney MG, Luxon LM and Pembrey ME, et al. (1992) Diabetes mellitus associated with a pathogenic point mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Lancet 340: Finsterer J (2007) Genetic pathogenetic, and phenotypic implications of the mitochondrial A3243G trnaleu(uur) mutation. Acta Neurol Scand 116: Skladal D, Halliday J and Thornburn DR (2003) Minimum birth prevalence of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders in children. Brain 126: Elliott HR, Samuels DC, Eden JA, Relton CL, Chinnery PF (2008) Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations are common in the general population. Amer J Ham Genet 83: Calvo SE and Mootha VK (2010) The mitochondrial proteome and human disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 11: Lieber DS, Calvo SE, Shanahan K, Slate NG and Liu S, et al. (2013) Targeted exome sequencing of suspected mitochondrial disorders. Neurology 80: Haas RH, Parikh S, Falk MJ, Saneto RP and Wolf NI, et al. (2008) The in-depth evaluation of suspected mitochondrial disease. Mol Genet Metab 94: Parikh S, Goldstein A, Koening MK, Scaglia F and Enns G, et al. () Diagnosis and management of mitochondrial disease: a consensus statement from the Mitochondrial Medicine Society. Genet Med 17: Wolf NI and Smeitink JA (2002) Mitochondrial disorders: a proposal for consensus diagnostic criteria in infants and children. Neurology 59: Liang C, Ahmad K and Sue CM (2014) The broadening spectrum of mitochondrial disease: Shifts in the diagnostic paradigm. Biochem Biophys Acta 1840: Wallace DC, Singh G, Lott M, Hodge JA and Schurr TG, et al. (1988) Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber s hereditary optic neuropathy. Science 242: Kim JY, Hwang JM, Chang BL, Park SS (2003) Spectrum of the mitochondrial DNA mutations of Leber s hereditary optic neuropathy in Koreans. J Neurol 250: Yu-Wai-Man P, Griffiths PG, Hudson G, Chinnery PF (2009) Inherited mitochondrial optic neuropathies. J Med Genet 46: Triepels RH, Loeffen JL, Buskens CA, Smeets RJ and Rubio Gazalbo ME, et al. (1999) Leigh syndrome associated with a mutation in the NDUFS7 (PSST) nuclear encoded subunit of complex I. Ann Neurol 45: El-Hattab A and Scaglia F (2013) Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes: Review and updates of genetic basis, manisfestations, and therapeutic options. Neurotherapeutics 10: Chow SL, Rooney ZJ, Cleary MA, Clayton PT and Leonard JV (2005) The significance of elevated CSF lactate. Arch Dis Child 90: This article is available in:
7 39 Debray FG, Mitchell GA, Allard P, Robinson BH and Hanley JA, et al. (2007) Diagnostic accuracy of blood lactate-to-pyruvate molar ration in the differential diagnosis of congenital lactic acidosis. Clin Chem 53: Yamada K, Toribe Y, Yanagihara K, Mano T and Akagi M, et al. (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of blood and CSF lactate in identifying children with mitochondrial diseases affecting the central nervous system. Brain Dev 34: Clarke C, Xiao R, Place E, Zhang Z and Sondheimer N, et al. (2013) Mitochondrial respiratory chain disease discrimination by retrospective cohort analysis of blood metabolites. Mol Genet Metab 110: Walliman T, Dolder M, Schlattner U, Eder M and Hornemann T, et al. (1998) Some new aspects of creatine kinase (CK): compartmentation, structure, function and regulation for cellular and mitochondrial bioenergetics and physiology. Biofactors 8: Shaham O, State NG, Goldberger O, Xu Q and Ramanathan A, et al. (2010) A plasma signature of human mitochondrial disease revealed through metabolic profiling of spent media from cultured muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: Boenzi S, Martinelli D, Carrozzo R, Piemonte F and DiCiomma V, et al. (2011) Plasma creatine is elevated in mitochondrial disorders: a new biomarker for the diagnosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 34: S49-S Pajares S, Arias A, García-Villoria J, Briones P, Ribes A (2013) Role of creatine as biomarker of mitochondrial diseases. Mol Genet Metab 108: Mancuso M, Orsucci D, Coppedè F, Nesti C and Choub A et al. (2009) Diagnostic approach to mitochondrial disorders: the need for a reliable biomarker. Curr Mol Med 9: Suomalainen A (2013) Fibroblast growth factor 21: a novel biomarker for human muscle-manifesting mitochondrial disorders. Expert Opin Med Diagn 7: Kharitonenkov A, Shiyanova TL, Koester A, Ford AM, Micanovic R, et al. (2005) FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator. J Clin Invest 115: Reitman ML (2007) FGF21: a missing link in the biology of fasting. Cell Metab 5: Chen WW, Li L, Yang GY, Li K and Qi XY, et al. (2008) Circulating FGF-21 levels in normal subjects and in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 116: Zhang X, Yeung DC, Karpisek M, Stejskal D and Zhou ZG, et al. (2008) Serum FGF21 levels are increased in obesity and are in independently associated with the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetes 57: Tyynismaa H, Mjosund KP, Wanrooij S, Lappalainen I and Ylikallio E, et al. (2005) Mutant mitochondrial helicase Twinkle causes multiple mtdna deletions and a late-onset mitochondrial disease in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: Tyynismaa H, Carroll CJ, Raimundo N and Ahola-Erkkila S, et al (2010) Mitochondrial myopathy induces a starvation-like response. Hum Mol Genet 19: Badman MK, Pissios P, Kennedy AR, Koukos G and Flier JS, et al. (2007) Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARalpha and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states. Cell Metab 5: Suomalainen A, Elo JM, Pietiläinen KH, Hakonen AH, Sevastianova K, et al. (2011) FGF-21 as a biomarker for muscle-manifesting mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies: a diagnostic study. Lancet Neurol 10: Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License 7
Presentation and investigation of mitochondrial disease in children
Presentation and investigation of mitochondrial disease in children Andrew Morris Willink Unit, Manchester Mitochondrial function Carbohydrate Fat Respiratory chain Energy Mitochondria are the product
More informationNeurogenic Muscle Weakness, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) Genetic Testing Policy
Neurogenic Muscle Weakness, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) Genetic Testing Policy Procedure(s) addressed by this policy: Procedure Code(s) MT-ATP6 Targeted Mutation Analysis 81401 Whole Mitochondrial
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush OMM: permeable to small molecules (MW
More informationAn Introduction to mitochondrial disease.
9 th September 2017 An Introduction to mitochondrial disease. Dr Andy Schaefer Consultant Neurologist and Clinical Lead NHS Highly Specialised Rare Mitochondrial Disease Service and Wellcome Trust Centre
More informationREQUISITION FORM NOTE: ALL FORMS MUST BE FILLED OUT COMPLETELY FOR SAMPLE TO BE PROCESSED. Last First Last First
#: DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY COLUMBIA COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS & SURGEONS Room 4-420 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 Telephone #: 212-305-3947 Fax#: 212-305-3986 REQUISITION FORM NOTE: ALL FORMS MUST
More informationMITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE. Amel Karaa, MD Mitochondrial Disease Program Massachusetts General Hospital
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE Amel Karaa, MD Mitochondrial Disease Program Massachusetts General Hospital Disclosures & Disclaimers United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation Research Grant North American Mitochondrial
More informationNutritional Interventions in Primary Mitochondrial Disorders
Nutritional Interventions in Primary Mitochondrial Disorders Carolyn J Ellaway MBBS PhD FRACP CGHGSA Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service Sydney Children s Hospital Network Disciplines of Child and Adolescent
More informationvariant led to a premature stop codon p.k316* which resulted in nonsense-mediated mrna decay. Although the exact function of the C19L1 is still
157 Neurological disorders primarily affect and impair the functioning of the brain and/or neurological system. Structural, electrical or metabolic abnormalities in the brain or neurological system can
More informationMuscle Metabolism. Dr. Nabil Bashir
Muscle Metabolism Dr. Nabil Bashir Learning objectives Understand how skeletal muscles derive energy at rest, moderate exercise, and strong exercise. Recognize the difference between aerobic and anaerobic
More informationCitric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Page by: OpenStax Summary The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria,
More informationPHM142 Energy Production + The Mitochondria
PHM142 Energy Production + The Mitochondria 1 The Endosymbiont Theory of Mitochondiral Evolution 1970: Lynn Margulis Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Endosymbiant Theory: the mitochondria evolved from free-living
More informationDoes Pharmacological Exercise Mimetics Exist? Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Shintaro Kinugawa
Does Pharmacological Exercise Mimetics Exist? Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Shintaro Kinugawa Survival rate (%) Peak oxygen uptake and prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF) 1
More informationCitric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The Citric Acid Cycle In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria,
More informationThe Organism as a system
The Organism as a system PATIENT 1: Seven-year old female with a history of normal development until age two. At this point she developed episodic vomiting, acidosis, epilepsy, general weakness, ataxia
More informationBiochemistry of cellular organelles
Kontinkangas, L101A Biochemistry of cellular organelles Lectures: 1. Membrane channels; 2. Membrane transporters; 3. Soluble lipid/metabolite-transfer proteins; 4. Mitochondria as cellular organelles;
More informationMitochondria and ATP Synthesis
Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis Mitochondria and ATP Synthesis 1. Mitochondria are sites of ATP synthesis in cells. 2. ATP is used to do work; i.e. ATP is an energy source. 3. ATP hydrolysis releases energy
More informationName Class Date. 1. Cellular respiration is the process by which the of "food"
Name Class Date Cell Respiration Introduction Cellular respiration is the process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the form of ATP. Carbohydrates,
More informationCellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. Cellular Pathways In General
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy A. Obtaining Energy and Electrons from Glucose Lecture Series 12 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy B. An Overview: Releasing Energy from Glucose
More informationBiol 219 Lec 7 Fall 2016
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy to form ATP Cellular Respiration and Metabolism Glucose ATP Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl CoA NAD + Introducing The Players primary substrate for cellular respiration
More informationCURRENT GENETIC TESTING TOOLS IN NEONATAL MEDICINE. Dr. Bahar Naghavi
2 CURRENT GENETIC TESTING TOOLS IN NEONATAL MEDICINE Dr. Bahar Naghavi Assistant professor of Basic Science Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran 3 Introduction Over 4000
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationCHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
CHY2026: General Biochemistry UNIT 7& 8: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Metabolism Bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems The direction and extent to which a chemical reaction
More informationChemical Energy. Valencia College
9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Valencia College 9 Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter objectives: How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of
More informationRespiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs:
More informationRobert Barski. Biochemical Genetics St James s University Hospital, Leeds. MetBioNet IEM Introductory Training
Robert Barski Biochemical Genetics St James s University Hospital, Leeds Lactate is produced as the fate of anaerobic metabolism of pyruvate. It is an important intermediary metabolite especially with
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 7 7.1 Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways All organisms (including photoautotrophs) convert chemical energy of organic compounds to chemical energy of
More informationIII. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular
III. 6. Test. Respiració cel lular Chapter Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? A) anabolic pathways B) catabolic pathways
More informationElectron transport chain chapter 6 (page 73) BCH 340 lecture 6
Electron transport chain chapter 6 (page 73) BCH 340 lecture 6 The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into three main stages
More informationChapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation*
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation* *Lecture notes are to be used as a study guide only and do not represent the comprehensive information you will need to know for the exams. Life Is Work
More informationLecture 5: Cell Metabolism. Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross
Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism Biology 219 Dr. Adam Ross Cellular Respiration Set of reactions that take place during the conversion of nutrients into ATP Intricate regulatory relationship between several
More informationRespiration. Respiration. Respiration. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on
More informationChapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8 Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of
More informationA cell has enough ATP to last for about three seconds.
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Energy and carbon sources in living cells 2. Sources of cellular ATP 3. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular
More informationCELL BIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH AEROBIC RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: OVERVIEW OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION Cellular respiration is a series of reactions involving electron transfers to breakdown molecules for (ATP) 1. Glycolytic pathway: Glycolysis
More informationMYOCLONIC EPILEPSY WITH RAGGED RED FIBERS (MERRF) By- Promie Faruque
MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY WITH RAGGED RED FIBERS (MERRF) By- Promie Faruque PHYSIOLOGY -MERRF is a rare panethnic mitochondrial disease which is caused by mutations in the mtdna -It mainly affects the muscle
More informationChapter 9. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O 2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
More informationBY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE
BY: RASAQ NURUDEEN OLAJIDE LECTURE CONTENT INTRODUCTION CITRIC ACID CYCLE (T.C.A) PRODUCTION OF ACETYL CoA REACTIONS OF THE CITIRC ACID CYCLE THE AMPHIBOLIC NATURE OF THE T.C.A CYCLE THE GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
More informationTHIAMINE TRANSPORTER TYPE 2 DEFICIENCY
THIAMINE TRANSPORTER TYPE 2 DEFICIENCY WHAT IS THE THIAMINE TRANSPORTER TYPE 2 DEFICIENCY (hthtr2)? The thiamine transporter type 2 deficiency (hthtr2) is a inborn error of thiamine metabolism caused by
More informationHarvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration
Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration Learning Objectives Know the relationship between photosynthesis & cellular respiration Know the formulae of the chemical reactions for photosynthesis
More informationElectron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 20-1
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 20-1 Learning Objectives 1. What Role Does Electron Transport Play in Met.? 2. What Are the Reduction Potentials for the Electron Transport Chain?
More information4. Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules? a. 2. d. 5
1. Which of the following statements about NAD + is false? a. NAD + is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. b. NAD + has more chemical energy than NADH. c. NAD + is reduced
More informationHow Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy Chapter 6 Introduction: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Individuals inherit various percentages of the two main types of muscle fibers, slow and fast The
More informationChapter 14. Energy conversion: Energy & Behavior
Chapter 14 Energy conversion: Energy & Behavior Why do you Eat and Breath? To generate ATP Foods, Oxygen, and Mitochodria Cells Obtain Energy by the Oxidation of Organic Molecules Food making ATP making
More informationEnergy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy
Energy Transformation: Cellular Respiration Outline 1. Sources of cellular ATP 2. Turning chemical energy of covalent bonds between C-C into energy for cellular work (ATP) 3. Importance of electrons and
More informationNafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD
Nafith Abu Tarboush DDS, MSc, PhD natarboush@ju.edu.jo www.facebook.com/natarboush OMM: permeable to small molecules (MW
More informationChapter 5. Microbial Metabolism
Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Collection of controlled biochemical reactions that take place within a microbe Ultimate function of metabolism is to reproduce the organism Metabolic Processes
More informationElectron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis) Dr. Howaida Nounou Biochemistry department Sciences college
Electron Transport and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP Synthesis) Dr. Howaida Nounou Biochemistry department Sciences college The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration All of the reactions involved
More informationEnzymes and Metabolism
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky Enzymes and Metabolism Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition Elaine N. Marieb 1 Protein Macromolecules composed of combinations
More informationChapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other
More informationHow Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7. Respiration
How Cells Harvest Energy Chapter 7 Respiration Organisms classified on how they obtain energy: autotrophs: produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis heterotrophs: live on organic compounds
More informationMitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondrial Diseases Simon Heales SWIM Conference Taunton, November 29 th 2018 Respiratory Failure Cardiomyopathy Optic Atrophy / Retinitis Pigmentosa Seizures / Developmental delay Liver Failure Deafness
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
More informationThe citric acid cycle Sitruunahappokierto Citronsyracykeln
The citric acid cycle Sitruunahappokierto Citronsyracykeln Ove Eriksson BLL/Biokemia ove.eriksson@helsinki.fi Metabolome: The complete set of small-molecule metabolites to be found in a cell or an organism.
More informationIn glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic
Glycolysis 1 In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. If the pyruvate is reduced to lactate, the pathway does not require O 2 and is called anaerobic glycolysis. If this pyruvate is converted instead
More informationMetabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis. Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes
Topics Microbial Metabolism Metabolism Energy Pathways Biosynthesis 2 Metabolism Catabolism Catabolism Anabolism Enzymes Breakdown of complex organic molecules in order to extract energy and dform simpler
More informationBIOLOGY - CLUTCH CH.9 - RESPIRATION.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: REDOX REACTIONS Redox reaction a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another Oxidation loss of electrons Reduction gain of electrons
More informationObjective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy.
Objective: You will be able to construct an explanation for how each phase of respiration captures and stores free energy. Do Now: Compare and contrast the three black equations below ADP + P + Energy
More informationMarah Bitar. Faisal Nimri ... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh
8 Marah Bitar Faisal Nimri... Nafeth Abu Tarboosh Summary of the 8 steps of citric acid cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the CoA group and forming a six-carbon
More informationg) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology
g) Cellular Respiration Higher Human Biology What can you remember about respiration? 1. What is respiration? 2. What are the raw materials? 3. What are the products? 4. Where does it occur? 5. Why does
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Respiration Practice Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following statements describes NAD+? A) NAD+ can donate
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE? A. They are generally endergonic. B. They usually require ATP. C. They are part of metabolism. D.
More informationRESPIRATION Worksheet
A.P. Bio L.C. RESPIRATION Worksheet 1. In the conversion of glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water a) which molecule becomes reduced? b) which molecule becomes oxidized? c) what happens to the
More informationTHE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals
Br. J. Anaesth. (1981), 53, 131 THE GLUCOSE-FATTY ACID-KETONE BODY CYCLE Role of ketone bodies as respiratory substrates and metabolic signals J. C. STANLEY In this paper, the glucose-fatty acid cycle
More informationReading Assignments. A. Energy and Energy Conversions. Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy. gasoline) or elevated mass.
Lecture Series 9 Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Reading Assignments Review Chapter 3 Energy, Catalysis, & Biosynthesis Read Chapter 13 How Cells obtain Energy from Food Read Chapter 14
More informationHarvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I
Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1I Agenda I. Overview (Big Pictures) of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration II. Making Glucose - Photosynthesis III. Making ATP - Cellular
More information2) The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction
Campbell Biology in Focus (Urry) Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex
More informationClass XI Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants Biology. 1. It is a biochemical process. 1. It is a physiochemical process.
Question 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a
More informationCellular Respiration Guided Notes
Respiration After you hear word 'respiration', you may now think about breathing. During breathing, the is entered with each inhale and is released with each exhale. You may have noticed that breathing
More informationCell Respiration - 1
Cell Respiration - 1 All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain their cellular environment. The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds of ATP. Cells obtain their ATP by oxidizing organic
More informationUnit 2: Metabolic Processes
How is energy obtained biologically? Recall: Red Ox Reactions Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Oxidation Is the chief mechanism by which chemical potential energy is released This energy comes from reduced
More informationChapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Chapter 7 How Cells Release Chemical Energy 7.1 Mighty Mitochondria More than forty disorders related to defective mitochondria are known (such as Friedreich s ataxia); many of those afflicted die young
More informationGaucher disease 3/22/2009. Mendelian pedigree patterns. Autosomal-dominant inheritance
Mendelian pedigree patterns Autosomal-dominant inheritance Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive Y-linked Examples of AD inheritance Autosomal-recessive inheritance
More informationMITO Renal Agnès Rötig Patrick Niaudet
MITO 101 - Renal Agnès Rötig Patrick Niaudet INSERM U781 and Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Necker Hospital, Université Paris V- René Descartes, Paris, France Renal involvement is not a common feature
More informationBIOLOGY. Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL. Photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Light energy ECOSYSTEM. Organic molecules CO 2 + H 2 O
9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation CAMPBELL BIOLOGY TENTH EDITION Reece Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Lecture Presentation by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2
More informationThese are example problems, which are similar to those you may see on the final exam.
MCB102 / Metabolism Problem Set #3 Spring 2008 These are example problems, which are similar to those you may see on the final exam. QUESTION 1: /. Circle the correct answer, but if the answer is provide
More information7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
7 Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy How Does Glucose Oxidation Release Chemical Energy? What Are the Aerobic Pathways of Glucose Metabolism? How Is Energy Harvested
More information3. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic in terms of cell respiration. Outline the general process of both.
3.7 Cell Respiration 1. Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic molecules in cells to form ATP. 2. State the equation for the process of cell respiration.
More informationChapter 8. Metabolism. Topics in lectures 15 and 16. Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis
Chapter 8 Topics in lectures 15 and 16 Metabolism Chemical foundations Catabolism Biosynthesis 1 Metabolism Chemical Foundations Enzymes REDOX Catabolism Pathways Anabolism Principles and pathways 2 Enzymes
More informationSection B: The Process of Cellular Respiration
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY Section B: The Process of Cellular Respiration 1. Respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport: an overview 2. Glycolysis
More informationUnit 2 Cellular Respiration
Metabolism Unit 2 Cellular Respiration Living organisms must continually to carry out the functions of life. Without energy, comes to an end. The breakdown of complex substances are the result of. The
More informationQuestion 1: Differentiate between (a) Respiration and Combustion (b) Glycolysis and Krebs cycle (c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation (a) Respiration and combustion Respiration Combustion 1. It is a
More informationNotes CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
AP BIOLOGY CELLULAR ENERGETICS ACTIVITY #2 Notes NAME DATE HOUR SUMMARY EQUATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete
More information1- Which of the following statements is TRUE in regards to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Name: NetID: Exam 3 - Version 1 October 23, 2017 Dr. A. Pimentel Each question has a value of 4 points and there are a total of 160 points in the exam. However, the maximum score of this exam will be capped
More informationCh 9: Cellular Respiration
Ch 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration An overview Exergonic reactions and catabolic pathway Energy stored in bonds of food molecules is transferred to ATP Cellular respiration provides the energy
More information3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP]
3.7 Cell respiration ( Chapter 9 in Campbell's book) 3.7.1 Define cell respiration [Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP] Organic compounds store
More informationIntegration Of Metabolism
Integration Of Metabolism Metabolism Consist of Highly Interconnected Pathways The basic strategy of catabolic metabolism is to form ATP, NADPH, and building blocks for biosyntheses. 1. ATP is the universal
More information2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 What is the fate of Pyruvate? Stages of Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS PYRUVATE OX. KREBS CYCLE ETC 2 The Krebs Cycle does your head suddenly hurt? 3 The Krebs Cycle An Overview
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. ATP powers most cellular work
Light energy ECOSYSTEM CO + H O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O powers most cellular work Heat energy 1 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes
More informationMitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS) Genetic Testing Policy
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes (MELAS) Genetic Testing Policy Procedure(s) addressed by this policy: Procedure Code(s) MELAS Known Familial Mutation Analysis
More informationThe mitochondrion and its disorders
100 PRACTICAL NEUROLOGY H O W T O U N D E R S T A N D I T The mitochondrion and its disorders Patrick F. Chinnery Department of Neurology, Regional Neurosciences Centre, Newcastle General Hospital and
More informationMetabolism. Chapter 5. Catabolism Drives Anabolism 8/29/11. Complete Catabolism of Glucose
8/29/11 Metabolism Chapter 5 All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer. Can be divided into: Cell Respiration and Metabolism Anabolism: requires the input of energy to synthesize large
More informationCell Respiration. Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration
Cell Respiration Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration Understandings/Objectives 2.8.U1: Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. Define cell respiration State
More informationBIO 311C Spring Lecture 27 Monday 5 Apr. 1
BIO 311C Spring 2010 Lecture 27 Monday 5 Apr. 1 Review Metabolic Pathways and Processes that Participate in Respiration - Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasmic matrix - Pyruvate dehydrogenase - Krebs Cycle
More informationChapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
AP Biology Reading Guide Name: Date: Period Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION. C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY EQUATION C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy (ATP) STEPWISE REDOX REACTION Oxidation: partial or complete loss of electrons Reduction: partial or complete gain of electrons
More informationFREE ENERGY Reactions involving free energy: 1. Exergonic 2. Endergonic
BIOENERGETICS FREE ENERGY It is the portion of the total energy change in a system that is available for doing work at constant temperature and pressure; it is represented as ΔG. Reactions involving free
More information3.2 Aerobic Respiration
3.2 Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration Catabolic pathways Breaks down energy-rich compounds to make ATP Requires oxygen Occurs in different parts of the cell C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6CO
More informationPhotosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O. Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP. powers most cellular work. Heat energy
Figure 9-01 LE 9-2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO2 + H2O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic + O molecules 2 powers most cellular work Heat energy LE 9-UN161a becomes
More informationElectron Transport and Oxidative. Phosphorylation
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron-transport chain electron- Definition: The set of proteins and small molecules involved in the orderly sequence of transfer to oxygen within the
More informationMITOCHONDRIA LECTURES OVERVIEW
1 MITOCHONDRIA LECTURES OVERVIEW A. MITOCHONDRIA LECTURES OVERVIEW Mitochondrial Structure The arrangement of membranes: distinct inner and outer membranes, The location of ATPase, DNA and ribosomes The
More information