Diosgenin, antagonism of LXRs 36 DNA microarray, sesame seed lignan regulation of liver fatty acid metabolism gene expression 12 18, 22, 23

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1 Subject Index ACC, see Acyl-CoA carboxylase 1 -Acetoxychavicol acetate, inducible nitric oxide synthase suppression in cancer chemoprevention 199, 200 Acetylene carotenoids, anti-inflammatory activity 144, 145 ACO, see Acyl-CoA oxidase Acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 28, 29 Acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 31 AD, see Atopic dermatitis Adipocyte-specific triglyceride lipase (ATGL), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 30 Adiponectin, obesity-induced inflammation 99 Akt epigallocatechin gallate receptor signaling in cancer chemoprevention 159 tocotrienol effects in cancer chemoprevention 212 Allyl isothiocyanate, obesity-induced inflammation modulation 101 Angiogenesis ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 188, 189 tocotrienol inhibition in cancer chemoprevention 212 Apoptosis, cancer chemoprevention ginger phenols 187, 188 isothiocyanate induction laminin 67LR receptor in induction 164 tocotrienol induction Astaxanthin beneficial biological effects 129, 130 neuroprotection studies cell culture and viability assays 131 concentration determination in cell fractions 131 DHA hydroperoxide and 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity effects cell death 133 reactive oxygen species generation 133 materials 130, 131 reactive oxygen species assay 131 structure 129, 130, 138 ATGL, see Adipocyte-specific triglyceride lipase Atopic dermatitis (AD), probiotics and prevention animal model studies cell culture studies 122, 123 overview 117, 118 primary prevention studies in humans BCAAs, see Branched-chain amino acids Bcl-2 epigallocatechin gallate receptor signaling in cancer chemoprevention 160 ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 187 isothiocyanate actions in cancer chemoprevention 175, 176 Benzyl isothiocyanate, see Isothiocyanates Bifidobacterium, see Probiotics Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) muscle metabolism 152 prevention of exercise-induced homeostasis disturbance

2 Cancer chemoprevention, see Epigallocatechin gallate; Ginger; Isothiocyanates; Nitric oxide synthase; Vitamin E Capsaicin, obesity-induced inflammation modulation Carnitine, sesame seed lignan effects on liver levels 12, Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1) food-exercise interactions 149, 150 nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 30, 31 β-carotene breakdown product analysis adenine nucleotide translocator targeting 80 formation conditions 81, 82 identification 79 mitochondria membrane potential measurements 78 preparation 77 respiration measurements 78, 79 toxicity prevention with antioxidants 83, 84 neutrophil studies degradation products 78, 79 incubation 77 overview of effects 76, 77, preparation and formation 77 sulfhydryl analysis 78, 80, 81 supplementation studies 75, 76 Carotenoids, see also specific carotenoids bioavailability and absorption breakdown products, see β-carotene functions 55, 56, marine carotenoids acetylene carotenoids and antiinflammatory activity 144, 145 antiobesity activity and structure-activity relationships antioxidant activity fucoxanthin antiobesity and antidiabetic effects 140, 141 nutrigenomics 139, 140 types and structures 137, 138 metabolism 59, 60 types and structures 55, 56 Catechins, see Epigallocatechin gallate; Flavonoids C/EBPβ, marine carotenoid effects on activity 144 Cocoa polyphenols, functional food genomics and antiobesity effects 5 COX-2, see Cyclooxygenase-2 CPT1, see Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 β-cryptoxanthine, peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor expression regulation 35, 36 Curcumin inducible nitric oxide synthase suppression in cancer chemoprevention 197, 198 obesity-induced inflammation modulation 101 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 185, 186 Diosgenin, antagonism of LXRs 36 DNA microarray, sesame seed lignan regulation of liver fatty acid metabolism gene expression 12 18, 22, 23 Epidermal growth factor (EGF), ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 186 EGCG, see Epigallocatechin gallate EGF, see Epidermal growth factor Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) bioavailability 158 cancer chemoprevention cell line and animal models 157 gene polymorphisms and risk reduction 166, 167 mechanisms of action Akt 159 Bcl extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 159 prospects for study 168 proteasome 158, 159 vimentin 160 overview 156, 157 inducible nitric oxide synthase suppression in cancer chemoprevention 198, 199 laminin 67LR receptor apoptosis induction role 164 cancer cell growth inhibition modulation discovery as green tea catechin receptor 161, 162 functional overview 161 signaling elongation factor 1A 165 hierarchy of signaling molecules 166 Subject Index 219

3 Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (continued) myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 165, 166 metabolism 65, 66, sources 156 Equol, see Soybean isoflavones ERK1/2, see Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 Exercise bone metabolism effects with soybean isoflavones 109 food factor interactions energy metabolism improvement hydration 148, 149 muscle mass 151, 152 overview 147, 148 prevention of exercise-induced homeostasis disturbance Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), epigallocatechin gallate receptor signaling in cancer chemoprevention 159 FAS, see Fatty acid synthase FATPs, see Fatty acid transport proteins Fatty acid metabolism, see Lipid metabolism Fatty acid synthase (FAS), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 28, 29 Fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 31, 32 Flavonoids, see also specific flavonoids antioxidant activity quercetin metabolites nerve model 90, 91 vascular system 91, 92 structure-activity relationships beneficial effects 65, 66 catechins 65 food sources 64, 65 metabolism biological activities of metabolites 71 colon 70, 71 conjugation epigallocatechin gallate 65, 66, overview 66, 67 Phase I biotransformation 67, 68 polymethoxyflavones 64 pro-oxidants 92, 93 synthesis 87 Food genomics, see also Nutrigenomics food comparison with drugs 2, 3 food safety genomics low-allergen wheat 6 neoculin sweetener 6 8 functional food genomics cocoa polyphenol and antiobesity effects 5 royal jelly and osteogenesis facilitation 5, 6 soy protein and lipid metabolism 4, 5 nutrigenomics-based evaluation of functional food 3, 4 Fucoxanthin, antiobesity and antidiabetic effects 140, 141 Functional food genomics, see Food genomics Genomics, see Food genomics; Nutrigenomics Ginger anti-inflammatory effects 185, 186 antioxidant effects 183, 184 cancer chemoprevention by phenols angiogenesis inhibition 188, 189 apoptosis 187, 188 cell growth and proliferation inhibition 187 chemosensitization 189 metastasis inhibition 188, 189 prospects for study 189, 190 tumor promotion inhibition 186 pungent phenols 183, 184 uses 183 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isothiocyanate inhibition 174 Green tea, polyphenols 156, 157 HEL, see N -(Hexanonyl)lysine N -(Hexanonyl)lysine (HEL), oxidative stressinduced HMG CoA reductase, tocotrienol regulation in tumors 213 HNE, see 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 30 HSL, see Hormone-sensitive lipase 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), oxidative stressinduced 43, Subject Index

4 IL-6, see Interleukin-6 Interleukin-6 (IL-6), obesity-induced inflammation 98 Isoflavones, see Soybean isoflavones Isoprenols, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression regulation 33 Isothiocyanates cancer chemoprevention apoptosis induction cellular stress induction 177, 178 mechanisms 172, 173 prospects for study 179 food sources 170, 171 metabolism types and structures 171 Keap1, ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 184 Lactobacillus, see Probiotics Laminin 67LR receptor, see Epigallocatechin gallate Lipid metabolism, see also Obesity-induced inflammation nuclear receptor genomics and foods diosgenin antagonism of LXRs 36 gene expression regulation acyl-coa carboxylase 28, 29 acyl-coa oxidase 31 adipocyte-specific triglyceride lipase 30 carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 30, 31 fatty acid synthase 28, 29 fatty acid transport proteins 31, 32 hormone-sensitive lipase 30 lipoprotein lipase 31 overview 26, 27 stearoyl-coa desaturase-1 28, 29 sterol response element-binding protein-1 28, 29 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor food agonists and antagonists β-cryptoxanthine 35, 36 isoprenols 33 phytic acid 34 phytol 34 receptors structures 26, 27 types 25, 26 sesame seed lignan nutrigenomic studies animals and diets 11 carnitine and lignan level evaluation in liver and serum DNA microarray analysis of liver fatty acid metabolism gene expression 12 18, 22, 23 gene regulation mechanisms 21 lignan preparations 10, 11 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 31 LPL, see Lipoprotein lipase Macrophage, obesity-induced inflammation 96, 97 MAPK, see Mitogen-activated protein kinase Marine carotenoids, see Carotenoids MCP-1, see Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 Metabolic syndrome, see Lipid metabolism; Obesity-induced inflammation Metastasis, ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 189 Mitochondria, carotenoid breakdown product studies membrane potential measurements 78 preparation 77 respiration measurements 78, 79 toxicity prevention with antioxidants 83, 84 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inducible nitric oxide synthase expression regulation 195 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), obesity-induced inflammation 98, 99 NAFLD, see Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Neoculin, sweetener use and food safety genomics 6 8 Neutrophil carotenoid breakdown product studies degradation products 78, 79 incubation 77 oxidative stress-induced posttranslational modification 46, 47 NF- B, see Nuclear factor- B Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inducible enzyme expression regulation 195, 196 Subject Index 221

5 Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (continued) phytochemical suppression in cancer chemoprevention nitric oxide in inflammation-associated cancer Nitrotyrosine, oxidative stress-induced Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nitrosative stress and protein modification 49 NOS, see Nitric oxide synthase Nuclear factor- B (NF- B), tocotrienol effects in cancer chemoprevention 211 Nutrigenomics, see also Lipid metabolism functional food evaluation 3, 4 marine carotenoids 139 sesame seed lignan studies animals and diets 11 carnitine and lignan level evaluation in liver and serum DNA microarray analysis of liver fatty acid metabolism gene expression 12 18, 22, 23 gene regulation mechanisms 21 lignan preparations 10, 11 Obesity-induced inflammation macrophages in adipose tissue 96, 97 mediators adiponectin 99 interleukin-6 98 modulation by functional food factors phytochemicals monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 98, 99 tumor necrosis factor- 97, 98 overview 95 OPTM, see Oxidative stress-induced Osteoporosis, soybean isoflavones and bone metabolism studies animal studies 107 equol food factors affecting production 111, 112 intestinal bacteria synthesis and isolation 110, 111 status and importance in bone health 110 exercise combination studies 109 observational and intervention studies 108, 109 osteoporosis prevention 105, 114 safety evaluation in Japan 112, 113 Oxidative stress-induced posttranslational modification (OPTM) cysteine modification 40, 41 elimination of proteins 42 N -(hexanonyl)lysine hydroxy-2-nonenal 43, 44 mechanisms 41, 42 neutrophil-dependent oxidative stress 46, 47 nitrotyrosine types 39, 40 p53, isothiocyanate actions in cancer chemoprevention 176, 177 Parkinson s disease (PD) astaxanthin antioxidant activity, see Astaxanthin oxidative stress 130, 134 PARP, see Poly(ADP ribose)-polymerase PD, see Parkinson s disease Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) food agonists and antagonists β-cryptoxanthine 35, 36 isoprenols 33 phytic acid 34 phytol 34 gene expression regulation acyl-coa carboxylase 28, 29 acyl-coa oxidase 31 adipocyte-specific triglyceride lipase 30 carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 30, 31 fatty acid synthase 28, 29 fatty acid transport proteins 31, 32 hormone-sensitive lipase 30 lipoprotein lipase 31 overview 26, 27 stearoyl-coa desaturase-1 28, 29 sterol response element-binding protein-1 28, 29 marine carotenoid effects on expression 143, 144 P-glycoprotein, ginger phenol effects 189 Phenethyl isothiocyanate, see Isothiocyanates Physical activity, see Exercise 222 Subject Index

6 Phytic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression regulation 34 Phytol, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor expression regulation 34 Poly(ADP ribose)-polymerase (PARP), tocotrienol effects in cancer chemoprevention 210 PPARs, see Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Probiotics, atopic dermatitis prevention animal model studies cell culture studies 122, 123 overview 117, 118 primary prevention studies in humans Proteasome, epigallocatechin gallate receptor signaling in cancer chemoprevention 158, 159 Proteomics, see Oxidative stress-induced Quercetin, antioxidant activity of metabolites nerve model 90, 91 vascular system 91, 92 Reactive oxygen species, see Astaxanthin; Oxidative stress-induced posttranslational modification Royal jelly, functional food genomics and osteogenesis facilitation 5, 6 SCD1, see Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 Sesame seed lignans nutrigenomics studies animals and diets 11 carnitine and lignan level evaluation in liver and serum 12, DNA microarray analysis of liver fatty acid metabolism gene expression 12 18, 22, 23 gene regulation mechanisms 21 lignan preparations 10, 11 types Soy protein, functional food genomics and lipid metabolism 4, 5 Soybean isoflavones bone metabolism studies animal studies 107 equol food factors affecting production 111, 112 intestinal bacteria synthesis and isolation 110, 111 status and importance in bone health 110 exercise combination studies 109 observational and intervention studies 108, 109 osteoporosis prevention 105, 114 overview of benefits 104, 105 safety evaluation in Japan 112, 113 types and metabolites 105, 106 SREBP1, see Sterol response element-binding protein-1 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 28, 29 Sterol response element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1), nuclear receptor regulation of expression and food effects 28, 29 Tangeritin, metabolism 68, 69 TNF-, see Tumor necrosis factor- Tocotrienols, see Vitamin E TRAIL, ginger phenol effects in cancer chemoprevention 187 Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF- ), obesityinduced inflammation 97, 98 UCP1, see Uncoupling protein-1 Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), marine carotenoid effects on expression 140, 145 Vimentin, epigallocatechin gallate receptor signaling in cancer chemoprevention 160 Vitamin Cm prevention of exercise-induced homeostasis disturbance 153 Vitamin E prevention of exercise-induced homeostasis disturbance 153 tocotrienols in cancer chemoprevention adverse effects 214 angiogenesis inhibition 212 antitumor activity in vivo apoptosis induction bioavailability 205 cell proliferation inhibition 206 clinical trials 213, 214 gene expression regulation 212, 213 mitogenesis regulation Subject Index 223

7 Vitamin E (Continued) prospects for study 214, 215 tumor HMG CoA reductase regulation 213 types 204, 205 Wheat, food safety genomics of low-allergen wheat 6 Zingerone, obesity-induced inflammation modulation Subject Index