Hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of coconut protein in hypercholesterolemic rats
|
|
- Emory Calvin Booth
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 39, October 2001, pp Hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effect of coconut protein in hypercholesterolemic rats G Salil & T Rajamohan* Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram , India Fax dlcampus@vsnl.net.in Received 20 September 2000; revised 8 May 2001 Effect of coconut protein in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet on the metabolism of lipids and lipid peroxides was studied. In addition, effect of coconut protein were compared with rats fed L- arginine. The results indicate that those fed coconut protein and those fed L-arginine showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL+ VLDL cholesterol, Triglycerides and Phospholipids in the serum and higher levels of serum HDL cholesterol. The concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the tissues were lower in these groups. There was increased hepatic cholesterogenesis which is evident from the higher rate of incorporation of labeled acetate into free cholesterol. Increased conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and increased fecal excretion of bile acids were observed. Feeding coconut protein results in decreased levels of Malondialdehyde in the heart and increased activity of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase. Supplementation of coconut protein causes increased excretion of urinary nitrate which implies higher rate of conversion of arginine into nitric oxide. In the present study, the arginine supplemented group and the coconut protein fed group produced similar effects. These studies clearly demonstrate that coconut protein is able to reduce hyperlipidemia and peroxidative effect induced by high fat cholesterol containing diet and these effects are mainly mediated by the L-arginine present in it. One characteristic dietary feature of Kerala population is the use of fresh coconut kernel in most culinary preparations. Coconut kernel contains apart from coconut oil, 5-6% protein. Our earlier studies in humans and animals has shown that coconut kernel contains cholesterol lowering effect l. Further studies revealed that one of the factor responsible for the cholesterol lowering action is coconut kernel protein 2. Studies from this laborator/ and elsewhere 4 suggest that lysine/arginine ratio of a protein influences its effect on cholesterol metabolism. Animal protein with higher lysine/arginine ratio were hypercholesterolemic while many plant proteins with their lower lysine/arginine ratio had hypocholesterolemic effect. Among the several plant proteins studied in this laboratory, coconut kernel protein contains 2.13% lysine and 24.5% arginine giving a very low lysine/ arginine ratio and it also shows very significant cholesterol lowering action 2 The objective of the present investigation was to examine whether coconut kernel protein is able to reduce the hyperlipidemic and peroxidative effect induced by high fat cholesterol containing diet. In *Correspondent author view of the very high content of L-arginine, the effect of coconut protein were compared with L-arginine. The results of these studies are presented in this paper. Materials and Methods Preparation of coconut protein--coconut cake obtained after expelling of the oil was used for the experiment. The remaining oil in the cake was removed by extracting with petroleum ether (60-80 C). The defatted cake was stirred with 10% NaCI solution in large containers using mechanical stirrer for 24 he. The saline extract was collected and by adjusting the ph with dilute HCI solution, the proteins were precipitated. The precipitated globulin fraction was collected by centrifugation and redissolved in minimum volume of 10% NaCI solution. After centrifugation the protein was pre.cipitated and the globulin fraction was collected, washed with distilled water and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 C and was used for feeding purpose. Animal experiments-male albino. rats (Sprague Dawley strain, weight gm) bred in the animal house of the laboratory were divided into 4 groups and fed as follows:-
2 SAUL & RAJAMOHAN: HYPOUPIDEMIC & ANTI PEROXIDATION EFFECT OF COCONUT PROTEIN 1029 Group I - Control rats fed casein alone Group II - Rats fed choiesterol + casein Group III - Rats fed cholesterol + casein +coconut kernel protein - Rats fed cholesterol + casein + L-arginine. Casein contains 4.1 % arginine and coconut protein contains 24.5% arginine. 1kg diet of group III contains SOg of casein and SOg of coconut protein which provides 22.SS g of arginine. Therefore in group IV diet g of arginine was included, so that the arginine content of group III and group IV were similar (Table 1). The Vitamin mixture and Salt mixture used had the same composition as described before 5. The rats were housed individually in polypropylene cages in a room maintained at 25 ±1 C with 12hr light and 12 hr dark. Food intake was recorded daily and gain in weight was recorded weekly. The experimental period was 60 days. The animals were given food and water ad libitum. At the end of this period they were deprived of food overnight, stunned by a blow at the back of the neck and sacrificed by decapitation. Blood and tissues were removed to ice cold containers for various estimations. Before sacrifice 24 hr stool samples were collected twice and used for the estimation of neutral sterols and bile acids and urine samples were collected for nitrate estimation. Analytical methods-total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were estimated using the procedure described earlier 5. Separation of serum lipoprotein into high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein+low density lipoprotein was carried out as described by Warnick et al 6. Activity of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (EC ) and malic enzyme (EC ) of the liver was. determined by the procedure of Kornberg and Horecker 7 and Severo Ochoa 8 respectively. HMG CoA reductase (EC ) activity of liver was determined as described by Venugopala Rao and Ramakrishnan 9 Malondialdehyde was estimated by the thiobarbituric acid method of Nichans and Samuelson 10. Activity of catalase (EC ) and Superoxide dismutase (EC ) was determined by the method of Maehly and Chancel I and Kakkar et al. 12 respectively. Protein in the enzyme extract was determined after TCA precipitation by the method of Lowry et al 13 For the extraction of fecal bile acids, the stool samples were homogenised with equal weight of water and lyophilized to a fine powder. The lyophilized samples were extracted with IN NaOH in 95% ethanol at 80 C for 2hr and the residue reextracted with hexane and estimated by the method of Snell and Sne1l 14 For radiolabeled studies the lipids were extracted by Radins procedure l5. Urinary nitrate was estimated by the method of Trivedi and Goe1 16 Statistical analysis was carried out by Student's test 17 Results The diet consumption and gain in body weight was more or less similar in the four groups. The food Table I-Composition of the diet (g/ioo g) Diet Group I Group II Group III Corn starch Casein Coconut kernel protein Ground nut oil Salt mixture Vitamin mixture I I I Cholesterol 0 I I L-arginine Table 2-Food intake and body weight gain in rats fed the respective diets for 60 days Food intake (g) Body weight gain (g) Group I 1l.l5 ± ± 2.46 Group II ± ± Group III ± ± 3.52 II. 57 ± ± I. 74
3 1030 INDIAN J EXP BIOL, OCTOBER 2001 intake (g/day) of the rats of group I and II were 11.15±0.59 and 12.18±0.65 and for groups III and IV were ± 0.42 and 11.57±0.39. The gain in body weight for the duration of the experiment for group I and II were 58 ± 2.46 g and 63.5 ± 2.95 g and group III and IV were 58.5 ± 3.52 g and 64 ± l.74 g (Table 2). Concentration of total cholesterol, VLDL + LDL cholesterol in the serum, cholesterol in the liver, heart and kidney were significantly increased, while HDL cholesterol showed decrease in rats fed high fat cholesterol diet when compared to rats fed normal diet. Inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine into high fat cholesterol containing diet produced significantly lower levels of total cholesterol and VLDL + LDL cholesterol, while HDL cholesterol showed increase. In addition, tissue cholesterol levels were also lower in these groups (Table 3). Concentration of triglyceride and phospholipids in the serum and tissues showed significantly higher level, in rats fed high fat cholesterol diet while inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine resulted in significant decrease in serum and tissue triglycerides & phospholipids. Similar results were observed in rats fed coconut protein and those fed L-arginine (Table 4). The activity of HMG CoA reductase in liver showed decrease in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet when compared to rats fed normal diet. Feeding coconut protein and L-arginine results in higher activity of HMG CoA reductase (Table 5). The activity of malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate Serum (mgllooml) Total cholesterol VLDL+LDL HDL Tissues (mg/joog) Heart Kidney Liver Table }----Concentration of cholesterol in the serum and tissues Group I Group II Group III ± S±2.8S" ±2.36 b SS.97±1.S ±3.0S" S2.38±1.47b 39.26± ±0.69" S2.37±1.41 b ±3.78 3S2.62±8.11 " ±3.20 b ± S.69±9.71 a 28S.70±5.99 b 4l4.90± S3±20. 71" ±11.36 b 96.04±1.92 c 48.80±1.32 c S2.18± 1.48 c ±3.70 c 284.S0±6.26 c ±9.1lc P<O.OI : "Group II significantly different from group I. hgroup 1II significantly different from group II. c significantly different from group II. Triglycerides Table 4,--{:oncentration of triglycerides and phospholipids in the serum and tissues Group I Group II Group III Serum (mg/joo ml) 6.9S±O.14 1O.43±0.20' 6.90±0.ISb Tissues (mg/joo g) Heart 43.64± S6±2.08" 48.46± 1.06 b Kidney 48.S±O ±2. 18" S7.S±1.20 b Liver 24.2S±O ±0.72" 30.31±0.64 b Phospholipids Serum (mg/jooml) ± ±3.86" ±2.63 b Tissues (mg/joog) Heart ±3S ±S2.S7 a ±38.57 b Kidney 147S.76± ±SO.13 a ±40.69 b Liver ± S±60.97 a ±44.19 b 6.9S±O.ISc 47.24±1.l3 c 60.63±1.33 c 31.44±O.69 c ±2.S9 c IS14.12±40.87c 14Sl.S8±43.SS c 2l04.77±46.30 c P<O.Ol. 'Group II significantly different from group I. bgroup III significantly different from group II. c significantly different from group II.
4 SAUL & RAJAMOHAN: HYPOLWIDEMIC & ANTI PEROXIDA TION EFFECT OF COCONUT PROTEIN 1031 Table 5--Activitics of HMG-CoA reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the liver Groups HMGCoA Glucose-6-Phosphate Malic Enzyme Reductase* Dehydrogenase (units/g proteins) Group I 2.16±O.O ±O ±8.60 Group II 3.71±O.09 a 14.93±O.29 a 238±4.75' Group III 3.24±O.08 b 12.58±O.26 b 186±3.91 b 3.35±O.09 c 11.90±0.35 c 190±4.18 c *Ratio of HMG CoA to mevalonate, lower ratio indicates higher enzyme activity. P<O.Ol: IGroup II significantly different from group I. bgroup III significantly different from group II. c significantly different from group II. Table 6-ln vivo incorporation of [1,2_14C] acetate into liver lipids Groups Free Cholesterol Phospholipids Triglyceride Cholesterol ester (countslminutelg tissue) Group I Group II Group III 133± ± ± ± ±l.lS8 727± ±1.62 a 331±9.93 a 115±2.42 b 569±11.94b 37±1.23 b I 245±37.36 b 105±3.l5 c 535±11.77c 34±l.02 c P<O.Ol: 'Group II significantly different from group I. bgroup III significantly different from group II. c significantly different from group II. 1385±41.55 c Table 7-Concentration of fecal bile acids and urinary nitrate Group I Fecal Bile acids Urinary Nitrate (mg/loog) (mg/loo ml) Group I 5.07±O.1O 19.50±0.58 Group II 6.70± ±O.37 GROUP III 7.98±<l.16 b 22.95±<l.67 b GROUP IV 8.0S±<l.18 c 27.65±<l.64 c P<O.Ol: aoroup II significantly different from group I, ~roup III significantly different from group II, < significantly different from group II dehydrogenase showed decrease in the liver in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet. While inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine results in decreased activity of these enzymes (Table 5). Incorporation of 14C acetate into free cholesterol, ester cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the liver were decreased in rats fed high fat cholesterol diet. Inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine results in significant increase in the incorporation of 14C acetate into free cholesterol and ester cholesterol and decreased incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids (Table 6) as compared to those of rats fed high cholesterol diet. Excretion of bile acids were higher in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet when compared to normal rats. Inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine also results in significant increase in the fecal excretion of bile acids (Table 7). The excretion of nitrate in the urine showed decrease, in rats fed cholesterol containing diet when compared to normal rats. Supplementation of L-arginine and coconut protein resulted in increased excretion of nitrate in the urine (Table 7). Concentration of malondialdehyde in the heart showed increase in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet, while inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine results in significant decrease in the concentration of malondialdehyde (Table 8). The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in the heart in rats fed high fat cholesterol containing diet when compared to rats fed normal diet. Inclusion of coconut protein and L-arginine also results in increased activity of these enzymes (Table 8).
5 1032 INDIAN J EXP BIOL, OCTOBER 2001 Table &-Concentration of Malondialdehyde (mm/100 g tissue) & activities of super oxide dismutase and catalase in the heart Groups MDA SOD Catalase Group I I.4S±O ± ±O.S4 Group II 2.2S±O.OSa 2S.83±O.S2" 26.9S±O.62" Group IIJ 0.78±0.02b 30.33±0.88 h 29.69±0. 71 b 0.7S±O.0I c 33.38±I.OOc 41.73±I.04 c Catalase : (Values x units/mg protein). SOD : (Units/mg protein) P<O.OI : agroup II significantly different from group I. bgroup III significantly different from group II. c significantly different from group II. Discussion In the present study the diets of the rats of group 1 contained 8% groundnut oil, while diets of group II, III & IV contained 15% groundnut oil and 1 % cholesterol. Compared to rats fed normal diet, rats fed high fat cholesterol diet showed significantly higher levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the serum and tissues. In addition the LDL+ VLDL concentration were also higher. Inclusion of coconut protein into high fat cholesterol diet results in significant lowering of lipids in the serum and tissues. There was lower levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL+ VLDL cholesterol and decreased levels of cholesterol in the liver, heart and kidney. Triglycerides and phospholipids were also lower in rats fed coconut protein. The hypocholesterolemic effect observed in the present study were similar to those observed in the earlier study in this laboratory in rats fed normal diet 2 Supplementation of coconut protein results in marginally higher activity of HMG CoA reductase in the liver as compared to that seen in rats fed high,fat cholesterol diet. This observation indicate that there was increased cholesterogenesis in the liver in rats fed coconut protein. HMG CoA reductase is the enzyme which catalyses the conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonate using NADPH as reducing equivalent and is the major rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Incorporation of labeled acetate into free cholesterol and ester cholesterol were increased in rats fed coconut protein which correlates with the increased cholesterogenesis. On the other hand the cholesterol level in the serum and tissues were lower in rats fed coconut protein as compared to those in high fat cholesterol fed animal. This may be due to the fact that the rate of degradation of cholesterol to bile acid is more than the rate of synthesis of cholesterol. In this connection it has been reported that endogeneously synthesized cholesterol is the prefered substrate for bile acid synthesis 18. In the present study the fecal excretion of bile acids were higher which indicates higher rate of catabolism of cholesterol. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme are two key enzymes which provides NADPH for fatty acid synthesis. The decreased activity of these enzymes leads to decrease in lipid synthesis. The lower rate of incorporation of 14C acetate into iriglycerides and phospholipids in the liver supports this observation. Feeding coconut protein results in decreased lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde) in the heart. The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in rats fed coconut protein. These enzymes play an important role in the defence mechanism against the harmful toxic oxygen free radicals in the biological system. The increased activity of these. antioxidant enzymes results in decreased accumulation of superoxide and H These effects indicate that administration of coconut protein caused reduction in lipid peroxides in the heart. Earlier studies in this laboratory indicate that administration of coconut protein results in decreased lipid peroxidation in rats fed sunflower oil diet l. All these effects were similar in rats fed coconut kernel protein and L-arginine which indicate that L-arginine is the major factor which is responsible for the observed beneficial effects. The increased excretion of nitrate observed in the present study implies higher rate of arginine metabolism. In the endothelial cells, the precursor for the biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide (NO) is L-arginine. Nitric oxide is a key cell signalling molecule in physiological and pathological conditions and is
6 SAUL & RAJAMOHAN: HYPOUPIDEMIC & ANTI PEROXIDATION EFFECT OF COCONUT PROTEIN 1033 generated by a family of enzymes termed nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which catalyse the oxidation of one of the terminal guanidino-nitrogens of L-arginine to yield nitric oxide and citrulline. The nitric oxide further converting to nitrate. Thus the higher rate of excretion of nitrate indicate increased rate of conversion of arginine into nitric oxide. Nitric oxide has anti proliferating effect on smooth muscle cells 19,20. It has also been demonstrated that nitric oxide inhibits platelet function through the elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) or formation of S-nitrozothiols Nitric oxide is known to inhibit chemotaxis and adhesion of monocytes and neutrophils 23 and play a protective role against oxidation of LDL by mouse macrophages 24 In vivo studies, administration of L-arginine inhibited intimal thickening of aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbit. These reports implies the hypothesis that nitric oxide may alter the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis 25. In the present study arginine supplemented casein diet and the coconut protein diet produced similar effects. Thus the correlation between the arginine content of the protein and its effect on cholesterol metabolism is true in the case of coconut protein. Antiatherogenic and hypolipidemic effect of the L arginine have been reported by serveral others This study clearly demonstrates that dietary coconut protein is able to reduce the hyperlipidemia and peroxidative effect induced by high fat cholesterol containing diet and these effects are mainly mediated by the L-arginine present in it. Acknowledgement The authors thank Mr. Anurag P and Ms. Shalini A Nair for their co-operation and support throughout the work. References I Rajamohan T & Kurup P A, Study on the effect of consumption of Coconut kemel and Coconut oil on the serum lipid profile, Project report submitted to the Coconut Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture. Govt. of India (\996) 2 Padmakumaran Nair K G, Rajamohan T & Kurup P A, Coconut Kemel protein modifies the effect of Coconut oil on Serum lipids, Plant Foods Human Nutr, 53 (\998) Rajamohan T & Kurup P A, Lysine: Arginine ratio of protein and its effects on cholesterol metabolism, Indian J Biochem Biophys, 23 (1986) Krichevsky D, Tepper S A, Czamecki S K, Klurfeld D M & Stroy J A, Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol free diets, Atherosclerosis, 39 (1981) Menon PYG & Kurup P A, Dietary fiber and cholesterol metabolism--effect of fiber rich polysacchride from black gram on Cholesterol metabolism in rats fed normal and atherogenic diet, Biomedicine, 2 (1976) Warnick R G & Albers J T, J Lipids Res, 16 (1978) 5 7 Konberg A & Horecker B L, Assay of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase, in Methods enzymol, vol. I, edited by Colowick SP & Kaplan (Academic Press, New York) 1980, Ochoa S, Assay of Malic enzyme from liver and wheat grain, in Methods enzymol, vol. I, edited by Colowick SP & Kaplan (Academic Press, New York) 1980,323 9 Yenugopala Rao A & Ramakrishnan S, Indirect assessment of hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA reductase activity in liver tissue, Ciin chem, 21 (1975) Nichans W J Jr, & Samuelson B, Formation of malondialdehyde from phospholipid arachidonate during microsomal lipid peroxidation, Ellr J Biochem, 6 (1968) Maehly A C & Chance B, The assay of catalase and peroxidase, Meth Biomed Allal, 1 (1954) Kakkar P, Das B & Yiswanathan P N, A modified Spectrophotometrical assay of superoxide dismutase, Indian J Biochem Biophys, 21 (:984) Lowry 0 H, Rosenbrough N J, Farr A L & Randall R J, Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, J Bioi Chem, 193 (1951) Snell F D & Snell C T, Colorimetric Methods of Analysis, 3 A (1961) Radin N S, Extraction of tissue lipids with a solvent of low toxicity, Methods Ellzymol, 72 (1981) 5 16 Trivedy R K & Goel P K, Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies (Oriental Printing Press, Madar Gate, Aligar) 1985, Bennet C A & Franklin N L, Statistical analysis in chemistry and chemical industry (John Wiley & Sons, New York) 1967, Borkhem I & Danielsso H, 7 oc-hydroxylation of exogeneous and endogeneous cholesterol in rat liver microsomes, Eur J Biochem, 53 (1985) Garg V C, & Hassid A, Nitric oxide generating vasodialators and 8-bromocyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, J CUn Invest, 88 (1989) Nakaki T, Nakayama M & Kato R, Inhibition by nitric oxide and nitric oxide producing vasodialators of DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells, Eul' J Phannacol, ) 89 (1990) Axuma H, Ishikawa M & Sekizaki S, Endotheliumdependent inhibition of platelet aggregation, Br J Pharmacol, (1986) Radomski M W, Palmer R M J & Moncada S, The role of nitric oxide and cgmp in platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium, Biochem Biophys, 148 (1987) Bath PMW, Hassall DG, Gladwin A M, Palmer RMJ & Martin JF, Nitric oxide and prostacyclin : divergence of inhibitory effects on monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion of endothelium invivo, Atherosclerosis, II (1991 )254
7 1034 INDIAN J EXP BIOL, OCTOBER Yates M T, Lambert L E & Whitten J P, A protective role for nitric oxide in the oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins by mouse macrophages, FEBS Lett, 309 (1992) Cooke IP, Singer A H, Tsao P, Zera P, Rowan R A & Billinghan M P, Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypocholesterolemic rabbit, J Clin Invest, 90 (1992) Hurson M, Regan M C; Kirk S J, Wasserkrug H L & Barbul A, Metabolic effects of arginine in a healthy elderly population, J Parenter Entemal Nutr, 19 (1995) Rainer H Boger, Stefanic M, Ralf P Brundes & Andreas Mugge, Dietary L-arginine reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits - comparison with lovastatin, Circulation, 96 (1997) 1282
Investigations on the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency in rats
J. Biosci., Vol. 12, Number 2, June 1987, pp. 137 142. Printed in India. Investigations on the mechanism of hypercholesterolemia observed in copper deficiency in rats P. VALSALA and P. A. KURUP Department
More informationMechanism of hypercholesterolemia produced by biotin deficiency
J. Biosci., Vol. 13, Number 4, December 1988, pp. 393 399. Printed in India. Mechanism of hypercholesterolemia produced by biotin deficiency ANNIE ABRAHAM and P. A. KURUP* Department of Biochemistry, University
More informationHypolipidemic effect of Terminalia arjuna (L.) in experimentally induced hypercholesteremic rats
Volume 55(2):289-293, 2011 Acta Biologica Szegediensis http://www.sci.u-szeged.hu/abs ARTICLE Hypolipidemic effect of Terminalia arjuna (L.) in experimentally induced hypercholesteremic rats R. H. Patil
More informationBiochemical effects of garlic protein on lipid metabolism in alcohol fed rats
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 37, March 1999, pp. 243-247 Biochemical effects of on lipid metabolism in alcohol fed rats C R Rajasree, T Rajamohan & K T Augusti* Department of Biochemistry,
More informationFREE RADICAL CHANGES IN METHANOL TOXICITY
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 47(2) (2) : 207 211 Methanol and Free Radicals 207 FREE RADICAL CHANGES IN METHANOL TOXICITY ESTHER M. PAULA, D. C. MATHANGI AND A. NAMASIVAYAM* Department of Physiology,
More informationMetabolism of glycosaminoglycans in rats during methionine deficiency and administration of excess methionine
J. Biosci., Vol. 4, Number 1, March 1982, pp. 95-104. Printed in India. Metabolism of glycosaminoglycans in rats during methionine deficiency and administration of excess methionine G. MURALEEDHARA KURUP
More informationHorwitz, Advances in Diet and Nutrition, MECHANISM AND EFFECT OF EXCESS COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON BODY LIPIDS
Horwitz, Advances in Diet and Nutrition, 1985. MECHANISM AND EFFECT OF EXCESS COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON BODY LIPIDS Executive Summary Rats were used in long term feeding experiments to determine the most
More informationEFFECT OF LYCOPENE IN TOMATO SOUP AND TOMATO JUICE ON THE LIPID PROFILE OF HYPERLIPIDEMIC SUBJECTS
EFFECT OF LYCOPENE IN TOMATO SOUP AND TOMATO JUICE ON THE LIPID PROFILE OF HYPERLIPIDEMIC SUBJECTS Nora Vigasini, Assistant Professor, Department of Home Science, Women s Christian College, Chennai, noravigas@gmail.com
More informationCholesterol metabolism. Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol metabolism Function Biosynthesis Transport in the organism Hypercholesterolemia - component of all cell membranes - precursor of bile acids steroid hormones vitamin D Cholesterol Sources: dietary
More informationChapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition. phospholipids. Sphingolipids. Cholesterol. db=books&itool=toolbar
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez? db=books&itool=toolbar 1 The surface of a soap bubble is a bilayer formed by detergent molecules 2 Chapter 26 Biochemistry 5th edition phospholipids Sphingolipids
More informationTable 2 Effect of ginseng saponins on elimination of intraperitoneally injected cholesterol 4-14C from plasma
Table 2 Effect of ginseng saponins on elimination of intraperitoneally injected cholesterol 4-14C from plasma Fig. 1 Effect of sakosaponins, ginseng saponins and glycyrrhisin on plasma lipid levels of
More informationLIPID METABOLISM. Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI
LIPID METABOLISM Sri Widia A Jusman Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology FMUI Lipid metabolism is concerned mainly with fatty acids cholesterol Source of fatty acids from dietary fat de novo
More informationArteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis = hardening of arteries = arterial wall thickening + loss of elasticity 3 types: -Arteriolosclerosis -Monckeberg medial sclerosis -Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis,
More informationCholesterol and its transport. Alice Skoumalová
Cholesterol and its transport Alice Skoumalová 27 carbons Cholesterol - structure Cholesterol importance A stabilizing component of cell membranes A precursor of bile salts A precursor of steroid hormones
More informationWahyu Wardanj Tusi, et al
The Effect of... Wahyu Wardanj Tusi, et al THE EFFECT OF Hibiscus sabdarifa L. CALYX ETHANOL EXTRACT ON INCREASING GLUTATHION PEROXIDASE (GPX) ACTIVITY AND DECREASING MALONDIALDEHYDE (MDA) AGAINST 7,12-
More informationUnit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins
Unit IV Problem 3 Biochemistry: Cholesterol Metabolism and Lipoproteins - Cholesterol: It is a sterol which is found in all eukaryotic cells and contains an oxygen (as a hydroxyl group OH) on Carbon number
More information1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones?
1Why lipids cannot be transported in blood alone? 2How we transport Fatty acids and steroid hormones? 3How are dietary lipids transported? 4How lipids synthesized in the liver are transported? 5 Lipoprotien
More informationCholesterol (blood, plasma, serum)
1 Cholesterol (blood, plasma, serum) 1 Name and description of analyte 1.1 Name of analyte Cholesterol (plasma; also blood, serum) 1.2 Alternative names 2,15-dimethyl-14-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)tetracyclo[8.7.0.0
More informationUnderstanding Cholesterol Holistically
Understanding Cholesterol Holistically Dr. Molly Force & Dr. Alicia McCubbins 213 Decatur Street, Port Townsend www.prospernaturalhealth.com (360)385-5375 This presentation is meant for educational use
More informationTHE SAME EFFECT WAS NOT FOUND WITH SPIRITS 3-5 DRINKS OF SPIRITS PER DAY WAS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED MORTALITY
ALCOHOL NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN 1-2 DRINKS PER DAY AND THE INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SOME HAVE SHOWN THAT EVEN 3-4 DRINKS PER DAY CAN BE BENEFICIAL - WHILE OTHERS HAVE FOUND IT TO BE HARMFUL
More informationThe molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose.
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available body fuel is: a. fat. b. glucose. c. acetyl CoA. d. cellulose. Dietary fats are important because: a. they keep blood pressure normal.
More informationLipid metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia
Lipid metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia Khalid Al-Rasadi, BSc, MD, FRCPC Head of Biochemistry Department, SQU Head of Lipid and LDL-Apheresis Unit, SQUH President of Oman society of Lipid & Atherosclerosis
More informationPlasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by. Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam
Biochemistry Department Plasma lipoproteins & atherosclerosis by Prof.Dr. Maha M. Sallam 1 1. Recognize structures,types and role of lipoproteins in blood (Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL and HDL). 2. Explain
More informationEffect of vegetable oils on the lipid profile and antioxidant status in Wistar rats: A comparative study
Biochemistry- Original article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18320/jimd/201603.02109 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY To search..to know...to share p-issn: 2454-8847 e-issn: 2350-045X Effect
More information13/09/2012. Dietary fatty acids. Triglyceride. Phospholipids:
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) and NUTRITION Major cause of morbidity & mortality in Canada & other developed countries e.g., majority of approved health claims on food labels relate to lowering CVD Relation
More informationCholesterol and Cholesterol Oxides on Coronary Heart Diseases
Cholesterol and Cholesterol Oxides on Coronary Heart Diseases Trends in egg consumption in U.S. and the reason A. Egg Consumption: - 403 in 1945-234 in 1993 (176 Table eggs, 58 Processed eggs) - 256 in
More informationCholest s er e o r l o ١
Cholesterol ١ Contents of The Lecture What is Cholesterol? Structure of Cholesterol Structure of Cholesteryl Ester Normal Cholestrol Level Sources of Cholesterol What Are The Exogenous Sources Of Cholesterol?
More informationLipid Metabolism. Catabolism Overview
Lipid Metabolism Pratt & Cornely, Chapter 17 Catabolism Overview Lipids as a fuel source from diet Beta oxidation Mechanism ATP production Ketone bodies as fuel 1 High energy More reduced Little water
More informationHydrophobic Surfactant Treatment Prevents Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit
Hydrophobic Surfactant Treatment Prevents Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit RAPID PUBLICATIONS J. B. RODGERS, E. C. KYRIAKIDES, B. KAPUSCINSKA, S. K. PENG, and W. J. BOCHENEK, Department of Medicine, Albany
More informationOxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids
Oxidation of Long Chain Fatty Acids Dr NC Bird Oxidation of long chain fatty acids is the primary source of energy supply in man and animals. Hibernating animals utilise fat stores to maintain body heat,
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 18 Done by Mahmoud Harbi Corrected by حسام أبو عوض Doctor Nayef Karadsheh Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 1 P a g e 1- Oxidases: there are some that produce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) 2-
More informationMaintain Cholesterol
Maintain Cholesterol What is Cholesterol? Cholesterol is a Lipid Molecule that has a waxy appearance and is found in every cell of the body and has some important natural functions. It is manufactured
More informationEFFECT OF STRESS ON LIPID PEROXIDATION
EFFECT OF STRESS ON LIPID PEROXIDATION Bindu.M.P Effect of different types of stress on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in albino rats Thesis. Amala cancer hospital and research centre,university
More informationBIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 12
BIOB111_CHBIO - Tutorial activity for Session 12 General topic for week 6 Session 12 Lipids Useful Links: 1. Animations on Cholesterol (its synthesis, lifestyle factors, LDL) http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cholesterol/cholesterol.htm
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor
number 19 Done by حسام ابو عوض Corrected by وسيم ابو عبيدة Doctor د.نايف 1 P a g e GAGs and Glycoproteins: GAGs: long, unbranched heteropolysaccharides, made from زunits repeating disaccharide [Acidic
More informationBiologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN
Biologic Oxidation BIOMEDICAL IMPORTAN Chemically, oxidation is defined as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. Thus, oxidation is always accompanied by reduction of an electron
More informationANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIA. Darmawan,dr.,M.Kes,Sp.PD
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIA Darmawan,dr.,M.Kes,Sp.PD Plasma lipids consist mostly of lipoproteins Spherical complexes of lipids and specific proteins (apolipoproteins). The clinically important lipoproteins, listed
More informationSummary and Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions 125 Summary The thesis entitled Studies on Anti-hyperlipidemic and Anti-atherosclerotic activities of selected Indian Medicinal Plants incorporated the study of antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic
More informationKey words: High fat diet Hypercholesterolemia Selenium Lipid peroxidation Nitric oxide Citrulline
Gen. Physiol. Biophys. (1998), 17, 71 78 71 Selenium Supplementation and Diet Induced Hypercholesterolemia in the Rat: Changes in Lipid Levels, Malonyldialdehyde Production and the Nitric Oxide Synthase
More informationNutrition and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil. Dr. B. Sesikeran, MD, FAMS Former Director National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad
Nutrition and Health Benefits of Rice Bran Oil Dr. B. Sesikeran, MD, FAMS Former Director National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR) Hyderabad 1 Fats are needed for life Energy 9 K Cals/g Low fat intakes in
More informationLipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry
Lipoproteins Metabolism Reference: Campbell Biochemistry and Lippincott s Biochemistry Learning Objectives 1. Define lipoproteins and explain the rationale of their formation in blood. 2. List different
More informationStatus of LDL Oxidation and antioxidant potential of LDL in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Biomedical Research 2010; 21 (4): 416-418 Status of LDL Oxidation and antioxidant potential of LDL in Type II Singh N, Singh N, Singh S K, Singh A K, Bhargava V. Department of Biochemistry, G. R. Medical
More informationNutrition Basics. Chapter McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Nutrition Basics Chapter 12 1 The Body s Nutritional Requirements Essential nutrients The Six Essential Nutrients: Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Minerals, Water Defined as : Nutrients one must
More informationChapter 12 Nutrition
Chapter 12 Nutrition Nutrients macronutrients: large required daily quantities carbohydrates, lipids, proteins micronutrients: small required daily quantities vitamins, minerals Also required: water and
More informationOmega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics. Current Sports Medicine Reports July 2007, 6:
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Athletics 1 Current Sports Medicine Reports July 2007, 6:230 236 Artemis P. Simopoulos, MD The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, Washington, DC, USA EIB exercise-induced
More informationSequential Extraction of Plant Metabolites
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 2 (2015) pp. 33-38 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Sequential Extraction of Plant Metabolites Shankar L. Laware* PG. Department of Botany, Fergusson College
More informationPLASMA LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPIDS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLICERIDE LEVEL
PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS AND LIPIDS DETERMINATION OF PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLICERIDE LEVEL Lipids are characterized by low polarity and limited solubility in water. Their plasma concentration is about 500-600
More informationRyuhei KANAMOTO, Shinya KIMURA and Gaku OKAMURA. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto ABSTRACT
Ryuhei KANAMOTO, Shinya KIMURA and Gaku OKAMURA Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522 ABSTRACT Recently, a group of lipophilic proteins (LP) associated with lecithin
More informationPart 1 Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis. LO1. Define the Different Forms of CVD
Week 3: Cardiovascular Disease Learning Outcomes: 1. Define the difference forms of CVD 2. Describe the various risk factors of CVD 3. Describe atherosclerosis and its stages 4. Describe the role of oxidation,
More informationMoh Tarek + Faisal Massad. Tala Saleh ... Naif
19 Moh Tarek + Faisal Massad Tala Saleh... Naif Last lecture we ve talked about the main antioxidant system which are the enzymes found in our body, mainly: 1. Glutathione peroxidase 2. Super oxide dismutase(sod)
More informationD. Vitamin K -- Group of naphthoquinones having antihemorrhagic activity.
D. Vitamin K -- Group of naphthoquinones having antihemorrhagic activity. 1. Structures VITAMIN K1; Phytonadione; 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone VITAMIN K2; Menaquinone-6 and 7; N=6,7 n 2. Function
More informationInduction of lipid peroxidation by oxalate in experimental rat urolithiasis
J. Biosci., Vol. 12, Number 4, December 1987, pp. 367 373. Printed in India. Induction of lipid peroxidation by oxalate in experimental rat urolithiasis R. SELVAM and T. BIJI KURIEN Department of Medical
More informationLipid Metabolism. Remember fats?? Triacylglycerols - major form of energy storage in animals
Remember fats?? Triacylglycerols - major form of energy storage in animals Your energy reserves: ~0.5% carbs (glycogen + glucose) ~15% protein (muscle, last resort) ~85% fat Why use fat for energy? 1 gram
More informationEicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Are They Different?
Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid: Are They Different? Trevor A Mori, Ph.D., Professor, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth,
More informationNatural Approaches to Cholesterol Deregulation
Most of us have inherited certain physiological weaknesses that may require ongoing attention and as we get older certain issues tend to arise that need specific requirements. Cholesterol Imbalance and
More informationTHE EFFECT OF VITAMIN-C THERAPY ON HYPERGLYCEMIA, HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND NON HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVEL IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2013 Varikasuvu Seshadri Reddy et al., 2013 Review Article ISSN 2250-3137 www.ijlbpr.com Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2013 2013 IJLBPR. All Rights Reserved THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN-C
More informationLipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview)
Lipid/Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism (Overview) Philip Barter President, International Atherosclerosis Society Centre for Vascular Research University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia Disclosures
More informationSteroid Hormones Synthesis
*I ll try my best to incorporate the Slides in this Sheet; you don t need to study the slides if you study this sheet. Steroid Hormones Synthesis - The figure to the right is the Steroid nucleus, it has
More informationSERUM LIPID PROFILES DURING ONSET AND REMISSION OF STEROID SENSITIVE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN: A PROSPECTIVE CASE CONTROL STUDY
Indian J.L.Sci. 5 (2) : 27-31, 2016 SERUM LIPID PROFILES DURING ONSET AND REMISSION OF STEROID SENSITIVE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN: A PROSPECTIVE CASE CONTROL STUDY a1 b c SRINIVASA MURTHY C L, RAHIMTAJ
More informationGlossary For TheFatNurse s For All Ages Series Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Apolipoprotein
More informationTherapeutic effect of flavonoid rich extract of apricots on high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits
Therapeutic effect of flavonoid rich extract of apricots on high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits in rabbits TOOBA LATEEF Assistant Professor Department of Biochemistry Jinnah University for
More informationEffects of Addition of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids and Their Catabolites to a Low Protein Diet on Liver Fat Content in Rats
Agr. Biol. Chem., 40 (3), 593 `597, 1976 Effects of Addition of Sulfur-containing Amino Acids and Their Catabolites to a Low Protein Diet on Liver Fat Content in Rats Toshizo KIMURA and Akira YOSHIDA Laboratory
More informationThe effect of anti oxidant drugs on platelet Enzymes
The effect of anti oxidant drugs on platelet Enzymes ( xanthineoxidase and lipid peroxidase) in MI patients Mohsen Hamidpour (MSc, PhD ) Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science Paramedical Faculty
More informationMATERIAL AND METHODS
MATERIAL AND METHODS Material and Methods Glucose induced cataract was chosen as a model for the present study. A total of 210 fresh goat lenses were analyzed. Sample Collection: Goat eyeballs were obtained
More informationHigh density lipoprotein metabolism
High density lipoprotein metabolism Lipoprotein classes and atherosclerosis Chylomicrons, VLDL, and their catabolic remnants Pro-atherogenic LDL HDL Anti-atherogenic Plasma lipid transport Liver VLDL FC
More informationLecture Notes 2: Protiens
Lecture Notes 2: Protiens BY/ARSHED ABD ALI SHIHAD Proteins and Amino Acids What Are Proteins? Large molecules Made up of chains of amino acids Are found in every cell in the body Are involved in most
More informationANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM The LDL Receptor, LDL Uptake, and the Free Cholesterol Pool
ANSC/NUTR 618 LIPIDS & LIPID METABOLISM The, LDL Uptake, and the Free Cholesterol Pool I. Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein A. Studied families with familial hypercholesterolemia. B. Defined the relationship
More informationEbrahim Abbasi Oshaghi 1,2
1 2 Flaxseed normalized antioxidant status and also changed ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes expression in diabetic rat Fatemeh Mirzaei 1,Mona Pourjafarr 1, Seyyed Alireza Vafaei 1, Rezvan Mostoli 1, Ebrahim Abbasi
More informationMultiple choice: Circle the best answer on this exam. There are 12 multiple choice questions, each question is worth 3 points.
CHEM 4420 Exam 4 Spring 2015 Dr. Stone Page 1 of 6 Name Use complete sentences when requested. There are 120 possible points on this exam. Therefore there are 20 bonus points. Multiple choice: Circle the
More informationIMPACT OF NATUAL ANTIOXIDANT ON REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HYPERGLYCEMIC RAT FED GERMINATED PIGEON PEA DIET
IMPACT OF NATUAL ANTIOXIDANT ON REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HYPERGLYCEMIC RAT FED GERMINATED PIGEON PEA DIET UCHEGBU NNEKA NKECHI DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
More informationInitial Assessment. Coriander Seed Oil
Initial Assessment Coriander Seed Oil Name of Applicant: Nestec Ltd. Contact person(s): Nigel Baldwin, Intertek Cantox Novel Food Classification: 2.1. Introduction An application for the authorisation
More informationBCH 447. Triglyceride Determination in Serum
BCH 447 Triglyceride Determination in Serum Introduction: Triglycerides are esters of fatty acids and are hydrolyzed by lipase to glycerol and free fatty acids. Triglyceride determinations when performed
More informationL. E. Phillip, M.V. Simpson, E. S. Idziak H and S.F. Kubow*
Ruminal and metabolic effects of pure lignin in sheep fed low and high fibre diets. L. E. Phillip, M.V. Simpson, E. S. Idziak H and S.F. Kubow* Introduction Previous studies with cattle indicated that
More informationSource Variation in Antioxidant Capacity of Cranberries from Eight U.S. Cultivars
33 Source Variation in Antioxidant Capacity of Cranberries from Eight U.S. Cultivars Peter J. Schaaf Faculty Sponsors: Margaret A. Maher and Ted Wilson, Departments of Biology/Microbiology ABSTRACT Antioxidants
More informationDr. Hayam Gad Associate Professor of Physiology College of Medicine King Saud University
Dr. Hayam Gad Associate Professor of Physiology College of Medicine King Saud University INTRODUCTION Diabetic nephropathy (DN) DN is defined as the appearance of persistent clinical albuminuria in an
More informationFat & Human Health. Types of Fats & their effect on Human Health
Fat & Human Health Why do we need Fats/Oils? Fat is an important ingredient of human diet. The functional role of fat in the diet is manifold. Fat is a most concentrated source of energy. One gram of fat
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Nayef Karadsheh
number 17 Done by Abdulrahman Alhanbali Corrected by Lara Abdallat Doctor Nayef Karadsheh 1 P a g e Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) Or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt In this lecture We will talk about the
More informationDefinition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationLipids Definition. Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups)
Lipids Definition Definition: Water insoluble No common structure (though generally large R groups) Water Solubility (Hydrophilic) What makes molecules water soluble (hydrophilic)? Like dissolves like
More informationTopic 11. Coronary Artery Disease
Topic 11 Coronary Artery Disease Lipid metabolism http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7372495.stm Sterol Metabolism and Coronary Artery Disease Big Picture: Exogenous Cholesterol and Fat Metabolism Fats-Triglycerides
More informationhttp://noodlemaz.wordpress.com/category/science/cancer/ Outline Introduction Serious nature of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) How to prevent CVD? The disease process Damage and plaque development Current
More informationAntihyperlipidemic Drugs
Antihyperlipidemic Drugs Hyperlipidemias. Hyperlipoproteinemias. Hyperlipemia. Hypercholestrolemia. Direct relationship with acute pancreatitis and atherosclerosis Structure Lipoprotein Particles Types
More informationNutrients. Chapter 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Regulation
Chapter 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, Temperature Regulation 25-1 Nutrients Chemicals used by body to produce energy, provide building blocks or function in other chemical reactions Classes Carbohydrates,
More informationTargeting intracellular arginine / asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA).
Targeting intracellular arginine / asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). From bench to practice: Novel anti-atherogenic strategies to improve endothelial function Rainer H. Böger, M.D. Institute of Clinical
More informationFats and Other Lipids
Fats and Other Lipids Chapter 6 Chapter 6: Fats and other Lipids 1 6.1 Understanding Lipids Lipids include: 1. Fatty acids 2. Triglycerides 3. Phospholipids 4. Cholesterol Oil and Water Don t Mix Because
More informationBiochem. q1) the amount of cholesterol lost per day is: +a.1g/day b.10g/week c.15g/day d.5g/day
Biochem q1) the amount of cholesterol lost per day is: +a.1g/day b.10g/week c.15g/day d.5g/day q2) which of the following carry cholestrol to peripheral tissue : a.hdl b.ldl c.vldl d.chylomicrons q3) esterification
More informationB. Element - each different kind of atom is a different element 1. Examples: C = carbon H = hydrogen
I. Chemistry study of what substances are made of and how they change and combine Structural Formula A. Atom fundamental unit of matter 1. Subatomic particles: n o = neutron p + = proton e - = electron
More informationBio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages)
Bio 366: Biological Chemistry II Test #1, 100 points (7 pages) READ THIS: Take a numbered test and sit in the seat with that number on it. Remove the numbered sticker from the desk, and stick it on the
More informationOrganic molecules highly hydrophobic and water insoluble.
UNIT 5. LIPIDS OUTLINE 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Fatty acids. 5.3. Eicosanoids. 5.4. Triacylglycerols = Triglycerides. 5.5. Waxes. 5.6. Membrane lipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. 5.7. Isoprenoids
More informationCHAPTER 28 LIPIDS SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
28 09/16/2013 17:44:40 Page 415 APTER 28 LIPIDS SLUTINS T REVIEW QUESTINS 1. The lipids, which are dissimilar substances, are arbitrarily classified as a group on the basis of their solubility in fat solvents
More informationcholesterol structure Cholesterol FAQs Cholesterol promotes the liquid-ordered phase of membranes Friday, October 15, 2010
cholesterol structure most plasma cholesterol is in the esterified form (not found in cells or membranes) cholesterol functions in all membranes (drives formation of lipid microdomains) cholesterol is
More informationUsing the Organic Acids Test Part 5 Dr. Jeff Moss
Using organic acids to resolve chief complaints and improve quality of life in chronically ill patients Part V Jeffrey Moss, DDS, CNS, DACBN jeffmoss@mossnutrition.com 413-530-08580858 (cell) 1 Summer
More informationAn amino acid for a healthy heart
AOR CODE: AOR04054 Premium Arginine An amino acid for a healthy heart A natural nitric oxide precursor Protects the heart from high blood sugar levels Helps in cellular energy production Gluten Free Vegan
More informationTopic 3: Molecular Biology
Topic 3: Molecular Biology 3.2 Carbohydrates and Lipids Essen=al Understanding: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energy. Carbohydrates CARBOHYDRATES CHO sugars Primarily consist
More information'Eat Smart' - Nutrition for a Healthy Heart
Definitions - Fats & Cholesterol Found in Blood LDL HDL 'low density lipoprotein' also known as 'bad cholesterol' major cholesterol-carrying molecule in blood delivers cholesterol to the arterial walls
More informationChemistry Chapter 21
Chemistry 2100 Chapter 21 Lipids Fa3y Acids CH oleic acid (mp 4 C) CH stearic acid (mp 70 C) Triacylglycerols Fatty Acids! The fatty acid components of triglycerides have certain things in common: 1.
More informationPathophysiology of Lipid Disorders
Pathophysiology of Lipid Disorders Henry Ginsberg, M.D. Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition CHD in the United States CHD is the single largest killer of men and women 12 million have history
More informationA COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF VCO AND OTHER UNSATURATED OIL SOURCES ON THE LIPID PROFILE OF SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF VCO AND OTHER UNSATURATED OIL SOURCES ON THE LIPID PROFILE OF SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS Rosario S. Sagum, Ph.D., Mildred A. Udarbe, MSc., Trinidad P. Trinidad, Ph.D. And
More informationLipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
CHEM 3331 Fundamentals of Biochemistry Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism Organic and Biochemistry for Today Spencer L. Seager / Michael R. Slabaugh Mr. Kevin A. Boudreaux Angelo State University
More informationThe Role of Fats. Fat provides flavour and texture to foods. Fat contributes to making us feel satiated because
The Role of Fats Fat provides flavour and texture to foods. Fat contributes to making us feel satiated because Fats are more energy dense than carbohydrates or protein Fats take longer to digest Emulsion
More information