respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways chapter DRP1 ER tubule

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Stella Ellis
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respraton chapter 3-4 mtochondra shape hghly

membrane nner membrane crstae ntermembrane

respratory enzymes endosymbont or organelle?

metabolc pathways usually n specfc locaton

1 respraton chapter 3-4 mtochondra shape hghly varable can fuse or splt structure outer membrane nner membrane crstae ntermembrane space mtochondral matrx free rbosomes respratory enzymes endosymbont or organelle? mtochondra reproducton can fuse or splt DRP - nteracts wth ER tubules olgomerzes at constrcton pont metabolc pathways metabolsm metabolc pathways usually n specfc locaton convert substrates to end products va ntermedates anabolc catabolc ER tubule DRP

Free energy, G Free energy, G redox reactons -reducton reactons reducng agent - electron donor oxdzng agent - electron

Controlled release of energy for synthess of Explosve release of heat and lght energy becomes reduced e H + / H H (a)

(from food) Dehydrogenase Reducton of xdaton of Ncotnamde (reduced form) energy processng 3 stages to energy processng

2 Free energy, G Free energy, G redox reactons -reducton reactons reducng agent - electron donor oxdzng agent - electron acceptor cellular respraton combuston H + / becomes oxdzed H + / (from food va ) H + + e Electron transport chan Controlled release of energy for synthess of Explosve release of heat and lght energy becomes reduced e H + / H H (a) Uncontrolled reacton (b) Cellular respraton oxdzng agents NAD+ - (ncotnamde adenne dnucleotde) Ncotnamde (oxdzed form) (from food) Dehydrogenase Reducton of xdaton of Ncotnamde (reduced form) energy processng 3 stages to energy processng dgeston of macromolecules breakdown of monomers Acetyl or other precursor of Acetyl C and H acetyl group pantothenc acd phosphorylated

cellular respraton glycolyss pyruvate - ctrc acd oxdatve Electrons carred

Pyruvate Acetyl MTCHNDRN Electrons carred va and H Electrons carred va and

energy nvestment energy payoff enzymes used knase somerase dehydrogenase

phosphate Phosphogluco- somerase Fructose 6- phosphate Phospho- fructoknase

ctrc acd pyruvate translocase pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 3 reactons

Phase Dhydroxyacetone phosphate 5 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvate 3

glycerate x Phospho- glyceroknase 7 3-Phospho- glycerate Phospho-

3 cellular respraton glycolyss pyruvate - ctrc acd oxdatve Electrons carred Electrons va carred va CYTSL CYTSL Pyruvate Pyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl Pyruvate Acetyl MTCHNDRN Electrons carred va and H Electrons carred va and H acd acd xdatve : and chemosmoss glycolyss glycolyss - splttng of sugar energy nvestment energy payoff enzymes used knase somerase dehydrogenase mutase NVESTMENT PAYFF xdatve Hexoknase : Energy nvestment Phase 6- phosphate Phosphogluco- somerase Fructose 6- phosphate Phospho- fructoknase 3 Fructose,6- bsphosphate Aldolase 4 of pyruvate preparaton of pyruvate for ctrc acd pyruvate translocase pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 3 reactons MTCHNDRN somerase somerase to step 6 CYTSL C Coenzyme A : Energy Payoff Phase Dhydroxyacetone phosphate 5 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Pyruvate 3 NAD+ + Acetyl + H + Trose phosphate dehydrogenase 6 P x,3-bsphospho- glycerate x Phospho- glyceroknase 7 3-Phospho- glycerate Phospho- glyceromutase 8 x -Phospho- glycerate Enolase 9 H x Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP) x Pyruvate knase 0 Pyruvate Transport proten

sources of Acetyl Acetyl - used to fuel the ctrc acd catabolc sources pyruvate - from glucose

Sugars Glyceraldehyde 3- P NH 3 Pyruvate Acetyl acd Glycerol Fats Fatty acds fatty acd spral

actvaton tholyss hydraton xdatve ctrc acd ctrc acd other names TCA, Krebs Pyruvate + H + Acetyl C

ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex NAD+ Acetyl xaloacetate 8 -SH H H acd + P C 3 3 + 3 H + H 7 H

4 sources of Acetyl Acetyl - used to fuel the ctrc acd catabolc sources pyruvate - from glucose glucose stored as glycogen fatty acd (spral) dgeston of amno acds Protens Amno acds Carbohydrates Sugars Glyceraldehyde 3- P NH 3 Pyruvate Acetyl acd Glycerol Fats Fatty acds fatty acd spral fatty acd actvated Fatty acyl- synthetase carbons trmmed per turn steps actvaton hydraton tholyss actvaton tholyss hydraton xdatve ctrc acd ctrc acd other names TCA, Krebs Pyruvate + H + Acetyl C stepwse oxaloacetate + acetyl --> (6 carbon) ctrate decomposed back to oxaloacetate + ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex NAD+ Acetyl xaloacetate 8 -SH H H acd + P C H + H 7 H Malate Ctrate Fumarate Succnate acd GTP GDP P -SH Succnyl + soctrate 3 NAD+ + C α-ketoglutarate 6 4 -SH 5 C NAD+

5 Free energy (G) relatve to (kcal/mol) Free energy (G) relatve to (kcal/mol) Reduced coenzymes and H used to produce - account for most of the energy produced oxdatve energy from redox reactons used to produce Proten complex of electron carrers Cyt c electron tranport chan multproten complexes accept and donate electrons FMN each tme, electrons lose free energy H + pumped out chemosmoss potental energy stored n H + Cyt c gradent used to synthesze e e H Cyt b Cyt c Multproten complexes Cyt a Cyt a 3 H + / H synth- ase 0 e (orgnally from or H ) NAD (carryng electrons from food) + P 0 H + + / Electron transport chan xdatve Chemosmoss H types of electron carrers flavoprotens cytochromes three copper atoms ubqunone ron sulfur protens e FMN e H Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c Multproten complexes Cyt a e (orgnally from or H ) H + + / Cyt a 3 complex dehydrogenase flavn mononucleotde ron-sulfur proten complex succnate dehydrogenase H - lower energy complex cytochrome bc complex cytocrome c oxdase 4 Proten complex of electron carrers NAD+ (carryng electrons from food) H 4 Cyt c + / - proton dfferental = ( per par of e- ) H H

proton motve force -synthase exergonc flow of H + used to power producton F0 Rotor 0-4

motve force molecular mll F0 H + flows nto half channel bnds wth rotor subunts rotor

formed open released energy accountng about 3 molecules produced from glucose uncouplng

6 proton motve force -synthase exergonc flow of H + used to power producton F0 Rotor 0-4 subunts rotor turns F0 F catalytc porton nternal rod NTERMEMBRANE SPACE Stator proton motve force molecular mll F0 H + flows nto half channel bnds wth rotor subunts rotor turns F nternal rod spns catalytc porton fxed F0 F Catalytc knob F + P MTCHNDRAL MATRX bndng change mech. catalyss of three bndng stes three conformatons (actve ste) loose bnds wth and P tght formed open released energy accountng about 3 molecules produced from glucose uncouplng protens brown fat Electron shuttles span membrane H 6 Pyruvate or Pyruvate Acetyl acd MTCHNDRN H xdatve : and chemosmoss about 6 or 8 Maxmum per glucose: About 30 or 3 CYTSL

release of C + P R NAD + + H + Pyruvate eukaryotes f not avalable - pyruvate undergoes fermentaton Lactate

7 anaerobc anaerobc what f there s no? fermentaton glycolyss -> pyruvate / pyruvate -> reduced to lactate no release of C pyruvate -> reduced to EtH release of C + P R NAD + + H + Pyruvate eukaryotes f not avalable - pyruvate undergoes fermentaton Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate related organelles peroxsomes smlar to mtochondra n some ways form from pre-exstng organelles mport pre-formed protens oxdatve metabolsm glyoxysomes specalzed peroxsome n plants

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways chapter 13-14

respiration mitochondria mitochondria metabolic pathways chapter 13-14 respraton chapter 3-4 mtochondra shape hghly varable can fuse or splt structure outer membrane nner membrane crstae ntermembrane space mtochondral matrx free rbosomes respratory enzymes mtochondra reproducton