Maths skills. for biologists Biology. Planning field investigations. Planning field investigations. Asking ecological questions

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1 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47

2 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47

3 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47

4 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47

5 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47

6 Hypothei Statemet which ca be cietifically teted to eplai certai fact Predictio Statemet of what might happe i the future or i related ituatio Deigig a amplig trategy well deiged amplig trategy hould be: Ubiaed No prejudice to a pecific outcome Repeatable If uig the ame method, imilar reult are obtaied Reproducible If repeated by aother pero, imilar reult are obtaied Repreetative Sample are choe to reflect relevat characteritic of the whole populatio Valid perimetal deig i uitable to awer the quetio beig aked Samplig Sample data et elected from the populatio by a defied procedure. I other word, a mall part of the populatio that i iteded to how what the whole populatio i like Sub-ample ample of a ample Sample area The whole area o the groud from which the ample i take Idetifyig uit ad meaure of abudace (depedet variable) Frequecy How may time each pecie i preet i ample withi a give area. Ca be epreed a a percetage amplig trategie mathematical ad tatitical kill data preetatio cology Math 3Jul8.idd e.g. i a gridded quadrat of quare, 8 quare are at leat half-occupied by a particular plat pecie: % frequecy i thi quadrat = 8 = 8% Cover etimate of the area covered by a pecie (motly ued i plat ivetigatio). Ca be epreed a a percetage ccuracy, preciio ad error verage Stadard deviatio Meaurig diverity Ubiaed ub-ample ca be take from a ample area uig a quadrat by: May orgaim are motile (they ca move) o other amplig equipmet may be required. Poit hould till be elected by radom, ytematic or tratified amplig True value Value that would be obtaied i a ideal meauremet Mea Sum of all value divided by ample ize (). Ued for ormally ditributed iterval data: meaure of diperio of ormally ditributed data aroud a mea. There are two type: Specie riche The umber of differet pecie Radom amplig Data defiitio Idepedet variable variable which i chaged or elected by the ivetigator Depedet variable variable which i meaured for each chage i the idepedet variable Cotrol variable variable which ha to be kept cotat (or at leat moitored) Quatitative data Meauremet (e.g. umber, frequecie, rate, ize) Qualitative data Subjective aemet: Specie lit The ame of pecie preet CFOR cale eample might be plat percetage cover where: budat > 8%, Commo = 5-8%, Frequet = -5%, Occaioal = 5-%, Rare < 5% very poit mut have a equal chace of beig choe. ume coditio are the ame acro the ample area. Mot ofte ued whe comparig two cotratig area Obervatio take i a plaed patter Ordial data Data ordered o a arbitrary cale (e.g. level of aggreio i ape) Categorical (dicotiuou) data: Value give label (e.g. red, pik or blue flower). No obviou orderig of categorie (called omial data) Obervatio take at regular iterval alog a traect, epecially where there i variatio acro the area. Ofte ued whe ivetigatig relatiohip C C lie traect cotiuou iterrupted Stratified amplig D Cotiuou data Numerical value give a magitude by coutig, rakig or meauremet Iterval data Data ordered, ad the differece i equal ad tadardied (e.g. differece betwee C ad C i the ame a betwee 4 C ad 5 C) F D ccuracy How cloe reult i to the true value Preciio How much pread there i about the mea value Pod et for amplig orgaim from till or ruig water, e.g. by toe wahig ad kick or weep amplig Sytematic (o-radom) amplig Matched (or paired) data value from oe data et correpod with a value from aother data et Umatched (or upaired) data value from oe data et doe ot correpod with a particular value from aother data et Further Preetig iformatio data Samplig motile orgaim Obervatio take from pre-elected part of the larger ample area. The part are actively elected to how a particular patter Sweep et F Fie-meh et for catchig iect flyig above or aroud vegetatio ccurate G eatig tray G Place a white H heet o the groud below vegetatio. eat ad hake the brache o that ivertebrate fall oto the heet Pooter H Ued to catch ivertebrate directly from leave Mark-releae-recapture Techique for etimatig populatio ize of motile orgaim. Take a ample from the populatio. Cout ad mark them (= M). Releae the ample back ito the populatio 3. llow time for marked idividual to migle radomly withi the populatio 4. Take a ecod ample i the ame way 5. Cout total umber i the ecod ample (= S) ad umber recaptured, i.e. thoe marked i the firt ample (= R) 6. timated populatio ize (= P) i calculated uig the Licol Ide: P= MS R M = imal marked i firt ample S = Total aimal i ecod ample R = Recaptured i ecod ample Precie Not accurate Populatio tadard deviatio (σ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample mea () Oly a ample of idividual i a populatio i meaured Sample tadard deviatio () Oly a ample i meaured. Mot commoly ued with ecological data Media Middle value if data ordered from lowet to highet. Data do ot have to be ormally ditributed. Ued for iterval or ordial data Not precie True mea (μ) very idividual i a populatio i meaured Reolutio Smallet chage i quatity that give a perceptible chage i the readig whe uig a meaurig itrumet Ucertaity Iterval withi which the true value ca be epected to lie, with a give level of cofidece, e.g. temperature i C ± C, at a level of cofidece of 5% Calibratio markig a cale o a meaurig itrumet uig referece value, e.g. placig a thermometer i meltig ice to ee if it read C, i order to check if it i calibrated correctly Meauremet error Differece betwee a meaured value ad the true value Radom error Caue readig to be pread about the true value due to upredictable variatio. Ca be reduced by takig repeat Sytematic error Caue readig to differ from the true value by a coitet amout for each meauremet. Caot be dealt with by repeat omaly value i a et of reult judged ot to be part of the variatio caued by radom ucertaity Mode Value i a data et which occur mot ofte. Ca be ued with cotiuou or categorical (omial) data Σ (i ) = i = idividual value = ample mea were meaured i three differet habitat kewed ditributio bimodal ditributio media ± iterquartile rage decribe diperio for a o-ormal ditributio rea ad are ued i the worked eample of pecie diverity idice. Specie riche i the ame i both (3), but pecie diverity i differet D= Rage Differece betwee maimum ad miimum value of a particular data et No-ormal ditributio Meauremet do ot form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve We aim to ecourage ad develop paio for the atural world from a youg age through the FSC Kid Fud, Youg Darwi Scholarhip ad through family holiday. We offer 35 wildlife, coervatio ad atural hitory coure each year, workig i parterhip with The Mammal Society, ritih cological Society ad the ritih Trut for Orithology to ame a few which offer burarie to help people atted our coure. Shell legth (cm) Woodlad Field edge rage Woodlad Field edge Stadard error If more ample were take, differet ample mea would be foud. The tadard error of the mea i the tadard deviatio of all thee ample mea aroud the true mea. It how how cloe the ample mea i to the true mea = tadard error = ample tadard deviatio N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie N (N ) Σ ( ) The purpoe of the ritih cological Society i to geerate, commuicate ad promote ecological kowledge ad olutio. We are a thrivig ot for profit orgaiatio with over 6,5 member acro the world. Our activitie iclude; cietific publihig, coferece, educatio, public egagemet ad grat givig to upport the ecological ciece commuity i the UK ad the developig world. D rage from (oly pecie) to ifiity (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit ( ) 8 Σ ( ) = 7 N (N ) = 87 D = 3. Sample mea are the ame ( cm), but data are dipered differetly about the mea = ach year over 35, publicatio are produced icludig fold-out chart to help people idetify ad lear about what they ecouter outdoor a well a high quality, clearly writte idetificatio guide for o-pecialit. Simpo Diverity Ide Worked eample: tadard deviatio decribe diperio for a ormal ditributio Specie diverity Uiformity (or evee) of the umber of pecie ad their relative abudace Diperio Spread of data Normal ditributio Whe meauremet are plotted o a frequecy hitogram they form a ymmetrical bell-haped curve. Mea i the middle, with equal umber of maller ad larger value o either ide mea ± tadard deviatio The FSC i paioate about it caue ad it log-tadig hitory of helpig people develop their kowledge of biology, ecology ad taoomy which pa may locatio, ivolve umerou orgaiatio ad beefit people at variou tage of their life. The quare of the tadard deviatio i called the variace () Meaure of diperio frequecy Math kill for biologit im Statemet of what you are tryig to fid out Mathematical kill How to decide o ample poit frequecy 6- iology Deity The umber of idividual i a give area (e.g. umber of buttercup plat i a quadrat) Mathematical kill frequecy kig ecological quetio For more iformatio about the S viit: ( ) Σ ( ) = 756 N (N ) = 87 D =.5 Simpo-Yule Diverity Ide D= Σ( N ) ach year FSC ru a rage of idetifcatio coure o iect, from a atiowide etwork of tudy Cetre. Fid out more at: N = total orgaim all pecie = orgaim i each pecie FSC alo provide a wide rage of wildlife guide to help you get to grip with idetificatio. Fid out more at: D rage from (oly pecie) to (may pecie, all equally abudat). D ha o uit /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.33 D =.67 /N (/N) Σ ( / N) =.87 D =.3 Thi guide wa developed by Mark Ward ad Simo Norma with the aitace of Yoeph raya, Da Forma, Pe Hollad, Louie Joho, Sara Marham, Rachel White ad my Padfield. Field Studie Coucil, ritih cological Society. Tet ad cocept FSC 8. OP8. ISN /7/8 5:47