Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acetaminophen in chronic pain management, 225 Acupuncture in chronic pain management, 251, Ajurvedic medicine in chronic pain management, 340 Alexander Technique for nonspecific low back pain, Anesthesia/anesthetics local in chronic pain management, 250 Anticonvulsant(s) in chronic pain management, side effects of, 235 Antidepressant(s) in chronic pain management, for gate control and descending pain modulation, Anxiety disorders chronic pain and psychiatric perspective on, B Benzodiazepine(s) in chronic pain management, Biologically based therapies in chronic pain management, body awareness therapy, breath pattern retraining, 335 natural medicine therapies, 335 prolotherapy, 336 SMT, 334 therapeutic massage, 334 TrP manipulation, 336 Body awareness therapy in chronic pain management, Bone(s) NSAIDs effects on, 228 Botulinum toxin (BTx) in chronic pain management, 250, Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 26 (2015) /15/$ see front matter ª 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. pmr.theclinics.com

2 414 Breath pattern retraining in chronic pain management, 335 BTx. See Botulinum toxin (BTx) Buprenorphine in chronic pain, 210 C Calcium channel blockers in chronic pain management, 235 CAM. See Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Cancer pain CAM for, 327 Cannabinoid(s) in chronic pain management, Capsaicin in chronic pain management, 242 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) NSAIDs for chronic pain and, 227 CDH. See Chronic daily headache (CDH) Central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain, clinical applicability of, detection of, measurement of endogenous modulation in, 177 measurement of temporal summation in, objective assessments in, 177 psychophysical assessments in, referred pain areas in, 177 spread of pain in, 177 evidence for, 178 introduction, limitations of, 178 reference values in, 179 reliability of, 179 therapeutic options for, validity of, 179 Central sensitization in chronic pain, 234 Centrally mediated pain after whiplash injury, Cervicobrachial pain after whiplash injury, Cervicothoracic pain after whiplash injury, Children pain management in, 352 Chronic daily headache (CDH), defined, 376 introduction, medication overuse and,

3 patient evaluation for, prognosis of, 386 treatment of combination therapies in, 384 complications of, 384 nerve blocks in, 384 nonpharmacologic, open-label trials in, 383 pharmacologic, preventive, 382 short-term, resistance to, 384 risk factors in addressing modifiable, surgical, 384 Chronic migraine, prognosis of, 386 Chronic pain after whiplash injury, See also Whiplash injury, chronic pain after assessment of, clinical observations based on, avoid excessive advanced imaging studies, avoid medicalizing patients, 197 chronic widespread pain, 196 consistency of clinical examination findings, 197 influence of posttraumatic stress, 196 influence of Social Security disability, low back pain and falling, restorative sleep, 196 clinical presentation in, dreaded Ds in, integrative approach to, 188 introduction, 185 patient history in, physical examination in, pitfalls in, workers compensation in, central sensitization in, 234 defined, 220 exercise effects on, See also specific pain, e.g., Fibromyalgia exercise therapy for, See also Exercise therapy, for chronic pain injections for, See also specific types and Injection(s), for chronic pain management of. See also specific methods CAM in, See also Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in chronic pain management nonmedical and nonpharmacological interventions in, 212 nonopioid medications in, See also specific medications and Nonopioid medications, for chronic pain opioid therapy in, See also Opioid therapy, in chronic pain TPIs in, , musculoskeletal 415

4 416 Chronic (continued) central hypersensitivity in, See also Central hypersensitivity, in chronic musculoskeletal pain principles of, 220 psychiatric perspective on, anxiety disorders, depression, introduction, PTSD, referral recommendations, substance use disorders, psychological perspective on, described, referral recommendations, treatments, 294 Cinnamon as supplement, 315 Circadian shifting, 307 Codeine in chronic pain, 209 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in chronic pain management, biologically based therapies, See also Biologically based therapies, in chronic pain management for cancer pain, 327 emergence of, energy-based therapies, See also Energy-based therapies evidence-based CAM, challenges of, allocation, 330 blinding, 328, 330 end points, expectations, 330 publication bias, 331 described, 328 sources of, 329 for headaches, 327 introduction, 321 for low back pain, reasons for, types of evidence regarding, conventional medicine vs., defined, described, indications for, users of, Complementary medicine. See Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) exercise effects on, 269 Corticosteroid(s)

5 417 in chronic pain management, 229, 250 COX-1 agents. See Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) agents COX-2 agents. See Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) agents Craniosacral therapy in chronic pain management, 339 CRPS. See Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) Curcumin as supplement, CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) agents in chronic pain management, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) agents in chronic pain management, D Depression chronic pain and psychiatric perspective on, Descending pain modulation antidepressants in, Diabetes prevalence of, 310 Diet(s) special, Disc injury after whiplash injury, 363 DN. See Dry needling (DN) Drug(s) as supplements safety of, 312 Dry needling (DN) in chronic pain management, E Endogenous modulation measurement of in central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain detection, 177 Energy-based therapies in chronic pain management, acupuncture, 251, Ajurvedic medicine, 340 craniosacral therapy, 339 energy healing therapies, homeopathy, LLLT, 338 magnetic therapy, 337 microcurrent stimulation, 337 Oriental medicine, putative therapies,

6 418 Energy-based (continued ) reiki, touch therapies, veritable therapies, Energy healing therapies in chronic pain management, Evidence-based complementary medicine, See also Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in chronic pain management, evidence-based CAM Exercise effects on pain, CRPS, 269 fibromyalgia, 268 nonspecific low back pain, osteoarthritis, Exercise therapy for chronic pain, introduction, patient evaluation for, prescription and guidelines for, F Facet injury after whiplash injury, Falling low back pain and, Fentanyl in chronic pain, 210 Fibromyalgia exercise effects on, 268 Flexibility exercises for nonspecific low back pain, 271 G Gate control antidepressants in, Ginger as supplement, 314 H Headache(s) after whiplash injury, CAM for, 327 chronic daily, See also Chronic daily headache (CDH) Homeopathy in chronic pain management, Hypersensitivity central

7 419 in chronic musculoskeletal pain, See also Central hypersensitivity, in chronic musculoskeletal pain I IMS. See Intramuscular stimulation (IMS) Injection(s) for chronic pain, See also specific types, e.g., Trigger point injections (TPIs) BTx, introduction, 249 RITs, TPIs, Injured workers (IWs) pain and, case example, challenges related to, introduction, societal background, Insomnia. See also Sleep patterns identification of pain management related to, 301 management of pain management related to, 301 pharmacologic, Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation, as alternative to surgery for lumbar discogenic pain, economics of, 355 evidence basis of care, introduction, opioid dependence reduction with, pediatric pain management, 352 structure of, Intramuscular stimulation (IMS) in chronic pain management, IWs. See Injured workers (IWs) J Jaw pain after whiplash injury, 368 K Ketamine for chronic pain, 241 Kidney(s) NSAIDs effects on, L LLLT. See Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) Local anesthetics

8 420 Local (continued ) in chronic pain management, 250 Low back pain CAM for, falling related to, nonspecific exercise effects on, general flexibility, 271 McKenzie exercises, mind/body techniques of motor control, multidisciplinary pain management programs/functional restoration, 272 spine stabilization exercises, 270 strength and endurance training, 271 Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in chronic pain management, 338 Lumbar discogenic pain interdisciplinary pain as alternative to surgery for, M Macronutrients, 311 Magnesium in chronic pain management, 242 as supplement, 314 Magnetic therapy in chronic pain management, 337 Massage therapeutic in chronic pain management, 334 McKenzie exercises for nonspecific low back pain, Melatonin production, Menthol in chronic pain management, 242 Meperidine in chronic pain, 210 Microcurrent stimulation in chronic pain management, 337 Micronutrients, 311 Migraine(s) chronic, prognosis of, 386 medication overuse and, progression of risk factors for, 377 Mind/body techniques of motor control for nonspecific low back pain, Morphine in chronic pain, 209 MPS. See Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) MTrP. See Myofascial trigger point (MTrP)

9 421 Multidisciplinary pain management programs/functional restoration for nonspecific low back pain, 272 Muscle spasm skeletal myth of, Musculoskeletal pain chronic central hypersensitivity in, See also Central hypersensitivity, in chronic musculoskeletal pain Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) described, 249 Myofascial trigger point (MTrP), 249 N Natural medicine therapies in chronic pain management, 335 Nerve blocks in CDH management, 384 Neurologic syndromes after whiplash injury, Neuropathic pain chronic nonopioid medications for, pharmacotherapy for caveats regarding, 234 Nonopioid medications for chronic pain, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, capsaicin, 242 diagnosis-based selection of pharmacotherapy, acetaminophen, 225 corticosteroids, 229 COX-1 and COX-2 selective agents, NSAIDs, risk factors related to, sleep management, effectiveness of assessment of, introduction, ketamine, 241 magnesium, 242 menthol, 242 neuropathic pain related, reasons for, Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in chronic pain management,

10 422 Nonsteroidal (continued) drug-drug interactions, 228 monitoring of, 228 risk factors related to, bone-related, 228 CVD, 227 kidney-related, Reye syndrome, 228 tendon-related, 228 transdermal in chronic pain management, 228 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Nutrition pain and, introduction, long-term recommendations related to, 316 macronutrients, 311 nicronutrients, 311 outcome evaluation, 316 special diets, supplements, See also Supplements, nutritional patient evaluation of, 310 O Obesity prevalence of, 310 Omega-3 oils as supplements, 313 Opioid dependence interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation in reducing, Opioid switching, Opioid therapy in chronic pain, adverse effects of, decision to treat, 204 dependence and addiction related to, efficacy of, 213 factors in reducing risks of chronic treatment in, urine toxicology, 206 weaning, written agreements, initiation of, introduction, outcomes of, patient selection for, 202 pharmacologic and dose considerations in, dosing guidance, long acting vs. short acting, 212 medication choices, opioid switching,

11 423 principles of, Oriental medicine in chronic pain management, Osteoarthritis exercise effects on, P Pain. See also Lumbar discogenic pain; specific types, e.g., Cervicothoracic pain cancer CAM for, 327 chronic. See Chronic pain exercise effects on, in IWs, See also Injured workers (IWs) management of pediatric, 352 sleep patterns in, See also Sleep patterns, considerations in pain management nonopioid medications for, See also specific medications and Nonopioid medications, for chronic pain nutrition and, See also Nutrition, pain and spread of in central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain detection, 177 Pain management program. See also Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation structure of, Panic disorder chronic pain and psychiatric perspective on, Pediatric pain management, 352 Peripheral nerve injuries after whiplash injury, Posttraumatic headache after whiplash injury, Posttraumatic peripheral nerve injuries after whiplash injury, Posttraumatic stress chronic pain affected by, 196 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) chronic pain and psychiatric perspective on, Prolotherapy in chronic pain management, 336 Psychiatric perspective on chronic pain, See also Chronic pain, psychiatric perspective on Psychological perspective on chronic pain, See also Chronic pain, psychological perspective on Psychophysical assessments in central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain detection, PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

12 424 R Referred pain areas in central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain detection, 177 Regenerative injections (RITs) in chronic pain management, Rehabilitation interdisciplinary pain, See also Interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation Reiki in chronic pain management, Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 304 Restorative sleep chronic pain and, 196 Reye syndrome NSAIDs and, 228 RITs. See Regenerative injections (RITs) RLS. See Restless legs syndrome (RLS) S Sensitization central in chronic pain, 234 Shoulder injury after whiplash injury, Skeletal muscle spasm myth of, Sleep requirements for, 302 restorative chronic pain and, 196 Sleep fragmentation causes of, Sleep patterns. See also Insomnia considerations in pain management, chronic pain related, restorative sleep, 196 circadian shifting, 307 identification and management of insomnia, 301 melatonin production, pharmacotherapy for, RLS, 304 Sleep wake cycles, 305 SMT. See Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) Social Security disability influence on chronic pain, Sodium channel blockers in chronic pain management, Special diets, Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) in chronic pain management, 334

13 425 Spine stabilization exercises for nonspecific low back pain, 270 STOP BANG questionnaire, 303 Strength and endurance training for nonspecific low back pain, 271 Stress posttraumatic chronic pain affected by, 196 Substance use disorders chronic pain and psychiatric perspective on, Supplements drug safety of, 312 nutritional, cinnamon, 315 curcumin, ginger, 314 magnesium, 314 omega-3 oils, 313 turmeric, 314 vitamin B 12, 313 vitamin C, vitamin D, T Tai Chi for nonspecific low back pain, 272 Tapentadol in chronic pain, 210 Temporal summation measurement of in central hypersensitivity in chronic musculoskeletal pain detection, Tendon(s) NSAIDs effects on, 228 Therapeutic massage in chronic pain management, 334 Thoracic outlet syndrome after whiplash injury, Touch therapies in chronic pain management, TPIs. See Trigger point injections (TPIs) Tramadol in chronic pain, 210 Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in chronic pain management side effects of desirable, undesirable,

14 426 Trigger point injections (TPIs) in chronic pain management, acupuncture, 251, BTx, 250 corticosteroids, 250 DN, IMS, local anesthetics, 250 mechanism of action of, Trigger point (TrP) manipulation in chronic pain management, 336 TrP manipulation. See Trigger point (TrP) manipulation Turmeric as supplement, 314 V Vitamin(s) as supplements B 12, 313 C, D, W Whiplash injury chronic pain after, centrally mediated pain, cervicobrachial pain and neurologic syndromes, cervicothoracic pain, disc injury, 363 facet injury, introduction, jaw pain, 368 posttraumatic headache, posttraumatic peripheral nerve and other upper extremity injuries, shoulder injury, thoracic outlet syndrome, Y Yoga for nonspecific low back pain,