Challenges for the control of avian influenza and preparedness for future pandemics in humans

Transcription

1 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Multi-Sectoral Collaboration for the Prevention and Control of Zoonoses October 2015, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Session 2 Situation update on Zoonoses Challenges for the control of avian influenza and preparedness for future pandemics in humans Hiroshi Kida Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control

2 For the control of avian influenza and preparedness for future pandemics 1. Why have the H5N1 HPAIVs persisted in poultry for 19 years and been antigenic variants selected? Misuse of vaccine. 2. Will the HPAIVs returned to migratory birds persist in nature? Contamination of HPAIVs in the nesting lakes of migratory ducks has occurred. Prompt eradication of the H5N1 HPAIVs from poultry in Asia is urgently needed. 3. How should avian influenza be controlled? For the containment and eradication of avian influenza viruses in the poultry flocks infected, enhanced surveillance, early detection, culling the flock, movement restriction, and strengthening hygiene without misuse of vaccine should be done. Vaccine should be carefully used in addition to, not instead of stamping out. 4. Will H5N1 HPAIV and H7N9 LPAIV cause pandemic influenza? It is unlikely to occur; direct transmission of AIV from birds has been found only to specific individuals who have receptor for avian virus strains, and thus human-human transmission has not occurred, but may occur via pigs. H5N1 or H7N9 are not only candidates of pandemic strains. 5. Are the measures for the control of seasonal flu satisfactory? Pandemic influenza viruses are highly transmissible but lower pathogenic in humans than seasonal influenza viruses. How to control pandemic influenza should be based on the measures for the control of seasonal influenza. Especially seasonal flu vaccines should be drastically improved since current split vaccines prepared by ether- or detergent-disruption are not immunogenic enough. Global surveillance of avian, swine and human influenza, and drastic improvement of seasonal flu vaccines are of crucial importance.

3 Human pandemic influenza 1968 Hong Kong flu 1918 Spanish flu 1957 Asian flu 2009 H1N1 pdm flu H1N1 H2N8 H3N8 H1N1 H2N2 H1N1(Russian type) H3N (year) In 16 countries First Isolation Human cases of H5N1 HPAIV infection of influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997 and 2003~present from human (H5N8) (H5N1) 2007(H5N1) (H5N1) Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N1, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7) Outbreak of HPAI caused by H7N7 virus in Japan Outbreaks of HPAI caused by H5 AI viruses in Japan Highly pathogenic avian influenza

4 Influenza is a typical zoonosis. Ducks are the natural host of influenza A viruses. H1N1 H1N2 H3N2 H2N3, H3N1, H3N3, H3N8, H4N6, H5N1, H5N2, H9N2 H1N1 H2N2 H3N2 (H2N8,H3N8) H5N1,H7N7, H9N2 H3N8 H7N7 H1-H12 N1-9 H3N8,H5N1 H5N1 H1-10 N1-9 H1-7, H9-16 N1-9 H1-16 N1-9 H3N3 H4N5 H7N7 H1-7, H9-11 N1-4, N6-8 H1N3, H13N2, H13N9 H3N2 H5N1 H10N4

5 Duck influenza Each of the known subtypes (H1-16, N1-9) of influenza A virus has been isolated from ducks. In ducks, viruses replicate in the colon, being shed with feces in a week, and non-pathogenic. Water-borne fecal-oral transmission Ducks carry and provide viruses during migration and over-wintering. Influenza viruses circulating in ducks are highly static antigenically and genetically. In winter, Influenza viruses eluted from feces of ducks are preserved in frozen water of the lakes where ducks nest in summer. Migratory duck is the natural host of influenza A viruses. Kida et al (1980) Infect Immun; (1987) Virology

6 Acquisition of pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses in chickens APAIV > 6 Months LPAIV HPAIV (H5 or H7)

7 Return of the HPAIV from domestic poultry to migratory water birds APAIV > 6-9 months LPAIV HPAIV (H5 or H7)

8 62 Countries where H5N1 HPAIV infections were reported in wild birds, poultry, and both Japan, Republic of Korea, China, Mongolia, Myanmar, Lao PDR, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan; Afghanistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel; Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Poland, Slovenia, Bosnia & Herzegovina; Greece, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Spain, England, Ireland; Djibouti, Gaza Strip, Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Cote d Ivoire

9 Confirmed human cases of H5N1 HPAIV infection Country DeathsCases China Viet Nam Indonesia Egypt Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand Iraq Azerbaijan Turkey Djibouti Nigeria Myanmar Pakistan Bangladesh Canada China Viet Nam Indonesia Egypt Thailand Cambodia Total As of 17 July 2015 WHO (2015)

10 Bird flu vaccines Vietnam: H5N2 and H5N1 (Adjuvant inactivated vaccines) China: H5N1 and recombinant NDV ( Reverse genetics inactivated vaccines) Indonesia: H5N1, H5N2, H5N9 and recombinant H5N1 (inactivated vaccines) Egypt: since 2006 Thailand: Officially prohibited vaccination in 2006 As a stockpile, Singapore: H5N2 ( Inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine) Japan: H5N1 and H7N7 (Oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines) Pakistan: H5N1, H5N2, H5N9, and H5N3 (Water based with alum hydroxide and oil based with mineral oil)

11 Influenza Vaccine for bird flu may prevent manifestation of disease signs and decrease the amount of virus shed, but does not confer protective immunity from infection. Stamping-out policy is recommended for the control of avian influenza. Vaccination was not primarily recommended but later approved as one of the options applied only under DIVA based strategy. Country where vaccine is used is not designated as HPAI-free. leads silent spread of virus.

12 Human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection as of 23 February 2015, WHO

13 Human pandemic influenza 1968 Hong Kong flu 1918 Spanish flu 1957 Asian flu 2009 H1N1 pdm flu H1N1 H2N8 H3N8 H1N1 H2N2 H1N1(Russian type) H3N (year) In 16 countries First Isolation Human cases of H5N1 HPAIV infection of influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997 and 2003~present from human (H5N8) (H5N1) 2007(H5N1) (H5N1) Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N8, H5N9, H7N1, H7N3, H7N4, H7N7) Outbreak of HPAI caused by H7N7 virus in Japan Outbreaks of HPAI caused by H5 AI viruses in Japan Highly pathogenic avian influenza

14 Rout of transmission of the genes of pandemic strains Migratory duck Aduck xx (H3N?) Domestic duck Pond Virus shedding Genetic reassortment AAsian67 (H2N2) 1968 HK AHongKong68 (H3N2) 1918 Spanish virus (H1N1) 1957 Asian virus (H2N2) and even 1918 Spanish flu virus (H1N1) must have appeared similarly.

15 The role of pigs in the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains Pigs are susceptible to avian influenza viruses of each of the all known HA subtypes. Genetic reassortants were generated in the cells lining upper respiratory tract of pig upon concurrent infection with mammalian and avian strains. The HA of avian influenza virus acquires binding specificity to human receptor during passages in pigs. Kida H et al (1994) J Gen Virol; Shichinohe et al (2013) Virology

16 Candidates of future pandemic strain H1-H16 and N1-N9 subtypes of influenza A viruses perpetuate in the lakes where ducks nest in nature. It is believed that 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, 2009 H1N1 pdm and even 1918 H1N1 viruses are reassortants between AIV and the preceding human strains and the HAs of those are originated from duck influenza viruses. Pigs are susceptible to each of avian and mammalian influenza viruses, generating reassortants. Avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes for reassortants; None of the 16 HA subtypes can be ruled out as potential candidates for future pandemics. Global surveillance of swine flu as well as avian flu is important.

17 goose turkey quail Low Pathogenic AIV 6-9Months chickens HPAIV duck pig Human virus Apathogenic AIV X Genetic Reassortant virus Pandemic virus Avian virus and human pandemic virus strains

18 Library of vaccine strain candidates Influenza viruses of 75 combinations of the HA and NA subtypes have been isolated from fecal samples of ducks in Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, Taiwan, China, and Japan (black). 69 other combinations have been generated by genetic reassortment procedure in the lab (red).. Thus, 2,400 avian influenza viruses of 144 combinations of HA and NA subtypes have been stocked as vaccine strain candidates. Their pathogenicity, antigenicity, genetic information and yield in chicken embryo have been analyzed, databased, and opened for Web site (

19 How to prepare for pandemic influenza should be based upon how to control seasonal influenza Drastic improvement of seasonal flu vaccine and biological standard Short term goal: 1. Improvement of the immunological potency of seasonal flu vaccines; Clinical evaluation of inactivated vaccine of purified whole virus particles Drastic revision of biological standard 2. Preemptive preparation of vaccine by forestall of antigenic variants on the basis of global surveillance and bioinformatics. Good by backward selection of vaccine strains. Long term goal: 1. Development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines 2. Development of effective and safe adjuvants Points: 1. Influenza is a typical acute infection. 2. Influenza is not eradicable, seasonal influenza must come every year.

20 Current vaccines for influenza *most widely used 1. Whole virus vaccines: purified inactivated viruses 2. Split virus vaccines: purified inactivated virus particles disrupted by detergent 3. Subunit or surface antigen vaccines: the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) further enriched from the other components in core 4. Live attenuated virus vaccines: live virus attenuated by reassortment of HA and NA onto cold-adapted master strain Most produced in eggs, some now in mammalian cell culture

21 Recent focus of attention has been conserved regions in the HA stem for the development of an universal vaccine Nat Med Sep;21(9): Hemagglutinin-stem nanoparticles generate heterosubtypic influenza protection. (Hadi M Yassine, Gary Nabel, Barney S Graham et al) Science Express 2015 Aug: A stable trimeric influenza hemagglutinin stem as a broadly protective immunogen. (Antonietta Impagliazzo, Jaap Goudsmit, Ian Wilson, et al) Grave doubts about the use of both vaccines based on these immunogens and therapeutic Ab to stem. On the basis of the concept of the mechanism of the antigen presentation, molecular structure of vaccine components is not important at all.

22 Development and practical use of seasonal influenza vaccines of global standard by the cooperation of all Japan industries, universities, academic societies and government Preclinical and clinical studies on seasonal influenza vaccines prepared from the inactivated whole virus particles 1) All of 5 influenza vaccine producers in Japan participate in the program (All Japan). 2) Comparison of immunogenicity and safety between whole virus particle vaccine and split vaccines. Viruses, cultured in the cells or embryonated chicken eggs and purified are subjected to prepare whole particle vaccines and ether-disrupted split vaccines by each of the vaccine producers. Vaccines prepared are subjected to the tests of immunological potency and safety in mice, ferrets, and monkeys for the preclinical tests, and humans for clinical tests. 3) Evaluation of the results of the tests. 4) Radical revision of biological standard for vaccines for human use. 5) Each member studies on the route of inoculation of the vaccines and adjuvants for independently. 6) Participants to this program: Industries; Kitasato-Daiichi-Sankyo, Takeda Chemical Ids Co, Handaibiken-kai, Kaketsu-ken, Denka-Seiken Universities; Hokkaido Univ, Univ Melbourne Government; NIID, MHLW, MEXT 7) Budget: MHLW, MEXT, JSPS, JST, AMED and so on

23 6th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Multi-Sectoral Collaboration for the Prevention and Control of Zoonoses For the control of avian influenza and preparedness for future pandemics in humans WHO-OIE-FAO-HU, October 2015 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, HU, Sapporo, Japan Recommendation Hiroshi Kida Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control

24 26th CONFERENCE OF THE OIE REGIONAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA, THE FAR EAST AND OCEANIA Shanghai, People s Republic of China, November 2009 RECOMMENDATION FOR THE CONTROL OF AVIAN INFLUENZA It is considered that; H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strains have persisted in domestic poultry for 14 years and antigenic variants have been selected mainly due to the misuse of vaccine. HPAI has been put under control in several countries. Stamping out policy is proved to be the most effective measures for the control HPAI. Avian flu vaccine is used in 4 countries where HPAI has not been controlled. Vaccine is used instead of stamping out in 2 countries and in the other 2 countries, basically in addition to stamping out. Sentinel bids are put in the vaccinated poultry population in Viet Nam and not in the other 3 countries where vaccine is used. Compensation for livestock owners is done in most countries in case of stamping out. It is recommended that; Since stamping out is the best and ultimate measure for the control of HPAI, vaccine should be used in addition to, not instead of stamping out. The OIE should continue and develop standards on animal influenza surveillance, prevention and control. Surveillance of swine flu is crucial in the countries where avian flu has not been controlled.

25 2015 International Symposium on Avian Influenza Prevention and Control Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture Taipei City, Taiwan, March 11, 2015 RECOMMENDATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AVIAN INFLUENZA On the basis of the facts that; Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are evolving and giving rise to a complex situation with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of multiple subtypes in Asia, Europe, North America, and Africa. The spread of H5 HPAIV of the lineage is unprecedented. Before 2014, H5N1 has been the prevailed HPAIV subtype in Asia. Since January 2014, outbreaks of H5N1 reassorted H5NX including H5N8, H5N2, H5N6, etc. have been reported in 22 countries, including South Korea, Japan, China, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States and Taiwan. Three HPAIV subtypes of lineage of H5, namely H5N8, novel H5N2 and H5N3 HPAIVs were detected first time in Taiwan in early January Clinical signs are observed in geese, chickens and ducks. A drastic drop of egg production in ducks; bleeding in eyes and oral cavity and a high mortality in the goose flock; high mortality in chickens and ducks other than layer ducks were reported, respectively. All these three subtypes AIV have 6 basic amino acids in their HA cleavage site, which have never been detected in Taiwan before and are approximately 98%~99% identical to the H5 gene of the 2014 Korean H5N8 HPAIV. The results of genomic analysis showed that the above-mentioned HPAIVs were very likely introduced by migratory birds of the duck family. And then those viruses spread among the domestic poultry farms by people, vehicles, aerosols, and other wild birds. Early detection and stamping out policies have been recognized as the most effective measures for the control of HPAI, and should be carried out taking appropriate actions to safeguard the welfare of the animals. To prevent the infection of the disease, confinement of domestic poultry from mingling with wild birds and strengthening biosecurity along the entire poultry value chain are essential measures. H5N1 HPAIV strains have persisted in domestic poultry for 18 years and antigenic variants have been selected mainly due to the misuse of vaccine. HPAI has been brought under control in several countries by the stamping out policy without the use of vaccine. Where vaccine has been used in some countries HPAI has not been controlled. Compensation for poultry owners is prerequisite in the case of stamping out. H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses have potential to acquire high pathogenicity to chickens.

26 It is, therefore, recommended that; To prevent from AIV infection, confinement of domestic poultry from mingling with wild birds and strengthening biosecurity along the entire poultry value chain are the two most important measures. An early warning response network with good veterinary governance and strong scientific support is a must. Since stamping out is the best and ultimate measures for the control of HPAI, vaccination should not be applied as an alternative policy. We should continue to develop standards and share information on avian influenza surveillance, prevention and control, and animal welfare during culling infected flock of poultry birds for disease control. Infection of H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in poultry are notifiable and should be controlled as HPAI. Intensive surveillance is necessary to detect HPAIV in domestic water birds. Surveillance of swine influenza is important in addition to that of avian influenza for the preparedness for pandemic influenza. International collaboration for the prevention and control of avian influenza and animal welfare during the control of the infection culling should be encouraged. Only stunning and culling methods which have been shown to cause minimal pain, distress and suffering should be used, taking account of best international practice such as those laid down in the code of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Contingency plans and preparedness for HPAI should be in place and exercises held regularly.