Anthropological Origins

Transcription

1 FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY and ODONTOLOGY Anthropology Study of Humans Today we meet the ologies! Lyndsay S. Physical Anthropology Study Human Biology Cultural Anthropology Study Social Behavior Forensic Anthropology Applying skeletal identification to matters involving the public and the law. Anthropological Origins Dr. Jeffries Wyman 1849 Alphonse Bertillon 1879 Mikhail Gerasimov 1964 What is forensic anthropology? The study of human evolution, as revealed by the skeleton or by evolutionary patterns in DNA The use of osteology to assess age, sex, stature, ancestry, trauma or foul play and disease Osteology (defined): The scientific study of bones Building a Biological Profile AGE ASSESSMENT 1

2 Variation Age Variation Age Newborn Juvenile Comparison of 5 yr. old and 60 yr. old 2

3 Comparison of 5 yr. old and a fetus SEX ASSESSMENT Male & Female Pelvis male female female Material male 3

4 RACE ASSESSMENT Morphological Assessment Asian White Black Asian Ancestry Includes Native American, Hispanic Round, short vault Rounder orbits Flared cheek bones, sunken in Wide inter orbital distances Narrow nasal aperture Edge on edge bite European Ancestry Rounder cranial vault Taller forehead Oblong eye orbits Flatter cheekbones Narrow nasal aperture Pinched in nasal bones African Ancestry Ancestry Estimation Globular Skull Rounder Orbits Flat cheek bones Wider Inter orbital distance Wider nasal aperture Slightly protruding upper jaw African European Asian 4

5 Ancestry Estimation Identification Asian Gender Stature Ancestry Age Trauma (Antemortem, Perimortem, Postmortem) African European TRAUMA 5

6 CULTURAL/ PATHOLOGIC ALTERATIONS Dental Alterations Mastication changes Trade related Chipping or grooves Squatting Knees, toes, hips Repetitive movements Arthritis Fractures Infections/Tumors/Disorders IDENTIFICATION Individual Variations Facial Reconstruction 1. Markers to show depth are applied to the skull based on studies and data 2. Strips of clay are added according to depths to fill around markers 3. Features are rounded 4. Lips are shaped based on data 5. Smoothing, nose, cheeks, brow bone, etc. are shaped based on data reflecting information consistent with members of the same ethnic groups Issues: interpretation Least accurate features: nasal bridge, ears 6

7 Three Types of Reconstruction 1. 2D Collaboration between artist and anthropologist based on skull and antemortem photographs Placement of tissue depth markers at anthropologically significant landmarks Used when we don t know the victim s identity Results in drawings on paper Edited and manipulated in computer program to create 2D facial approximations 2. 3D Collaboration between artist, forensic anthropologist, and scanned photographs of actual remains Utilizes stock photos of facial features to generate model Used when we don t know the victim s identity Results in clay or plaster sculpture 3. Superimposition Requires knowledge of victim s identity Involves lay over of photo of individual and x ray of skull Anatomical match can result in match of victim with bones Applications Historical figures Facial recognition Identification Two Types of Reconstructive Identification 1. Circumstantial Deceased individual s skeletal remains fit a biological profile 2. Positive Actual identification of an individual s remains What is forensic odontology? ODONTOLOGY The study of the physiology, anatomy and pathology of teeth The application of methods and techniques of dental identification in forensics Use of teeth and bite marks for identification Why does it work? Teeth and bones are often resistant to: Fire Severe decomposition Exposure to the elements Dental records must be available for comparison This would be your EXEMPLAR 7

8 S I N U S BITE MARK ANALYSIS C A V I T I E S Ted Bundy 8

9 Forensic Odontology The Body Farm 9