Epiphysis: Ossification: Osteobiography: Osteoporosis:

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2 Essential Vocabulary Epiphysis: the presence of a visible line that marks the place where cartilage is being replaced by bone Ossification: the process that replaces soft cartilage with hard bone by the deposition of minerals Osteobiography: the physical record of a person s life as told by his or her bones Osteoporosis: weakening of bone, which may happen if there is not enough calcium in the diet

3 Q: What is Forensic Anthropology? Anthropology: the study of humankind, past and present Draws and builds upon knowledge from social and biological sciences, as well as the humanities and the natural sciences.

4 Q: What is Forensic Anthropology? Forensic anthropology: the application of the science of anthropology in a legal setting Most often physical anthropology and human biology in criminal cases (FBI, CIA and military) where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition.

5 Three Fields of Forensic Anthropology Forensic Osteology Study of the skeleton

6 Three Fields of Forensic Anthropology Forensic Archaeology Controlled collection and excavation of human remains

7 Three Fields of Forensic Anthropology Forensic Taphonomy Study of changes occurring to human remains at the time of and after death Including trauma, decomposition and environmental modification

8 Q: What do Anthropologists Do? Forensic Anthropologist Assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable. Also analyze skeletal remains to determine the victims life history, cause of death, or other clues about a crime. Career Connection What does a forensic anthropologist do?

9 Forensic Anthropologists CANNOT Perform autopsies Give final determination of cause or manner of death Give final positive identification Determine victims weight

10 Forensic Anthropologists CAN Analyze remains for positive ID Collect evidence from remains Identify species of remains Clarify the circumstances of death Present evidence and opinions in court

11 Q: What role do anthropologists play in solving crimes? Watch the video and then answer the questions in your notes. 1. What does a physical anthropologist investigate? 1. What four things do we want to know about a skeleton? 2. What bones are most useful for developing a profile of a person? Explain how they are used.

12 Q: What Tools & Techniques do Forensic Watch the video and then answer the questions in your notes. 1. What techniques or tools did the scientists use to find the body? 1. What is disturbed soil? What might it indicate? 1. How did they narrow down the areas to investigate? 1. Did they find a body? Scientists Use?

13 Q: How do Anthropologists Read the Remains? Watch the video and then answer the questions 1. What information do they provide for law enforcement agencies? 2. How many skeletons do they have in their collection? 1. What do they learn about a skeleton from each tool? CT Scan X- ray Mass spectrometer Scanning electron microscope DNA Analysis

14 Q: How Are Bones Made? Bone in a living animal consists of both living tissue and non-living substances. Within the "alive bone" are blood vessels, nerves, collagen, and living cells including: Ossification: The formation of bone by the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and the addition of minerals and salts. Osteoblasts: cells that help form a bone

15 Q: How Are Bones Made? Bone in a living animal consists of both living tissue and non-living substances. Within the "alive bone" are blood vessels, nerves, collagen, and living cells including: Osetoclasts: cells that help eat away old bone Osteocytes: mature osteoblasts that have ended their bone-forming careers. These cells engage in metabolic exchange with the blood that flows through the bones.

16 Q: How Are Bones Made? Bone is also made up of a matrix (a bonding of multiple fibers and chemicals) of different materials, including primarily collagen fibers and crystalline salts. These nonliving, but very important, substances in bone are the minerals and salts. In the fetus, most of the skeleton is made up of cartilage, a tough, flexible connective tissue that has no minerals or salts. As the fetus grows, osteoblasts and osteoclasts slowly replace cartilage cells and ossification begins.

17 Q: How Are Bones Made? Bone development is influenced by a number of factors, including: Nutrition Exposure to sunlight: Exposure of skin to the ultraviolet portion of sunlight is favorable to bone development, because the skin can produce vitamin D when it is exposed to such radiation Vitamin D is necessary for the proper absorption of calcium into the small intestine Hormonal secretions Physical exercise

18 Cranium Directions: Identify the bones in the skeleton. One label will be used twice! The Bone Dance Cervical Vertebrae Sternum Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Sacrum Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Clavicle Scapula Ribs Lumbar Vertebrae Ilium Ishium Femur Patella

19 Quick Quiz Give the common name for each bone. I should have known it was going to be one of those days, when I had stepped out of bed and stubbed my (1) PHLANGE on the night stand. While hopping up and down on one (2) METATARSAL and grasping the other, I slipped and fell onto my right shoulder breaking my (3) CLAVICLE. As I crawled on my (4) METACARPALS and (5) PATELLAS to my bed, I felt my (6) CRANIUM begin to ache. I found my phone and let my (7) PHLANGES do the walking as I called my friend to come help me out. My friend answered the phone with a loud scream; my (8) MANDIBLE dropped, I asked what had happened, and he replied that he had been startled by the ringing phone, fell out of bed landed on his (9) COCCYX. Following that while racing to the phone he hit his (10) TIBIA on a stool. I should have known it was going to be one of those days. 1. TOES 2. FOOT 3. COLLAR BONE 4. HANDS 5. KNEES 6. SKULL or HEAD 7. FINGERS 8. LOWER JAW 9. TAIL BONE 10. SHIN

20 Q: What Can We Learn from Bones? Main Characteristics: Sex Determined by examining the skull, pelvis, humerus, and femur Which skull would belong to a female? Age and stature (height/build): Determined by analyzing the development of the teeth, bone growth, cranial suture lines, and the length of specific bones, such as the femur. Race Determined by analyzing the skull for characteristics that are common among people of different races. Which pelvis would belong to a female?

21 Q: What Can We Learn from Bones? DNA samples can be collected from bone, teeth, and hair to provide clues to a person s identity. Scientists can also gain clues as to a person s past, recent injuries, or the cause of death based on bone fractures and other signs of trauma. Healed Fractures Damage from a hammer Gunshot Wounds

22 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender?

23 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender? Chin Shape: square vs. pointed. Brow Ridge: present vs. absent. Eye Sockets: square vs. round. Forehead: slant backwards vs. rounded Male Female

24 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender? Occipital Protuberance: only present in males

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26 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender? One of the easiest methods of determining the sex of a skeleton is to examine the pelvis

27 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender? To distinguish between the male and female pelvis, compare the following Subpubic angle Greater than 90 degrees in female Length, width, shape and angle of the sacrum Oval vs. heart Width of the ileum Angle of the saciatic notch

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29 Q: How Can We Distinguish Gender?

30 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age? The age of a person can be determined by examining particular bones and by looking for the presence or absence of cartilage. Because bones do not reach maturity at the same time, it is possible to estimate the age of a person by looking for the absence or presence of specific characteristics on a range of bones E.g., suture marks on the skull or the presence or absence of cartilage lines

31 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age? Suture Marks Suture marks with a zigzag appearance are found on the skull where bones meet. In an immature skull, areas of softer tissue, such as the soft spot of the baby s skull (fontanel), gradually become ossified (harden). The suture marks slowly disappear as the bones mature, giving the skull a smoother appearance. There are three main areas of suture marks, marking three main areas where skull bones meet and grow together

32 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age? Suture Marks

33 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age?

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35 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age? Cartilaginous Lines We are born with more than 450 bones that later join together to form 206 bones. As the cartilage is slowly replaced with hard, compact bone, a cartilaginous line is visible, called an epiphysis When the cartilage is fully replaced, a line is no longer visible. The age for the completion of

36 Cartilaginous Lines

37 Q: How Can We Distinguish Age? Long Bones When the head of a long bone, like the thigh or upper arm bone, has totally fused to its shaft, it is another indication of age. Because this fusing occurs at different times with different bones, this information can be used to approximate age.

38 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race? Determination of race from skeletal remains is often difficult because through years of intermarriages, physical traits have blended and this distinction is losing its significance

39 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race? Race is probably best indicated by the bones of the skull Shape of the eye sockets Absence or presence of a nasal spine Measurements of the nasal index The ratio of the width of the nasal opening to the height of the opening, multiplied by 100 Prognathism The projection of the upper jaw beyond the lower jaw Width of the face Angulation of the jaw

40 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race?

41 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race?

42 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race?

43 Q: How Can We Distinguish Race? Determination of race from skeletal remains is often difficult because through years of intermarriages, physical traits have blended and this distinction is losing its significance

44 Q: How Can We Estimate Height? Done by measuring the long bones: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, & fibula Length is put into a formula that is different depending on gender. The mathematical formula between bone length and estimated height varies depending on the race and the bone used. If the race and sex of an individual are known, the calculation of height will be more accurate.