Forensic Anthropology: Studying Bones
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1 Unit 3- Bones
2 Forensic Anthropology: Studying Bones There is a brief but very informative biography of an individual contained within the skeleton, if you know how to read it Clyde Snow, Forensic Anthropologist
3 Body Proportions and Height (intro to activity) Leonard da Vinci s Canons of Proportions in 1492 described what the ideal proportions of perfect man should be. Various measurements of the human body are in proportion to each other. How proportional are you? According to da Vinci, outstretched arms = height.
4 Body Measurements height = 10 x s hand length height = 8 x s head length.
5
6 Characteristics of Bones Bones start as cartilage before turning to bone Special cells (osteoblasts) deposit minerals into center of cartilage and harden it Bones are constantly produced and broken down
7 Bones Grow & Change Babies have ~300 + bones & adults have 206 bones (they fuse) Bones get longer and thicker with age & use Astronaut on treadmill Baby kneecaps are made of cartilage so they don t show up in x- rays
8 When cartilage growth plate fuses = no more growth
9 What We Learn from Bones Human or animal? Approximate Height uselong bones Determination of Sex Pelvis Skull Determination of Race Skull Approximate Age Teeth Cranial Sutures Epiphyseal (growth plate) fusion Injuries (pre & post mortem) (GSW to the head)
10 Estimating Height From Bones (not needed)
11 Estimation of Height using Long Bones (usually +/- 3.5 cm) Use equations below to estimate height (in cm) Bone Race Male Equation Female Equation Caucasian 2.32 x Length cm 2.47 x Length cm Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Ulna Radius African-American 2.10 x Length cm 2.28 x Length cm Asian 2.15 x Length cm 2.38 x Length cm Caucasian 2.42 x Length cm 2.90 x Length cm African-American 2.19 x Length cm 2.45 x Length cm Asian 2.39 x Length cm 2.68 x Length cm Caucasian 2.60 x Length cm 2.93 x Length cm African-American 2.34 x Length cm 2.49 x Length cm Asian 2.40 x Length cm NA Caucasian 2.89 x Length cm 3.36 x Length cm African-American 2.88 x Length cm 3.08 x Length cm Asian 2.68 x Length cm 3.22 x Length cm Caucasian 3.76 x Length cm 4.27 x Length cm African-American 3.20 x Length cm 3.31 x Length cm Asian 3.48 x Length cm NA Caucasian 3.79 x Length cm 4.74 x Length cm African-American 3.32 x Length cm 3.67 x Length cm Asian 3.54 x Length cm NA
12
13 Height Estimation Example Asian female femur found measuring 45.5 cm. Formula: 2.38 * Length cm Plug in:2.38 (45.5) cm = ~ cm (1 inch = 2.54 cm ) 165 cm/ 2.54 cm = 65 inches = ~ 5 ft 4 in
14 Determining Age from Skeletal System
15 Age Determination: Use of Teeth Teeth = best indicators of age (toddler 21 yrs) Teeth grow & are lost in at predictable ages Permanent teeth pushing up (4-5 yr old) yr old
16 Timetables for Teeth Permanent
17 Why Remove Wisdom Teeth? See for yourself!
18 Growth Plate (aka epiphysis) Fusion new bone forms here in open growth plates Growth plates fuse at predictable times.
19 Epiphyseal (growth plate) Fusion: A General Guide Shows start age end of growth plate fusion for males Occurs slightly earlier for females (~1 year) clavicle Top of humerus Top of femur bottom of tibia
20 Case: These bones were taken from a single burial site. Approximately, what age is this person? Tibia (shin bone) with recently fused plates Head of humerus unfused
21 Age Determination Using Cranial Sutures ** not very accurate ** When you are born, skull is in 3 pieces that fuse together as you age. Lamboidal suture closed by 30 yrs Sagittal suture closed by 35 yrs Coronal suture closed by 50 yrs
22 Determination of Age from Bones (Summary) Most accurate estimations from: Teeth Epiphyses (growth plates) fusion Cranial sutures Investigators use age range b/c people vary in how they age - Kids easiest to determine!! -Adults yrs are very hard to determine - Ages 40+: basically wear and tear on bones helps determine older
23 Determining Sex from Bones
24 Determination of Sex: Pelvis (differences in childbirth adaptations) Front View Top View Bottom View 2. 2.
25 Sex Determination- Pelvis (another view)
26 Complexity of Pelvis Anatomy (don t need to know)
27 Determination of Sex: Skull Male Female -more pronounced ridges & crests -Forehead sloped -Squared chins
28 Male Skull
29 Female Skull
30 Complexity of Skull Anatomy (don t need to know)
31 DNA in Bones Mitochondrial DNA very hardy Most useful type of DNA in old, decayed bones.
32 Facial Restoration After determining the sex, age, and race of an individual, facial features can be built upon a skull to assist in identification. Read about the John List story
33 Animal Facial Restoration Determining what T Rex looked like using the bone formation. From this: To this:
34 Anthropologist at Work anthropologist dusting away material from bones. at Chicago s Museum of Natural History
35 Forensic anthro s may be called upon to give information : Mass Murder (Oklahoma bombing, plane crashes, World Trade) Earlier man (mummies, Iceman, Lindow man) More Applications Historical Significance (Holocaust, uncertain death of famous people) Prehistoric Animals (Dinosaurs)
36 Determining Race from Bones
37 Determination of Race difficult to determine especially since pure races are becoming uncommon. experienced forensic anthropologists generally place skulls into one of 3 groups: Caucasian European, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent (image A) Negroid African, Aborigine, and Melanesian descent (B) Mongoloid Asian, Native American and Polynesian descent (C) A B C
38 Features of the Skull Used in Race Determination Nasal index: The ratio of the width : height of the nose, Nasal Spine Prognathism: extended lower jaw Shape of eye orbits (round or squarish) Nasal spine
39 General Shapes of the Eye Orbits From: Beyers, S.N. (2005). Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
40 Extra stuff on Race not needed
41 Determination of Race: Caucasian Trait Nasal Index: <.48 Orbital openings: round Nasal Spine: Prominent spine Nasal Silling / Guttering: Sharp ridge (silling) Nasal spine: Prominent Prognathism: Straight Shape of Orbital Openings: Rounded, somewhat square Progathism: straight
42 Determination of Race: Asian (Asian decent and Native American decent) Trait Nasal Index Nasal Spine Nasal Silling/ Guttering Prognathism Shape of Orbital Openings Somewhat prominent spine Rounded ridge Variable Rounded, somewhat circular
43 Determination of Race: African: (African & West Indian decent) Trait Nasal Index >.53 Nasal Spine Very small spine Nasal Silling/ Guttering No ridge (guttering) Prognathism Prognathic Shape of Orbital Openings Rectangular or square
Forensic Anthropology: Studying Bones
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