Effects of Mindful Breathing on Depression in Japanese University Students: Focusing on Negative Rumination and Self-Acceptance

Transcription

1 WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 5 Effects of Mindful Breathing on Depression in Japanese University Students: Focusing on Negative Rumination and Self-Acceptance Manami MAEKAWA This study examined the effects of mindful breathing on depression and related psychological factors, such as negative rumination and self-acceptance, in Japanese university students. Forty-four undergraduates (mean age = years, 63.6% female) were randomly assigned to a mindful breathing or a control group and participated in three sessions for a two-week period: T1 (first session), T2 (after the first week), and T3 (after the second week). Both groups completed measures of depression, negative rumination trait, uncontrollability of negative rumination, and self-acceptance (this scale consists of an evaluative dimension [SA-E] and an affective dimension [SA-A]) in every session. Additionally, in the first session, participants in the mindful breathing group were instructed on how to practice mindful breathing with a guided CD and asked to do it for about ten minutes every day. Two-way (Group Time) repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted. The analysis of negative rumination, uncontrollability of negative rumination, and self-acceptance demonstrated significant interactions of Time by Group. Follow-up Shaffer multiple comparisons revealed that, in the mindful breathing group, negative rumination trait scores at T2 and T3 were significantly lower than at T1 and were also significantly lower than those in the control group. In addition, uncontrollability of negative rumination scores in the mindful breathing group got significantly lower with each session. Furthermore, in the mindful breathing group, SA-E score at T3 was significantly higher than at T1 and T2, and SA-A scores in the mindful breathing group got significantly higher with each session. In contrast, the analysis of depression showed significant main effect of Time, but the interaction of Time by Group was non-significant. The hypothesis that practicing mindful breathing for two weeks would relieve depression was not supported. However, the results indicated that mindful breathing reduced the level of negative rumination, which was related to depression, and increased self-acceptance, which was closely associated with depression. Therefore, it is concluded that continuous mindful breathing is likely to prevent aggravated depression., 2015, 2001, 2005,

2 WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 5 SDS Zung, 1965;, Sakamoto, Kijima, Tomoda, & Kambara SDS SD = , 2011 SDS SD = SD = 8.21 SDS 40 Zung, Zung, SDS 35 SD = 8 Cuijpers & Smit, 2004 Martin & Tesser, 1989, 2001, 2001 Trapnell & Campbell, Raes & Williams 2010 a b c, Kabat-Zinn, 1994, 2007 MBSR Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction; Kabat-Zinn, 1990 MBCT Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale,

3 Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt, & Walach, 2004; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 MBSR MBCT, 2016;, 2013;, 2011;, Raes & Williams Jimenez, Niles, & Park 2010 Mason & Hargreaves MBCT Mindful Breathing MB MB MB Time1 263

4 WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 5 T1 1 2 Time2 T2 2 3 Time3 T3 3 SDS 2 3 MB Segal et al. 2002The Three-Minute Breathing Space , 2010, CD 11 2 Table1 R anovakun HAD15.0, 2016 SDS MB T1 T2 T3 2 Huynh-Feldt ε MB T1 F 2, 84 = 6.26, p <.01, ε =.80, ηg 2 =.02 F 2, 42 = 21.53, p <.001, ε =.80, ηg 2 =.14; F 2, 42 = 3.47, p <.05, ηg 2 =.02 Shaffer MB T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T2 F 1, 42 = 8.30, p <.01, ηg 2 =.16, T3 F 1, 42 = 5.90, p <.05, ηg 2 =.12 T2 T3 MB F 2, 84 = 3.26, p <.05, ε =.93, ηg 2 =.01 MB F 2, 42 = 13.76, p <.001, ε =.74, ηg 2 =.12 Shaffer MB T1 T2 T1 T3 F 2, 84 = 3.29, p <.05, ηg 2 =.01 MB F 2, 42 = 5.44, p <.01, ηg 2 =.02 Shaffer MB T1 T2 T3 F 2, 84 = 6.51, p <.01, ε =.84, ηg 2 =

5 Negative Rumination Trait (α =.92) Score: M (SD) F (effect size: ηg 2 ) simple effects Groups n T1 T2 T3 Group Time G T for interaction Mindful Breathing *** 6.26** T2 (MB < CTR) (8.79) (6.64) (7.13) (0.074) (0.063) (0.021) T3 (MB < CTR) Control MB (T1 > T2 = T3) (8.21) (7.76) (7.40) Uncontrollability of Negative Rumination (α =.76) Self-Acceptance Evaluative dimension (α =.89) Affective dimension (α =.91) Mindful Breathing *** 3.26* MB (T1 > T2 > T3) (3.93) (3.47) (3.74) (0.002) (0.052) (0.015) Control (3.50) (3.76) (3.74) Mindful Breathing * MB (T1 = T2 < T3) (14.41) (14.44) (15.21) (0.005) (0.005) (0.006) Control (10.05) (11.81) (12.82) Mindful Breathing ** 6.51** MB (T1 < T2 < T3) (15.15) (14.14) (16.24) (0.005) (0.011) (0.013) Control (13.72) (14.14) (15.17) SDS (α =.91) Mindful Breathing * 1.60 (7.58) (6.03) (6.43) (0.004) (0.021) (0.008) Control (8.18) (7.24) (7.93) Note. < and > mean significant difference. = means non-significant diferrence. *** p <.001, ** p <.01, * p <.05, p <.10 MB F 2, 42 = 12.50, p <.001, ηg 2 =.04 Shaffer MB T1 T2 T1 T3 F 2, 84 = 1.60, n.s., ηg 2 =.01 F 2, 84 = 4.25, p <.05, ηg 2 =.02 Shaffer T1 T3 MB T3 T1 Welch t MB t 42 = 1.75, p <.10, d =.48 SDS T2-T1 T3-T2 T3-T1 Table2 SDS SDS SDS SDS SDS 265

6 WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL NO. 5 T2 T1 T3 T2 T3 T1 UCL SA-E SA-A SDS UCL SA-E SA-A SDS UCL SA-E SA-A SDS NRT UCL ** * * SA-E.581 ** ** **.514 * SA-A * Note. NRT UCLSA-E SA-A ** p <.01, * p <.05, p <.10 MB T1 T1 T3 MB 2 Teasdale, Moore, Hathurst, Pope, Williams, & Segal, 2002 MBCT , MB 2 266

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