Index. Page numbers in italics represent figures, those in bold represent tables.

Transcription

1 Page numbers in italics represent figures, those in bold represent tables. abrasives, acne vulgaris 84 8, 85 6 Absidia spp. 402 acaricides, scabies N-acetylcysteine, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis 616 acitretin 283 palmoplantar pustulosis 184 psoriasis acné excoriée des jeunes filles 647 acne fulminans 83 acne vulgaris , 84 definition 83 etiology/risk factors 83 incidence/prevalence 83 antibiotics 91 7 azelaic acid 91 benzoyl peroxide 88 90, 89 salicylic acid 90 1, 90 skin cleansers 84 8, 85 6 topical retinoids 87 8 outcomes 84 prognosis 83 4 treatment aims 84 acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau 185 acropustulosis 185 actinic keratoses 232 3, definition 294 etiology incidence/prevalence 294 chemical peels cryotherapy dermabrasion 300 diclofenac fluorouracil hyperthermia imiquimod 303 interferon 308 lasers masoprocol oral retinoids 307 photodynamic therapy 305 radiotherapy 299 topical retinoids 301 outcomes 295 prognosis 295 treatment aims 295 actinic lentigines 327 actinic prurigo 631 activastine, chronic urticaria 206 acyclovir, erythema multiforme 610 adalimumab, sarcoidosis 601 adapalene, acne vulgaris 87 adverse events 52 5 alefacept, psoriasis 182 alemtuzumab, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 284 allopurinol leishmaniasis American sarcoidosis 599 all-or-none s 56 alopecia, androgenetic see androgenetic alopecia alopecia areata , 519 anthralin (dithranol) 521 aromatherapy ciclosporin 523 corticosteroids children 523 intralesional 519 severe chronic disease topical 520 cryosurgery 521 definition 518 diagnostic tests 518 etiology 518 immunotherapy children severe chronic disease 522, 522 incidence/prevalence 518 minoxidil 521 children 524 prognosis 518 PUVA treatment aims 518 alpha hydroxy acids, photoaging 333, 334 altretinoin, Kaposi s sarcoma aluminum chloride, hyperhidrosis 622 amodiaquine, lupus erythematosus 551 amorolfine nail lacquer ampicillin, papulopustular rosacea 107 androgenetic alopecia definition 513 estrogens/antiandrogens 516 etiology 513 minoxidil men , 514 women , 515 outcomes prevalence 513 prognosis 513 treatment aims 513 angioedema 202 anogenital pruritus anthralin (dithranol), alopecia areata 521 antiandrogens acne vulgaris 94 hirsutism seborrheic dermatitis 168 antibiotics acne vulgaris 91 7 combination therapy 93 6, 94 length of 96 7 oral 92, 96 oral vs topical 93 topical 92 3 atopic eczema systemic 156 topical Evidence-based Dermatology, Second Edition Edited By Hywel Williams 2008 Blackwell Publishing. ISBN:

2 bullous pemphigoid 575 cellulitis/erysipelas hand eczema 125 impetigo systemic 356 topical mucous membrane pemphigoid 577 perioral dermatitis oral topical 114 seborrheic dermatitis see also individual drugs anti-cd4 monoclonal antibody, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 284 anticholinergics in hyperhidrosis axillary 623 palmar 625 antiestrogens, hirsutism 533 antifungals atopic eczema 158 seborrheic dermatitis 165 6, antihistamines atopic eczema drawbacks mosquito bites urticaria acute chronic 205 7, 206, 207 anti-inflammatory drugs, pemphigus 591 antimalarials erythema multiforme 610 lupus erythematosus amodiaquine and quinacrine 551 chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine combination therapy 551 sarcoidosis 597 antioxidants, vitiligo 492 antiretrovirals, Kaposi s sarcoma antiseptic agents, atopic eczema antisynthetase syndrome 561 aphthous stomatitis aquagenic pruritus aromatherapy, alopecia areata Aspergillus spp. 402 athlete s foot definition 358, 358 diagnosis 358 etiology 358 incidence/prevalence 358 allylamine creams 359 azole creams 359 oral drugs OTC creams 360 outcomes 359 treatment aims atopic eczema adults 160 2, 161 children antihistamines Chinese herbal medicines emollients 132 4, 132 exclusion diet exclusion of washing powders patient education pimecrolimus 142 5, 143 probiotics psychological interventions reduction of house dust mite specialized clothing tacrolimus , 140 topical steroids definition diagnostic criteria etiology 130 incidence/prevalence 129 infected , 155 antifungals 158 antiseptic agents combined therapy systemic antibiotics 156 topical antibiotics topical steroids 156 morbidity and costs outcomes 131 pathophysiology 130 prognosis 130 treatment aims attrition bias 45 Australian lemon myrtle, molluscum contagiosum 712 azathioprine atopic eczema 160 erythema multiforme 610 pemphigus psoriasis azelaic acid acne vulgaris 91, 94 melasma papulopustular rosacea 109 perioral dermatitis azelastine, chronic urticaria 206 azithromycin, papulopustular rosacea 107 barrier methods, hand eczema 125 basal cell carcinoma clinical patterns 257 definition 256 diagnostic tests 257 etiology 257 incidence/prevalence 256 7, BEC-5 cream 265 6, 266 cryotherapy 260 2, fluorouracil imiquimod 267 8, 267 intralesional interferon therapy 264 5, 264 Mohs micrographic surgery photodynamic therapy 262 3, 263 surgical excision 258 surgical excision with frozen-section margin control 258 9, 259 outcomes 257 prognosis 257 treatment aims 257 see also skin cancer baseline differences 47 BCG, leprosy prophylaxis 447 8, 448 BEC-5 cream, basal cell carcinoma 265 6, 266 bee/wasp stings ice pack 482 removal of sting 482 topical aspirin paste 482 venom immunotherapy with antihistamine pretreatment 484 benzoyl peroxide acne vulgaris 88 90, 89, 94 molluscum contagiosum 712 papulopustular rosacea 109 benzyl benzoate, scabies 465 best evidence 31 3 Cochrane Library 21, 31 Medline and Embase 32 3 beta-carotene (vitamin B), skin cancer prevention 222 betamethasone valerate, oral lichen planus 192 bexarotene, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome bias 44 5 bicalutamide, hirsutism 529 bifonazole athlete s foot 359 seborrheic dermatitis 165 biological therapy metastatic melanoma 244 pemphigus 591 sarcoidosis biomedical information 11 recording of relevance and quality 11 see also individual drugs blackheads 83 Blastocystis hominis 203 bleomycin Bowen s disease 308 warts blinding in clinical trials 46 body dysmorphic disorder 646 Boolean operators

3 botulinum toxin hand eczema hyperhidrosis axillary 623 palmar 625 Bowen s disease , 294 etiology incidence/prevalence bleomycin 308 cryotherapy diclofenac fluorouracil hyperthermia imiquimod interferon 308 lasers 298 oral retinoids 308 photodynamic therapy radiotherapy 299 surgery, electrodesiccation and curettage 300 outcomes 295 prognosis 295 treatment aims 295 Breslow thickness 238 British Association of Dermatologists Diagnostic (BAD ) 4 brompheniramine, chronic urticaria 207 bullous pemphigoid definition 573, 573 etiology 573 incidence/prevalence 573 antibiotics 575 corticosteroids outcomes prognosis 573 treatment aims 573 calcineurin antagonists hand eczema lupus erythematosus Campylobacter jejuni 203 Candida spp. 402 carbaryl, head lice carmustine, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 278 case reports/series 52 3, 53, consecutive cases 57 8 diagnosis 57 dosages 58 inclusion and exclusion criteria 57 informed consent 57 methodology 56 7, 57 natural course of disease 58 outcome measures 58 patient perception 58 safety 59 scepticism 59 cellulitis/erysipelas antibiotics clinical features 406 definitions 406, 406 diagnostic tests 407 importance and prognosis 407 incidence/prevalence 406 long-term complications 413 morbidity/mortality outcomes 407 place of treatment predisposing factors prophylaxis treatment aims 407 Center for Appearance Research 15 cetrizine, chronic urticaria 206 Changing Faces 15 chemical peels, actinic keratoses chemotherapy Kaposi s sarcoma 320, multiagent single-agent chilblains 675 Children s Dermatology Life Quality (CDLQI) 131 Chinese herbal medicines, atopic eczema chlormadinone acetate, hirsutism 529 chloroquine, lupus erythematosus cholestatic pruritus chromoblastomycosis 401 2, 401 definition 401 etiology and risk factors 401 incidence and prevalence outcomes 401 prognosis 401 treatment aims 401 chronic renal failure, and pruritus ciclopirox nail lacquer ciclopiroxolamine athlete s foot 360 seborrheic dermatitis ciclosporin alopecia areata 523 atopic eczema 160 erythema multiforme 610 lichen planus cutaneous 191 oral palmoplantar pustulosis 184 pemphigus 585 psoriasis Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis 615 cimetidine erythema multiforme 611 molluscum contagiosum 712 Cladophialophora carrionii 401 clarithromycin, papulopustular rosacea 107 clemastine, chronic urticaria 207 clindamycin acne vulgaris 94 papulopustular rosacea 109 clinical research 4 5 consumer involvement clobetasol propionate, oral lichen planus 192 clofazimine, lupus erythematosus 552 clothing, atopic eczema clotrimazole, athlete s foot 359 cluster sampling 65 Cochrane, Archie 20 Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials 21 Cochrane Collaboration 14 Cochrane Consumer Network 15, 17 Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry 36, 39 Cochrane Database of Methodology Reviews (CDMR) 21 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) 21 Cochrane fields/networks 21 Cochrane Library 21, 31 Cochrane Methodology Register 21 Cochrane methods groups 21 Cochrane Skin Group 20 5, 59 consumer role 22 3 editorial process 22 history and structure 21 how to contact 24 lessons of 24 scope 21 2 structure 20 1, 20 trials register 23 4 cognitive-behavioral therapy, vitiligo 492 comedones 83 communication 14 compression intermittent pneumatic 543 venous ulcers 540, confidence intervals 66 conglobate/nodulocystic acne 83 consecutive cases 57 8 Consolidated Standards of Reported Trials (CONSORT) statement 50 Consumer Network 21 consumers involvement in evidence-based dermatology 18 and research role in Cochrane Skin Group

4 role in health care 14 see also patients corticosteroids acute urticaria 200 alopecia areata children 523 intralesional 519 severe chronic disease topical 520 atopic eczema 134 6, 156 bullous pemphigoid erythema multiforme 609 hand eczema infantile hemangioma lichen planus cutaneous 190 oral lupus erythematosus intralesional oral 551 topical 553 melasma palmoplantar pustulosis pemphigus optimal dosing strategy pulsed therapy 583 polymorphic light eruption 631 psoriasis 174 sarcoidosis systemic topical/intralesional 602 seborrheic dermatitis 166 Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis tinea capitis vitiligo cosmeceuticals 4 cost analysis 68 9 cost-benefit analysis 70 cost-effectiveness analysis 69 cost-utility analysis cotrimoxazole, head lice critical appraisal 39 critically appraised topics cryosurgery, alopecia areata 521 cryotherapy actinic keratoses basal cell carcinoma 260 2, 261 number of freeze-thaw cycles vs radiotherapy 260 vs surgical excision Bowen s disease squamous cell carcinoma 252 warts Cryptococcus neoformans 403 Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity (CLASI) 58 cutaneous T-cell lymphoma see mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome cyclophosphamide mucous membrane pemphigoid 576 pemphigus 584, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis cyclosporin, hand eczema 120 cyproheptadine, chronic urticaria 207 cyproterone acetate, hirsutism dacarbazine, metastatic melanoma 242 3, 243 dapsone erythema multiforme 610 lupus erythematosus 552 pemphigus 591 data abstraction 41 Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE) 21, 31 Database of Individual Patients Experiences of illness (DIPEx) 16 Database of Uncertainties about the Effects of s (DUETs) 59 data dredging 47 8, 74 decision analysis 77 deep fungal infections , 397 chromoblastomycosis 401 2, 401 endemic mycoses mycetoma 398 9, 398 sporotrichosis , 399 DEET 480 denileukin difitox, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome depigmentation therapy 493 dermabrasion, actinic keratoses 300 dermatitis artefacta 646 dermatitis, perioral definition 111, 111 etiology 111 incidence/prevalence 111 azelaic acid erythromycin 114 hydrocortisone butyrate metronidazole 112 oral antibiotics oxytetracycline photodynamic therapy 115 topical antibiotics 114 outcomes 111 prognosis 111 treatment aims 111 dermatitis, seborrheic dermatoheliosis 326 Dermatologischer Diagnosenkatalog 3 4 Dermatology Lexicon Project 4 Dermatology Quality of Life 131 dermatomyositis definition 559, 560 diagnostic tests 559 etiology 559 incidence/prevalence 559 malignancy clinical and laboratory findings 561, patient assessment 565 risk of 561, , outcomes 560 prognosis 559 recommendations 565, 569 treatment aims DermNetNZ 18 desloratadine, chronic urticaria 206 detection bias 44 diabetic foot ulcers 675 diagnosis 57 diclofenac actinic keratoses 304 Bowen s disease 304 diet atopic eczema hand eczema dimeticone, head lice 473 dimetindene, chronic urticaria 207 dinitrochlorobenzene, warts 350 disease definition 47, 65 dithranol hand eczema 124 psoriasis 174 dosage 58 double-blinding 46 doxorubicin, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 288 doxycycline, papulopustular rosacea drug-induced pruritus ebastine, chronic urticaria 206 econazole, athlete s foot 359 eczema atopic see atopic eczema hand venous 697 education educational interventions 645 efalizumab, psoriasis 182 eflornithine, hirsutism 530 electrodessication and curettage, squamous cell carcinoma electroepilation, hirsutism electromagnetic therapy, venous ulcers Embase 32 3, 40 emollients atopic eczema 132 4, 132 hand eczema 121 psoriasis

5 endemic mycoses opportunistic endocrine diseases, and pruritus epidemiological studies 53 4, 53 epidermolysis bullosa acquisita definition etiology 578 incidence/prevalence 578 prognosis 578 treatment aims 578 treatment effects 578 epidermolysis bullosa, recessive dystrophic 678 epidermolysis bullosa simplex 677 Epidermophyton floccosum 358 erysipelas see cellulitis/erysipelas erythema infectiosum 419 erythema multiforme definition 608, 608 etiology/risk factors 608 acyclovir 609 corticosteroids 609 erythromycin 609 outcomes 609 prevention of recurrence acyclovir 610 antimalarials 610 azathioprine 610 ciclosporin 610 cimetidine 611 dapsone 610 immunoglobulins 611 levamisole 611 potassium iodide 611 sun protection 610 thalidomide 610 prognosis 609 treatment aims 609 erythema nodosum, idiopathic 684 erythema nodosum leprosum erythromelalgia 678 erythromycin acne vulgaris 94 erythema multiforme 609 perioral dermatitis 114 erythropoietic protoporphyria etanercept psoriasis 181 sarcoidosis 601 etretinate 283 oral lichen planus 192 psoriasis European Dermatoepidemiology Network (EDEN) project 6 European Vitiligo Task Force 17 evidence-based dermatology 1 7 advantages 704 6, 704 identifying research gaps influencing future trials 706 keeping up to date 704 5, 705 minimizing bias systematic review 704 consumer involvement 18 definition 8 discussion of 703 4, 703 limitations cheating 707 insufficient evidence 707, 708 overemphasis on RCTs 707 poor coverage 706 reductionism 706 therapeutic nihilism process of progress and future prospects evidence pyramid 34 exanthematic reactions , 419 definitions 418 diagnostic tests drug-induced 422 etiology hypersensitivity syndrome reaction incidence/prevalence outcomes 421 prognosis 420 treatment aims 421 viruses in exclusion criteria 57 expert opinion 10 external evidence, application to patients 73 9 adverse events 76 7 aggregate data 74 5 groups vs individuals 74 effects 76 outcomes 75 6 patients vs trial participants 73 4 patient values 77 8 extracorporeal photopheresis, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome feasibility 56 fexofenadine, chronic urticaria 206 finasteride, hirsutism 530 fluconazole leishmaniasis 454 onychomycosis 371 3, 373 tinea capitis fluorouracil actinic keratoses basal cell carcinoma Bowen s disease flutamide, hirsutism 529 Fonsecaea pedrosoi 401 fumaric acid esters psoriasis 182 sarcoidosis 600 gemcitabine, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 288 glossodynia 647 glycolic acid, melasma GnRH analogues, hirsutism 533 Goeckerman in psoriasis 183 gold, pemphigus 590 granuloma annulare 679 griseofulvin onychomycosis 364 6, 365 tinea capitis guttate psoriasis 183 hand eczema definition 117, 118 diagnostic tests 118 etiology incidence and prevalence antibiotics 125 barrier methods 125 botulinum toxin calcineurin inhibitors diet dithranol 124 emollients 121 immunosuppressants 120 iontophoresis PUVA/UVB radiation radiotherapy retinoids topical corticosteroids objectives 118 prognosis 118 hand-foot-and-mouth disease 419, 425 head lice definition 471 diagnosis 471, 471, etiology/risk factors 471 incidence/prevalence 471 antimicrobial treatments insecticide-based products physically disrupting insecticides 473 mechanical removal 474 5, 474, 475 herbal treatments and essential oils 475, 475 outcomes 472 prognosis 471 treatment aims 471 health-care systems 4 Health Technology Assessment Database 21, 31 Helicobacter pylori, papulopustular rosacea

6 heliotherapy, psoriasis hematological disease, and pruritus hepatic disease, and pruritus herpes simplex definition 428 diagnostic tests etiology 428, 428, 429 incidence/prevalence genital lesions oral/labial lesions outcomes 429 prognosis 429 treatment aims 429 hexachlorophene, impetigo 355 hidradenitis suppurativa 680 hierarchy of evidence 34 7, 34, 35 6 hirsutism definition 527 diagnostic tests etiology 527 facial 530 hyperinsulinemia 531 2, 532 incidence/prevalence , 529 antiandrogens electroepilation finasteride 530 photoepilation 531 outcomes 528 PCOS 532 3, 532, 533 antiestrogens 533 GnRH analogues 533 prognosis 527 treatment aims 528 HIV-related pruritus house dust mites, and atopic eczema human herpesvirus hydrocolloid dressings, psoriasis 173 hydrocortisone butyrate, perioral dermatitis hydroquinone, melasma hydroxychloroquine, lupus erythematosus hydroxyurea, psoriasis 179 hydroxyzine, chronic urticaria 207 hyperhidrosis, focal axillary aluminum chloride 622 anticholinergics 623 botulinum toxin 623 curettage of axilla 624 iontophoresis salvia 624 sympathectomy 624 definition 621, 621 diagnostic tests 622 etiology 621 incidence/prevalence 621 outcomes 622 palmar 624 anticholinergics 625 botulinum toxin 625 iontophoresis salvia 627 sympathectomy topical agents prognosis treatment aims 622 hyperinsulinemia 531 2, 531 hypersensitivity syndrome reaction hyperthermia actinic keratoses Bowen s disease hypertrophic scars hypopigmented scars 684 imiquimod actinic keratoses 303 basal cell carcinoma 267 8, 267 Bowen s disease molluscum contagiosum 712 immunoadsorption, pemphigus immunoglobulins erythema multiforme 611 mucous membrane pemphigoid 577 pemphigus Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis 615 immunosuppressants atopic eczema 160 2, 161 hand eczema 120 pemphigus see also individual drugs immunotherapy alopecia areata children severe chronic disease 522, 522 metastatic melanoma impetigo definition 354, 354 etiology 354 incidence 354 antibiotics disinfection 355 outcomes 354 prognosis 354 treatment aims 354 inclusion criteria 57, 66 industry-sponsored trials 6 infantile hemangiomas definition 633, 633 diagnostic tests 634 etiology incidence/prevalence 633 corticosteroids pulsed dye laser ulceration outcomes 634 prognosis 634 treatment aims 634 inflammatory acne 83 infliximab atopic eczema psoriasis sarcoidosis 601 informed consent 57 Ingram regimen in psoriasis insect bites/stings bee/wasp stings definition 478 etiology/risk factors 478 incidence/prevalence 478 insect repellents 482 mosquitoes , 479 outcomes 479 prevention 479 treatment aims insecticides head lice scabies insect repellents DEET 480 herbal safety in pregnancy 482 institutional review boards 57 insulin-sensitizing agents intention-to-treat analysis 46 7 interferons actinic keratoses 308 basal cell carcinoma 264 5, 264 Bowen s disease 308 Kaposi s sarcoma melanoma metastatic interleukins, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 282 International Classification for Disease version 9 3 International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) 129 Involve 17 iontophoresis hand eczema hyperhidrosis axillary palmar isotretinoin acne vulgaris oral lichen planus

7 isotretinoin (cont d) papulopustular rosacea 108, 109 photoaging 330, 331, 331 sarcoidosis skin cancer prevention 222 itching see pruritus itraconazole leishmaniasis 454 American 456 onychomycosis 366, , 370, 372 seborrheic dermatitis 168 tinea capitis ivermectin, scabies James Lind Alliance 17 James Lind Library 44 Jessner s lymphocytic infiltrate 684 Kaposi s sarcoma AIDS-related , 316 classical 315, 316 endemic/african 316, 316 etiology 317 incidence/prevalence alitretinoin antiretrovirals chemotherapy 320, interferons radiotherapy outcomes 318, 318 prognosis 317 staging 317 treatment aims keloid scars keratinization disorders keratolytics, psoriasis 173 ketoconazole leishmaniasis 454 American 456 seborrheic dermatitis 165, 167 tinea capitis ketotifen, chronic urticaria 207 laser therapy actinic keratoses Bowen s disease 298 infantile hemangioma lupus erythematosus 554 melasma 506 port-wine stains , 638 sarcoidosis venous ulcers leflunomide, psoriasis 181 leishmaniasis , 451, 452 American local treatments systemic treatments definition 451 diagnostic tests etiology and prognosis 451 incidence/prevalence 451 local treatments meglumine antimonate 452 paromomycin sodium stibogluconate 452 zinc sulfate 453 systemic treatment allopurinol dapsone 454 fluconazole 454 itraconazole 454 ketoconazole 454 meglumin antimonate 454 sodium stibogluconate 454 treatment aims 452 lentigo maligna leprosy clinical scenario 439, 439 definition diagnostic tests 442 etiology incidence/prevalence 440 multidrug therapy 443, 444 length of 445 single-dose outcomes 442 prognosis and complications 441 2, 441 prophylaxis BCG 447 8, 448 chemoprophylaxis 446 7, 447 steroids 446 thalidomide treatment aims 442 levamisole erythema multiforme 611 vitiligo 492 levocetirizine, chronic urticaria 206 lichen planopilaris, thalidomide lichen planus , 190 cutaneous ciclosporin 191 corticosteroids 190 photochemotherapy retinoids 190 thalidomide 191 definition 189 diagnostic tests 189 etiology 189 incidence/prevalence 189 oral 191 ciclosporin 193 photochemotherapy 194 pimecrolimus 193 retinoids systemic corticosteroids 192 tacrolimus 193 topical corticosteroids outcomes 189 prognosis 189 treatment aims 189 lichen sclerosus 685 lichen simplex chronicus 685 lindane, head lice lithium succinate, seborrheic dermatitis 166 long-term outocme 5 loratadine, chronic urticaria 206 lupus erythematosus antimalarial treatment amodiaquine and quinacrine 551 chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine combination therapy 551 corticosteroids intralesional oral 551 topical 553 definition 549, 549 diagnostic tests 550 etiology 549 incidence/prevalence 549 calcineurin antagonists clofazimine 552 dapsone 552 methotrexate 552 retinoids 552 thalidomide non-drug treatments 554 outcomes 550 prognosis 549 treatment aims 550 lymphedema 414 magistral formulations 4 malathion, head lice allocation, generation and concealment 45 6 masking 46 masoprocol, actinic keratoses measles 419, mechanism and logic 9 mechlorethamine, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) 32 Medline 32 3, 40 meglumine antimonate in leishmaniasis American 455 intralesional 452 systemic 454 melagenine, vitiligo 492 melanocytic nevi classification 337 8, 337, 338 definition 337 diagnosis disease associations

8 etiology 338 incidence/prevalence 338 isolated 340 melanoma risk multiple 340 outcomes 339 prognosis 338 skin self-examination melanoma , 236 adjuvant s 241 interferon Breslow thickness 238 diagnosis incisional biopsy elective lymph-node dissection excision margins incidence 215, , 236 lentigo maligna metastatic biological therapy 244 combination chemotherapy 243, 243 immunotherapy survival 242 systemic therapy morbidity 215, mortality 215, nevus-associated prognosis 236 psychiatric interventions 647 treatment aims 237 see also skin cancer melasma definition 497, 497 diagnostic tests 498 etiology 497 incidence/prevalence 497 outcomes preventive interventions 499 prognosis quality-of-life scale 498 scoring indexes 498 therapeutic interventions childbearing, pregnant and breastfeeding women 499 men 508 non-childbearing women treatment aims 498 meta-analyses methotrexate atopic eczema hand eczema 120 lupus erythematosus pemphigus psoriasis sarcoidosis metronidazole papulopustular rosacea 107, 108 perioral dermatitis 112 seborrheic dermatitis miconazole, athlete s foot 359 Microsporum canis 386 minocycline, leprosy 443 5, 444 minoxidil alopecia areata 521 children 524 androgenetic alopecia men , 514 women , 515 mizolastine, chronic urticaria 206 Mohs micrographic surgery basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma molluscum contagiosum 686 7, definition 711, 711 etiology 711 incidence 711 Australian lemon myrtle 713 benzoyl peroxide 713 cimetidine 713 imiquimod phenol 712 salicylic acid 712 sodium nitrite 712 outcomes 712 prognosis 711 treatment aims 712 monosulfiram, scabies morphea mosquito bites , 479 antihistamines personal protection DEET 480 herbal insect repellents motretinide, acne vulgaris 87 mucous membrane pemphigoid definition 575 etiology 575 incidence/prevalence 575 antibiotics 577 cyclophosphamide 576 immunoglobulins 577 mycophenolate mofetil 577 sulfa drugs outcomes 576 prognosis 575 treatment aims 575 mupirocin, impetigo mycetoma 398 9, 398 definition 398 etiology and risk factors 398 incidence/prevalence outcomes 399 prognosis 398 treatment aims Mycobacterium leprae see leprosy mycophenolate mofetil atopic eczema hand eczema 120 mucous membrane pemphigoid 577 pemphigus antibody/toxin therapy alemtuzumab 284 anti-cd4 monoclonal antibody 284 denileukin difitox radioimmunoconjugate 285 ricin-labelled anti-cd5 immunoconjugate 285 definition 272, 272, 273 diagnostic tests 276 etiology 273 immunotherapy ciclosporin 283 extracorporeal photopheresis interferon alfa 281 interferon gamma interleukins 282 thymopentin 283 incidence/prevalence 272 multiagent chemotherapy phototherapy prognosis 273 6, 274, 275 radiotherapy superficial 285 total skin electron beam therapy retinoids bexarotene etretinate/acitretin/isotretinoin 283 single-agent chemotherapy doxorubicin 288 gemcitabine 288 methotrexate/trimetrexate 287 purine analogues topical therapy carmustine 278 corticosteroids 277 mechlorethamine peldesine 279 retinoids treatment aims 276, 276 naftifine, athlete s foot 359 Nambour Skin Cancer Prevention Trial napkin dermatitis National Eczema Association for Science and Education 17 National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)

9 natural polysaccharides, photoaging 332 3, 332, necrobiosis lipoidica 690 negative result trials 48 9 neurodermatitis 691 neuropathic pruritus neurotic excoriations 646 NHS Economic Evaluation Database 21 nickel allergy dietary manipulation nickel-chelating compounds nonresponders 65 notalgia paresthetica 691 number needed to harm 55 number needed to treat 41, 76 nutrient therapy, seborrheic dermatitis 168 oblimersen, metastatic melanoma 244 observer bias 65 6 occlusive dressings psoriasis warts octreotide, papulopustular rosacea 108 ofloxacin, leprosy 443 5, 444 onychomycosis definition 362, 362 etiology/risk factors 362 incidence/prevalence 362 oral 364 outcomes 363 prognosis systemic fluconazole 371 3, 373 griseofulvin 364 6, 365 itraconazole 366, , 370, 372 terbinafine 366, topical nail lacquers 373 5, 374 treatment aims 363 outcome measures 48 oxatomide, chronic urticaria 207 Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels of evidence 35 6 oxytetracycline, perioral dermatitis palmoplantar pustulosis ciclosporin combined therapy 184 corticosteroids photochemotherapy 184 retinoids 184 tetracyclines 185 papulopustular rosacea aims of 106 definition 105, 105 etiology/risk factors 106 incidence/prevalence 105 ampicillin 107 azelaic acid 109 azithromycin 107 benzoyl peroxide 109 clarithromycin 107 clindamycin 109 doxycycline eradication of H. pylori isotretinoin 108, 109 metronidazole 107, 108 octreotide 108 permethrin 109 photodynamic therapy 110 sulfur 109 tetracyclines 106 topical drugs tretinoin 109 outcomes 106 prognosis 106 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 402 parasitosis, delusion of paromomycin leishmaniasis American 456, paronychia parvovirus B Patient-Orientated Eczema Measure (POEM) 131 patients application of trial data to 73 9 information preferences 5 role in health care 14 see also consumers patient perception 58 patient support groups PCOS see polycystic ovarian syndrome Pediculosis capitis see head lice peldesine, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 2794 pemphigus anti-inflammatory drugs dapsone 591 gold 590 tetracyclines 591 biologicals 591 corticosteroids optimal dosing strategy pulsed therapy 583 definition 581, 581 diagnosis 582 epidemiology 581 etiology 581 immunoadsorption immunoglobulins immunosuppressants azathioprine ciclosporin 585 cyclophosphamide 584, methotrexate mycophenolate mofetil outcomes 582 plasmapheresis prognosis treatment aims 582 Penicillium marneffei 398 pentamidine, leishmaniasis 457 pentoxifylline, venous ulcers performance bias 44 perioral dermatitis see dermatitis, perioral permethrin head lice papulopustular rosacea 109 scabies perniosis 692 personal experience 9 10 pharmacoeconomic studies 68 72, 68 cost analysis 68 9 cost-benefit analysis 70 cost-effectiveness analysis 69 cost-utility analysis data and methods 70 1 framework 70 results and discussion 71 phenol, molluscum contagiosum 712 Phialophora dermatitidis 401 photoaging , 326 definition 326 7, 326 etiology 327 incidence/prevalence 327 alpha hydroxy acids 333, 334 isotretinoin 330, 331, 331 natural polysaccharides 332 3, 332, tazarotene , 330 tretinoin 328 9, 330 vitamins 328 outcomes 328 prognosis treatment aims 328 photochemotherapy atopic eczema 161 lichen planus, cutaneous oral lichen planus 194 palmoplantar pustulosis 184 vitiligo 490 1, 490 see also PUVA photodynamic therapy actinic keratoses 305 basal cell carcinoma 262 3, 263 laser vs broadband halogen light verteporfin and red light 263 vs cryotherapy 262 vs placebo

10 Bowen s disease papulopustular rosacea 110 perioral dermatitis 115 sarcoidosis 604 squamous cell carcinoma warts photoepilation, hirsutism 531 phototherapy atopic eczema polymorphic light eruption vitiligo 490 1, 490 pimecrolimus atopic eczema 142 5, 143, 160 hand eczema oral lichen planus 193 seborrheic dermatitis 167 pityriasis rosea placebo 5 plasmapheresis pemphigus Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis 615 plastic surgery, sarcoidosis 604 polycystic ovarian syndrome 532 3, 532, 533 polymorphic light eruption , 629 corticosteroids 631 definition 629 diagnostic tests etiology 629 outcomes 630 phototherapy prevalence 629 prognosis 629, 630 treatment aims 630 porphyria cutanea tarda port-wine stains , 638 definition 637 etiology 637 incidence/prevalence 637 laser therapy , 638 outcomes 637 prognosis 637 treatment aims 637 potassium iodide, erythema multiforme 611 pregnancy-related pruritus 664 6, 665 prevalence surveys 61 7, 62 4 confidence intervals/standard errors 66 correct epidemiological terms 66 disease definition 47, 65 inclusion criteria 66 nonresponders 65 quality criteria 61, 65 6 reduced observer bias 65 6 response rate 65 sample size 65 sampling methods 61, 65 studied individuals 66 target population 61 valid instruments 66 probiotics, atopic eczema Propionibacterium acnes 83 propylene glycol, seborrheic dermatitis 167 prurigo gestationis 665 prurigo nodularis 694 pruritus anogenital aquagenic cause 650 cholestasis/hepatic disease chronic renal failure definition 650 diagnosis 651 drug-induced endocrine diseases hematological disease HIV incidence and prevalence 650 neuropathic outcomes 651 pregnancy-related 664 6, 665 prognosis psychogenic senescent treatment aims 651 of unknown origin pruritus gravidarum 665 pseudocatalase, vitiligo 492 pseudofolliculitis barbae 695 psoralen ultraviolet A see PUVA psoriasis definition 171, 171 etiology 172 guttate 183 alefacept 182 azathioprine ciclosporin corticosteroids 174 dithranol 174 efalizumab 182 emollients etanercept 181 fumaric acid derivatives 182 Goeckerman regime 183 heliotherapy hydroxyurea 179 infliximab Ingram regimen keratolytics 173 leflunomide 181 methotrexate occlusive dressings PUVA retinoids sulfasalazine 180 tars 173 tazarotene 175 UVB 176 vitamin D derivatives outcomes 172 prevalence 171 prognosis 172 treatment aims 172 Psoriasis Area and Severity (PASI) 58 psychocutaneous disease clinical psychodermatology 644 cutaneous sensory disorders 647 definition psychiatric disorders with dermatological manifestations psychiatric disorders following dermatological manifestations psychophysiological diseases psychodermatology 644 psychogenic pruritus psychological interventions 645 atopic eczema psychopharmacological interventions 645 psychosocial impact of skin disease 15 publication bias 40 1 public role in health care 14 purine analogues, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome PUVA alopecia areata hand eczema polymorphic light eruption psoriasis see also photochemotherapy pyrethrins, scabies 465 quality 44 5 quality-adjusted life-years quality criteria 61, 65 6 Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses (QUORUM) initiative 39 Quality Research in Dementia program 16 quality scales 47 quinacrine, lupus erythematosus 551 radioimmunoconjugate, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 285 radiotherapy actinic keratoses 299 Bowen s disease 299 hand eczema Kaposi s sarcoma squamous cell carcinoma randomization

11 randomized controlled trials 4, 9, blinding/masking 46 critical appraisal environment 49 good versus bad informing future trials 672 mapping advantages 671 drawbacks 672 negative results 48 9 outcome measures 48 placebo use 5 place of 44 quality, validity and bias 44 5 safety 52 sponsorship 49 trial participants 73 4 see also individual conditions rare conditions 5 RCTs see randomized controlled trials recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 678 relative risk 54 response rate 65 retinoids actinic keratoses oral 307 topical 301 Bowen s disease 308 hand eczema lichen planus cutaneous 190 oral lupus erythematosus 552 melasma , palmoplantar pustulosis 184 psoriasis seborrheic dermatitis 168 topical, acne vulgaris 87 8 retinol (vitamin A), skin cancer prevention 222 Rhizomucor spp. 402 Rhizopus spp. 402 ricin-labelled anti-cd5 immunoconjugate, 285 rifampicin, leprosy 443 5, 444 ringworm 358 risk communication 77 roseola infantum 419 rubella 419 safety 52 5, 59 data sources 52 4, 53 salicylic acid acne vulgaris 90, 90 molluscum contagiosum 712 warts 348 salvia in hyperhidrosis axillary 624 palmar 627 sample size 65 sampling methods 61, 65 sarcoidosis definition 595 diagnostic tests etiology 595 incidence/prevalence 595 outcomes 596 prognosis 595 systemic therapy , 596 allopurinol 599 antimalarials 597 biologic anti-tnf-α agents corticosteroids fumaric acid esters 600 isotretinoin methotrexate tetracyclines 599 thalidomide topical/physical therapy corticosteroids 602 photodynamic therapy 604 photomedicine plastic surgery 604 tacrolimus 602 UVA treatment aims 596 scabies definition 463 diagnosis 463 etiology/risk factors 463 incidence/prevalence 463 oral treatments 467 9, 467 outcomes 464 prognosis 463 topical treatments 464 7, 464 acaricides insecticides treatment aims 463 scars hypertrophic hypopigmented 684 keloid scleroderma, systemic Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) 131 Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) 58, 74 seborrheic dermatitis definition 164, 164 etiology/risk factors incidence/prevalence 164 antiandrogens 168 antibiotics antifungals 165 6, corticosteroids 166 lithium succinate 166 nutrients 168 pimecrolimus 167 propylene glycol 167 retinoids 168 systemic outcomes 165 prognosis 165 treatment aims 165 seborrheic warts 695 selection bias 44 selenium, skin cancer prevention 222 self-care self-help groups senescent pruritus Sézary syndrome see mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome shampoos, tinea capitis 393 skin 3 skin cancer early diagnosis 218 incidence, mortality and morbidity 215, prevention chemoprevention community-wide multi-component strategies health-care system and provider settings individual targeting media campaigns 220 outdoor occupational settings 219 primary schools programs for caregivers 220 recreational/tourist settings 219 secondary schools/colleges 219 risk factors age 217 demographics genetic susceptibility 217 nevi on skin 217 skin color and ethnicity UV light and sun exposure 216 sunscreens Skin Care Campaign 17 skin cleansers acne vulgaris 84 8, 85 6 adverse effects 86 7 efficacy 84 6, 85 7 implications for clinical practice 87 Skindex 131 skin failure 3 skin grafting, venous ulcers sodium nitrite, molluscum contagiosum 712 sodium stibogluconate in leishmaniasis American intralesional 452 systemic

12 solar keratoses see actinic keratoses sponsorship 49 Sporothrix schenckii sporotrichosis , 399 definition etiology and risk factors 400 incidence and prevalence prognosis 400 treatment aims 400 squamous cell carcinoma definition 248 diagnostic tests 249 epidemiology , 250 cryotherapy 252 electrodessication and curettage excision 250 Mohs micrographic surgery photodynamic therapy radiotherapy 253 pathogenesis prognosis 249 treatment aims 249 see also skin cancer standard errors 66 Staphylococcus aureus, impetigo 354 Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis definition 613, 613 etiology/risk factors 613 incidence/prevalence 613 N-acetylcysteine 616 ciclosporin A 615 corticosteroids cyclophosphamide immunoglobulins 615 plasmapheresis 615 thalidomide 616 withdrawal of causative drugs 614 outcomes 614 prognosis rechallenge with causative drug 618 symptomatic treatment early referral 616 prophylactic antibiotics 617 supportive care tests for drug culpability treatment aims 614 striae alba 684 striae distensae structured questions study base 53 sulfa drugs, mucous membrane pemphigoid sulfasalazine, psoriasis 180 sulfur, papulopustular rosacea 109 sunscreens drawbacks 227 efficacy basal cell carcinoma melanoma , nevi count solar keratoses squamous cell carcinoma historical development 226 intended vs actual sun protection 227 lupus erythematosus 554 melasma outcomes as primary prevention 227 sun protection factor 226, 226 testing and regulation sympathectomy in hyperhidrosis axillary 624 palmar systematic reviews 38 43, 38 critical appraisal 39 data abstraction 41 hazards of quick searches 39 40, 40 limitations 6 pooling results 41 2 publication bias 40 1 sources of evidence 39 tacrolimus atopic eczema , 140 hand eczema lichen planus, oral 193 sarcoidosis 602 tamoxifen, metastatic melanoma 243 target population 61 tars, psoriasis 173 tazarotene acne vulgaris 88 oral lichen planus 192 photoaging , 330 psoriasis 175 temozolomide, metastatic melanoma 243 terbinafine athlete s foot 359 onychomycosis 366, seborrheic dermatitis 166, 168 tetracyclines acne vulgaris 94 palmoplantar pustulosis 184 papulopustular rosacea 106 pemphigus 591 sarcoidosis 599 thalidomide erythema multiforme 610 erythema nodosum leprosum lichen planopilaris lupus erythematosus oral lichen planus sarcoidosis Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis 616 therapeutic nihilism thymopentin, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 283 tinea capitis definition 386, 386 diagnostic tests 387 etiology 386 incidence/prevalence 386 corticosteroids fluconazole griseofulvin itraconazole ketoconazole shampoos 393 outcomes 387 prognosis 386, 386 spread and reinfection 394 treatment aims 387 tinea pedis, and cellulitis 414 tioconazole, athlete s foot 359 toe web intertrigo 414 tolnaftate, athlete s foot 360 topical 4 topical nail lacquers, onychomycosis 373 5, 374 toxic epidermal necrolysis see Stevens- Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis tretinoin acne vulgaris 87, 94 papulopustular rosacea 109 photoaging 328 9, 330 trials register 23 4 hand-searching 23 ongoing trials 23 4 search for trials 23 Trichophyton interdigitale 358 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 358 Trichophyton rubrum 358 Trichophyton tonsurans 386 trichotillomania 645 trimetrexate, mycosis fungoides/sézary syndrome 287 UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network 17 UK National Eczema Society 16, 17 UK Psoriasis Association 16 UK Raynaud s and Scleroderma Association 16, 17 UK Vitiligo Society 15 ultrasound, venous ulcers ultraviolet see UV uncontrolled data 10 undecenoic acid, athlete s foot

13 urticaria acute definition 197 diagnostic tests 198 etiology 197 incidence/prevalence , 199 outcomes 198 prognosis 197 treatment aims 198 chronic definition 202, 202 diagnosis 205 diagnostic tests 204 etiology 202 4, 203 incidence/prevalence , 206, 207 outcomes 204 prognosis 204 treatment aims 204 urticaria pigmentosa 697 UVA1 lupus erythematosus 554 sarcoidosis UVB hand eczema polymorphic light eruption psoriasis 176 validity 44 5 venom immunotherapy antihistamine pretreatment 484 venous ulcers definition 539, 539 etiology 539 incidence/prevalence 539 compression 540 intermittent pneumatic compression 543 pentoxifylline skin grafting ultrasound, laser and electromagnetic therapy vitamins and minerals 542 outcomes 539 prognosis 539 reducing recurrence risk treatment aims 539 visibility of skin disease vitamins melasma photoaging 328 vitamin D derivatives, psoriasis vitiligo definition 489 etiology 489 incidence/prevalence 489 antioxidants 492 cognitive-behavioral therapy 492 corticosteroids depigmentation therapy 493 immunomodulators levamisole 492 melagenine 492 phototherapy/photochemotherapy 490 1, 490 pseudocatalase 492 surgery outcomes 489 prognosis 489 treatment aims 489 vulvodynia 647 warts definition 347, 347 diagnostic tests 347 etiology and risk factors 347 incidence/prevalence 347 bleomycin cryotherapy dinitrochlorobenzene 350 occlusive with duct tape photodynamic therapy salicylic acid 348 outcomes 348 prognosis 347 treatment aims 348 washing powders, and atopic eczema well-built clinical questions advantages of 29 30, 30 structuring of 29 whiteheads 83 within-patient control studies 5 6 wrong parameters 48 wrong tests 48 zinc sulfate, leishmaniasis