Index. Note: Page numbers followed by f and t refer to figures and tables respectively

Transcription

1 Index Note: Page numbers followed by f and t refer to figures and tables respectively A Abobotulinumtoxin A, 397 Acid skin, 153 Acne, Acne inversa. See Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN), 238, 239 clinical features, epidemiology, 365 pathophysiology, 365 treatment, Acne scars, Acne vulgaris, 300 acne scarring, 114 azelaic acid, 112 benzoyl peroxide, 112 Caucasian skin, 104 depigmentation, 114 doxycycline and minocycline, 113 gold standard therapy, 113 hydroquinone, hyperpigmentation, 103 post-inflammatory, 104 hypopigmentation, 114 isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoid acid), 113 pathogenesis of, 104 pomade acne, 105 prominent feature of, 104 retinoids, 106 steroid acne, 106 topical antimicrobials, 112 treatment of, 106 web-based survey, 104 Acneiform eruptions acne vulgaris, 300 periorificial dermatitis, 300 Acquired idiopathic pattern facial pigmentation (AIPFP), 79 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 95 Acquired trichorrhexis nodosa (ATN), 349 Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM), 266, 267f Actinic lichen planus, 136 Actinic prurigo, 96 Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE), 164 Adalimumab, 372 Adapalene gel, 106 Adjunctive therapy, 181 Adnexal disorders acne keloidalis nuchae clinical features, epidemiology, 365 pathophysiology, 365 treatment, dissecting cellulitis clinical features, epidemiology, 369 pathophysiology, 369 treatment, hidradenitis suppurativa clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, 373 treatment, pseudofolliculitis barbae clinical features, epidemiology, 359 pathophysiology, 360 treatment, African American (AA) patients, 300 atopic dermatitis, 295 Alexandrite, Alezzandrini syndrome, 223 Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), 297 Allium cepa, 247 Alopecia, Springer International Publishing AG 2017 N.A. Vashi and H.I. Maibach (eds.), Dermatoanthropology of Ethnic Skin and Hair, DOI /

2 480 Index Alopecia areata, 223 Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) glycolic acid, lactic acid, 441 mandelic acid, 441 phytic acid, pyruvic acid, 442 Amalgam tattoo, 90 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD), 58 American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 163 Androgen receptor (AR) gene, 337 Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), 335, 337, 338 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), 188 Anti-centromere antibody (ACA), 176 Anti-desmogleins, 98 Antimalarials, 181 Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), 116, 167 Apocrine glands, 43 Arbutin, 425 Ascorbic acid, 425 Atopic dermatitis (AD), clinical presentation, epidemiology, histopathology, 131 pathophysiology of, 130 treatment, Atopic dirty neck, 304 Azelaic acid, acne, 112 rosacea, 117 B Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 258 clinical presentation, 263 pathogenesis, 262 pathology, treatment, 264 Becker s nevus, 291 Behҫet s disease, Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 112 Beta-hydroxy acids b-lipohydroxy acid, salicylic acid, Biopsies, 80, 148 melasma lesions, 202 Birthmarks dermal melanocytosis, café-au-lait macules, 288 patterned pigmentation, linear nevoid hypomelanosis vs. LWNH, 289 pigmentary demarcation lines, 289 transient infantile patterned hyperpigmentation, 289 Black dot, 146 Black gums, 79 Black skin, 28, 29 Bleomycin, 247 Body surface area (BSA), 294 Botulinum toxin, 397 Brimonidine gel, 122 Buccal mucosa, 88 Butterfly rash, 164 C Café-au-lait macules (CALMs), 288 Campbell-De Morgan spot. See Cherry angioma Caveolin-1, 173 Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), 332 clinical, 341 differential diagnoses, 342 etiology of, 340 hot comb alopecia, 340 pathogenesis, 340 systemic anti-inflammatory agents, 342 treatment of, 342 Chemical peels dermatologic disorders, 437, 438t peeling agents alpha-hydroxy acids, beta-hydroxy acids, Jessner s solution, retinoids, 445 trichloroacetic acid, 444 post-treatment, 445 Chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS), 411 Cherry angioma, 393 Chloasma. See Melasma Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE), 164 (discoid) lupus erythematosus (DLE), Chronic hair infection, 145 Circumscribed morphea, 182 Clear cell papulosis, Clindamycin, 375 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 467, Complex aphthosis, 97 Confetti leukoderma, 422 Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CARP), 293 Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN), 291

3 Index 481 Corneocytes, 64 Corticosteroids, 98 Cosmetic concerns acne scars, dermatosis papulosa nigra, 407 hyperpigmentation, photoaging, 409 prominent mandible, seborrheic dermatitis, 412 unwanted hair, varicosities, Cryotherapy, 217 Cultural competency, Cultural considerations dermatology, cultural competency in, ethnic and racial minority populations complementary and alternative medicine, use of, low health literacy and limited English proficiency, socioeconomic and health disparities, medication adherence, importance of, 469 Cushing s syndrome, 243 Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), 270, 272 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), 161 histologic features of, 167 management of, 171 Cutaneous lymphoma B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), 272 mycosis fungoides, 270, 271 hypopigmented, 271, 272f non-hodgkin lymphomas, 270 T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 270 Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 221, 270 Cyclophosphamide, 177 Cytobrush method, 147 D Dark-haired populations, 318 Darker skin UVA, biological effects of, 51 UVB, biological effects of, Delayed tanning (DT), 55 Demodex folliculorum, 122 Dendritic cells, 36 Dermal fibrosis, 233 Dermal melanocytosis, blue nevus, 288 Mongolian spots, 286 nevus of Ito, 287 nevus of Ota, 287 Dermal epidermal junction (DEJ), Dermatitis allergic contact dermatitis, 297 atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), 14 Dermatomyositis (DM) clinical presentation, diagnosis of, 179 epidemiology, 178 histology, 180 pathogenesis, prognosis and mortality, 180 treatment, Dermatophytosis, 145 Dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN), 392, 407 Dermoscopy, 148, 156 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-leg type (DLBCL), 272 Diffuse pustular, 146 Diffuse scale, 146 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 44 Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), 421 Diltiazem, 208 Direct immunofluorescence (DIF), 167 Discoid lesions, 162 Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), 164 Dissecting cellulitis (DC), 347 clinical features, epidemiology, 369 pathophysiology, 369 treatment, Doxycycline, 113, 123 D-penicillamine, 177 Drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 91, 92f diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, 208 histology, 208 management, 209 Dyschromia, 417 E Eccrine glands, 43 Eczema. See Atopic dermatitis (AD) Electrodessication, 393 Electromagnetic spectrum photodermatoses categories, 56 medical treatment of, 57 photoaggravated dermatoses, 56, 57t phytophotodermatitis, 56 solar radiation, 49, 50f

4 482 Index Electromagnetic spectrum (cont.) sun protection, 58 ultraviolet radiation biological effects of, clinical effects, visible light biological effects of, 54 erythema and pigmentation, 56 Epidermis keratinocytes and corneocytes, 64 Langerhans cells, 64 Merkel cells, 64 transepidermal water loss, 63 unique architecture, layers of, 63 Erythema, 130 Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP), 204 diagnosis and clinical presentation, 205 etiology, histology, 206 management, 206 Ethnic hair biochemical diversity, hair care practices chemical relaxers, side effects of, 333 hair restructuring techniques, 332 hairstyles, 332 hot combing, 332 Ethnic populations, skin structure and function in cutaneous appendages apocrine glands, 43 eccrine glands, 43 sebaceous glands, 44 dermal epidermal junction, dermis, epidermis, hair follicles, melanin, melanocytes, melanosomes, 40 stratum corneum black and white skin, differences of, 36, 37t ceramides, 38 compartments, 36 lipid composition of, 36 lipid-rich membrane, 36 skin irritation, 37 skin ph, 38 transepidermal water loss, water content, 38 skin pigmentation, 40 Ethnic skin acne, treatment of, 106 chemical peels in.(see Chemical peels) laser treatment. (See Laser treatment) Ethnic skin, biophysical properties of barrier function stratum corneum, 27 transepidermal water loss, 28 biophysical parameters, irritation, 30 skin aging, Exophiala werneckii, 155 F Facial Afro-Caribbean childhood eruption (FACE), 117 Favus, 145, 146 Female pattern hair loss (FPHL), 335, 336, 336f Fibroblast, 42 Fitzpatrick skin types (FST), 41, 115, 422 Flavonoids, 93 Fluconazole, Fluorouracil (5-FU), 247 Fluticasone, 131 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 117, 338 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 188 Free fatty acids (FFAs), 68 Friction hypermelanosis, 292 Frontal fibrosing alopecia, 349 Futcher s lines, 289 G Gastrointestinal tract (GIT), 175 Generalized morphea, 182 Genitals, melanotic macules of, 80 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, 112 Glutathione (GSH), 430 Glycolic acid (GA), 424, Gold standard therapy, 113 Gottron s papules, 179 Granular layer, 36 Granulomatous rosacea, 116 Gray patch, 146 Griseofulvin, 149 Guttate psoriasis, 133 H Hair disease, alopecia, Hair disorders alopecia patient, hair shaft disorders, inflammatory scalp conditions, nonscarring alopecia

5 Index 483 androgenetic alopecia, 335, 337, 338 anti-androgenic agents, role of, 339 FDA-approved medication, 338 female pattern hair loss, 336, 336f histopathologic examination, 336 laser phototherapy, 339 male pattern hair loss, 335 platelet-rich plasma, 339 pull test, 337 piedra, 302 scarring alopecias central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, chronic cutaneous DLE, lichen planopilaris, 349 neutrophilic scarring alopecias, traction alopecia, tinea capitis, trichorrhexis nodosa, 301 Hair fiber pigmentation, Hair loss, evolution of, 1 Hair shaft disorders, Health literacy, 470 Health-related quality of life (HRQL), Heliobacter pylori infection, 97 Heliotrope rash, 179 Hepatotoxicity, 154 Herpetiform ulcers (HU), 97 Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), 368 clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, 373 treatment, HLA-Cw6 antigen, 133 Homeostasis, 67 Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), 95, 273 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 95 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 96, 162 Human papilloma virus (HPV), 94 Human scalp hair evolution of, 319 genetic basis of, hair fibers geometry and curvature, 322 moisture content of, 323 pigmentation, hair grooming practices, populations, hair growth parameters, overview of, phenotypes, scalp microbiome, 324 tensile properties and combability, 323 Hydroquinone (HQ), 155, Hydroxychloroquine, 171 Hyperpigmentation causes of, 197 chemical peels, 427 cosmetic concerns, drug-induced hyperpigmentation diagnosis and clinical presentation, etiology, 208 histology, 208 management, 209 erythema dyschromicum perstans diagnosis and clinical presentation, 205 etiology, histology, 206 management, 206 evaluation of, intravenous agents, lasers, lichen planus pigmentosus diagnosis and clinical presentation, 204 etiology, 204 histology, 204 management, melasma diagnosis and clinical presentation, 201 etiology, 201 histology, management, 202 metabolic causes of, microdermabrasion, microneedling, 428 oral agents botanical agents, 430 emerging oral treatments, 430 tranexamic acid, 429 post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation diagnosis and clinical presentation, 198 etiology, histology, 199 management, 199 topical therapies.(see Topical therapies, hyperpigmentation) Hypertrophic scars (HTS) clinical presentation, cryotherapy, 245 genetics, histology, 237 vs. keloid, Nd:YAG, 246 onion extract, 247 pathophysiology, 238 PDL treatment,

6 484 Index Hypertrophic scars (HTS) (cont.) predisposing factors, pressure dressings, 241 variants acne keloidalis nuchae, 239 pseudofolliculitis barbae, Hypodermis, 43 Hypopigmentation and depigmentation, disorders of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, mycosis fungoides, 221 oculocutaneous albinism, pityriasis alba, piebaldism, 223 PIHypo, progressive macular hypomelanosis, tinea versicolor, vitiligo, Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA), 131 I Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation, 292 Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (IGH) age-associated pigmentary changes, 395 hypopigmentation and depigmentation, disorders of, Idiopathic inflammatory myositis, 177 Immediate pigment darkening (IPD), 54 Incobotulinumtoxin A, 398 Individual typology angle (ITA), 53 Infantile acropustulosis (IA), 303 Inflammatory disorders atopic dermatitis clinical presentation, epidemiology, histopathology, 131 pathophysiology of, 130 treatment, lichen planus clinical features, epidemiology, 136 histopathology, pathogenesis, 136 treatment, 139 psoriasis clinical manifestations, epidemiology, 132 histopathology, 135 pathophysiology, 133 treatment, 135 Inflammatory variants, 147 Infliximab, 372 Intense pulse light (IPL), 202, 399, 455, Intermittent CLE (ICLE), 167 Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), 219 Intralesional corticosteroids, 376 Intraoral lesions, 88 Intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVC), 172 Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), 106 Irritation, 30 Isotretinoin, 372 Itraconazole, 155 Ivermectin, 122 J Jessner s solution, K Kaposi s sarcoma (KS), AIDS-related, 273 classic and endemic, 273 clinical presentation of, 272 HHV-8 infection, 273 historical, transplantation-related, 273 treatment of, 275 types, 273 Keloid scars, 20 clinical presentation, epidemiology, 234 genetics, histology, 237 hypertrophic scars vs., pathophysiology, 238 predisposing factors, primary prevention, 240 secondary prevention ear keloids, pressure dressings, 241 radiation, silicone gel sheets, treatment botulinum toxin type A, 248 calcium antagonists, 248 chemotherapeutics, CO 2 treatment, 246 corticosteroids, 243 cryotherapy, 245 Nd:YAG, 246 onion extract, 247 PDL treatment, surgical excision, variants

7 Index 485 acne keloidalis nuchae, 239 pseudofolliculitis barbae, Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), 321 Keratinocytes, 35, 64, 151, 198 Kerion, 146 Ketoconazole, 150, 216 Kojic acid, L Lactic acid, 441 Langerhans cells, 36 Laser toning, 455 Laser treatment consultation, Nd:YAG, fractional photothermolysis, intense pulse light, PDL treatment, post-treatment, principles, 449, 452 skin of color, special considerations in, 452 types of, 449, t alexandrite, ruby laser, Leukoedema, Lichen planopilaris, 349 Lichen planus (LP), 299 clinical features, epidemiology, 136 histopathology, pathogenesis, 136 treatment, 139 Lichen planus actinicus, 136 Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) diagnosis and clinical presentation, 204 etiology, 204 histology, 204 management, Licorice, Limited English proficiency (LEP), Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis (LWNH), 289 Linear morphea, 182 Linoleic acid, 68 Lipid milieu, 67 b-lipohydroxy acid (LHA), Lipoxygenases, 151 Liquor carbonis detergents (LCD), 218 Localized scleroderma. See Morphea Longitudinal melanonychia, 81 Lupus band test, 167 Lymph nodes (LN), 273 M Major histocompatibility (MHC), 238 Malar rash, 162 Malassezia genus, 150 Malassezia globosa, 151 Male pattern hair loss (MPHL), 335 Mandelic acid, 441 Mask of pregnancy, 200 Mast cells, 42 Maturational hyperpigmentation, 393 Medication adherence, 469 Medulla, 321 Melanin, 218, 219 Melanin dust, 4 Melanoacanthosis, 89 Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), 2, 52 Melanocytes, 215, 216, 217 Melanocytic nevi, 90 Melanocytopenic, 215, 216 Melanoma clinical presentation, incidence, 264 pathogenesis and risk factors, 265 treatment and prognosis, Melanopenic, 215, 216 Melasma, diagnosis and clinical presentation, 201 etiology, 201 histology, management, 202 Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI), 440 Mequinol, 424 Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), 277 Merkel cells, 36 Methotrexate, 177, Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), 3 Metronidazole, 117 Microdermabrasion, Microneedling, 428 Microscopic epidermal necrotic debris (MEND), 459 Microsporum audouinii, 145 Microsporum canis, 145 Minimal erythema dose (MED), 40, 53 Minimal melanogenic dose (MMD), 55 Minocycline, 113, 177, 376 Minor aphthous ulcers (MiAU), 97 Mitomycin, 247 Mixed morphea, 182 Morphea clinical presentation,

8 486 Index Morphea (cont.) histology, 182 prevalence in, 181 treatment, 183 Mucosal lesions mucosal areas, physiologic variation in, nonpigmented oral lesions actinic prurigo, 96 Kaposi s sarcoma, leukoedema, squamous cell carcinoma, submucous fibrosis, 93 oral pigmented lesions amalgam tattoo, 90 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 91, 92f melanoacanthosis, 89 melanocytic nevi, 90 oral mucosal melanoma, 91 oral melanotic macules and lentigines, 88 post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 92 smoker s melanosis, oral ulcers Behҫet s disease, pemphigus vulgaris, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 97 Multisystem inflammatory disorder, 183 Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 172 Mycosel, 147 Mycosis fungoides (MF), 221, 270 Myofibroblasts, 237 N N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG), 426 Naked skin, evolution of, 1 3 disadvantages, 2 folate, photodegradation of, 3 hair loss, 1 2 MC1R locus, 2 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), 114, 372 Natural moisturizing factor (NMF), Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM), 291 Neurotoxin injection, 413 Neutrophilic scarring alopecias, Niacinamide, 426 Nodulocystic acne, 1046 Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), 270 Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), 257, 258 Nonpigmented oral lesions actinic prurigo, 96 Kaposi s sarcoma, leukoedema, squamous cell carcinoma, submucous fibrosis, 93 Nonpustular psoriasis, 133 Nonscarring alopecia androgenetic alopecia, 335, 337, 338 anti-androgenic agents, role of, 339 FDA-approved medication, 338 female pattern hair loss, 336, 336f histopathologic examination, 336 laser phototherapy, 339 male pattern hair loss, 335 platelet-rich plasma, 339 pull test, 337 O Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), Onabotulinumtoxin A, 397 Oral cancer, 94 Oral cavity, 87 Oral doxycycline, 376 Oral melanoacanthosis (OM), 89 Oral melanocytic nevi (OMN), 90 Oral mucosal hyperpigmentation mucosal melanosis, oral melanotic macules, 80 treatment of, 80 Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM), 91 Oral pigmented lesions amalgam tattoo, 90 drug-induced hyperpigmentation, 91, 92f melanoacanthosis, 89 melanocytic nevi, 90 oral mucosal melanoma, 91 oral melanotic macules and lentigines, 88 post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, 92 smoker s melanosis, Oral submucous fibrosis, 93 Oral ulcers Behҫet s disease, pemphigus vulgaris, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, 97 Oropharyngeal cancer, 94, 95 P Palmar/plantar melanotic macules, 81 Pansclerotic morphea, 182 Papillary dermis, 42 Papulosquamous disorders lichen planus, 299 pityriasis rosea, psoriasis, 298 Patterned pigmentation,

9 Index 487 linear nevoid hypomelanosis vs. LWNH, 289 pigmentary demarcation lines, 289 transient infantile patterned hyperpigmentation, 289 Pediatric dermatology acneiform eruptions acne vulgaris, 300 periorificial dermatitis, 300 birthmarks café-au-lait macules, 288 dermal melanocytosis, patterned pigmentation, dermatitis allergic contact dermatitis, 297 atopic dermatitis, 295, seborrheic dermatitis, hair disorders piedra, 302 tinea capitis, traction alopecia, 301 trichorrhexis nodosa, 301 late-onset and secondary hyperpigmentation Becker s nevus, 291 friction hypermelanosis, 292 idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation, 292 postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, 292 reticulate hyperpigmentation, 293 later onset hypopigmentation and depigmentation clear cell papulosis, pityriasis alba, 294 postinflammatory hypopigmentation and depigmentation, 293 progressive macular hypomelanosis, 294 vitiligo, newborns, vesicular and pustular diseases in infantile acropustulosis, 303 transient neonatal pustular melanosis, 303 papulosquamous disorders lichen planus, 299 pityriasis rosea, psoriasis, 298 pediatric malignancies, pigmented nevi congenital melanocytic nevi, 291 nail matrix, melanonychia and nevi of, 290 Pediatric malignancies, Peeling agents alpha-hydroxy acids glycolic acid, lactic acid, 441 mandelic acid, 441 phytic acid, pyruvic acid, 442 beta-hydroxy acids b-lipohydroxy acid, salicylic acid, Jessner s solution, retinoids, 445 trichloroacetic acid, 444 Pemphigus vulgaris, People of color (POC), 257 Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH), , definition/clinical presentation, 77 etiology, 78 treatment, 78 Periorificial dermatitis, 300 Persistent pigment darkening (PPD), 54 Photoaging, 409 Photodermatoses, Phototherapy, 135 Physiologic longitudinal melanonychia, Physiologic pigmentation acquired idiopathic pattern facial pigmentation, 79 genitals, melanotic macules of, 80 newborn, oral mucosal hyperpigmentation mucosal melanosis, oral melanotic macules, 80 treatment of, 80 palmar/plantar melanotic macules, 81 pigmentary demarcation lines clinical course and treatment, 77 clinical presentation, 76 epidemiology, 76 etiology, 77 periorbital hyperpigmentation definition and clinical presentation, 77 etiology, 78 treatment, 78 physiologic longitudinal melanonychia, Phytic acid, Phytophotodermatitis, 56 Piebaldism, 223 Piedra, 302 Pigmentary demarcation lines (PDLs) clinical presentation, 76

10 488 Index Pigmentary demarcation lines (PDLs) (cont.) epidemiology, 76 etiology, 77 clinical course and treatment, 77 Pigmentary mosaicism. See Patterned pigmentation Pigmentation, disorders of. See also Skin pigmentation melasma, vitiligo, Pigmented nevi congenital melanocytic nevi, 291 nail matrix, melanonychia and nevi of, 290 Pityriasis alba (PA), , 294 Pityriasis rosea (PR), Pityriasis versicolor. See Tinea versicolor (TV) Pityrosporum ovale, 215 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 339 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 114 Pomade acne, 300 Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), 18 19, 81, 92, 104, 292, 406, 418 acne with, 105f diagnosis and clinical presentation, 198 etiology, histology, 199 management, 199 Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIHypo), Potassium hydroxide (KOH), 216 Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP), 407 p-phenylenediamine (PPD), 297 Pre-vitamin D 3, 5 Progressive macular hypomelanosis (PMH), , 294 Prominent mandible, Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), 52 Prophylactic therapy, 216 Propionibacterium acnes, 104 Protein-esterified ceramides, 68 Provitamin D 3, 41 Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PB) clinical features, epidemiology, 359 pathophysiology, 360 treatment, Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB), 238, Psoriasis clinical manifestations, epidemiology, 132 histopathology, 135 papulosquamous disorders, 298 pathophysiology, 133 treatment, 135 Psoriatic arthritis, 134 Pulsed dye lasers (PDL), 202, , Pustular psoriasis, 133 Pyruvic acid, 442 Q QS alexandrite lasers (QSAL), 454 Q-switched lasers, 199 Quality of life (QOL), 14 Quality-switched (QS) lasers, 399 R Raynaud s phenomenon, 177 Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 3, 51 Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), 97 Resorcinol, 376 Reticulate hyperpigmentation, 293 Retinoid dermatitis, 106 Retinoids, 106, 445 Rimabotulinumtoxin B, 398 Rosacea azelaic acid, 117 brimonidine gel, 122 calcineurin inhibitors, 122 chronic inflammatory disorder, 114 clinical manifestations of, 115 clinical trials, 117 differential diagnosis of, 116 extrafacial sites of, 115 FACE syndrome, 117 general facial skin care recommendations for, 117 granulomatous rosacea, 116 ivermectin, 122 oral antibiotic, 123 oral pharmacologic agents, 123 post-inflammatory hypopigmentation, 116, 116f prevalence of, 114 rebound erythema, 122 subtypes of, 115 topical metronidazole, 117 Ruby laser, S Salicylic acid (SA), Salt and pepper sign, 175 Sarcoidosis, clinical features, diagnostic workup and histology, incidence, 184 morbidity and mortality, 188 multisystem inflammatory disorder, 183

11 Index 489 pathogenesis, treatment, Sarcoidosis Health Questionnaire (SHQ), 22 Scalp microbiome, 324 Scarring alopecias, 147 central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia clinical, 341 differential diagnoses, 342 etiology of, 340 hot comb alopecia, 340 pathogenesis, 340 systemic anti-inflammatory agents, 342 treatment of, 342 chronic cutaneous DLE, lichen planopilaris, 349 neutrophilic scarring alopecias, traction alopecia behavioral modification, 345 clinical, 343 dermoscopic findings, 344 differential diagnoses for, frontal alopecia, 344 histopathology, 344 risk of, 343 treatment of, 345 Scleroderma. See Systemic sclerosis (SSc) Sebaceous glands, 44 Seborrheic dermatitis (SD), 148, Seborrheic keratoses, 392 Selenium sulfide, 216 Senile angioma. See Cherry angioma Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), 268 Silicone gel dressings, 411 Silicone gel sheets (SGS), Simple aphthosis, 97 Skin aging, features of age-associated pigmentary changes, facial volume and structure, changes in, intrinsic and extrinsic aging, photoaging, 391 photoprotection and aging prevention chemical peels, 398 dermal fillers, 397 intense pulse light, 399 melanin protection, 396 neuromodulators, QS lasers, 399 side effects and treatment considerations, physiologic and structural properties of, 390 Skin barrier, 67 Skin biopsies, 138 dermatomyositis, 180 Skin cancer basal cell carcinoma clinical presentation, 263 pathogenesis, 262 pathology, treatment, 264 cutaneous lymphoma B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), 272 hypopigmented mycosis fungoides, 271, 272f mycosis fungoides, 270, 271 non-hodgkin lymphomas, 270 T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), 270 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, hypothesis, 2 Kaposi s sarcoma AIDS-related, 273 classic and endemic, 273 clinical presentation of, 272 HHV-8 infection, 273 historical, transplantation-related, 273 treatment of, 275 types, 273 Merkel cell carcinoma, melanoma clinical presentation, incidence, 264 pathogenesis and risk factors, 265 treatment and prognosis, non-melanoma skin cancer, 258 squamous cell carcinoma clinical presentation, pathogenesis, 259 treatment, 261 Skin disease pigmentation, disorders of melasma, vitiligo, sarcoidosis, Skin of color acne, pathogenesis of, 104 dermatomyositis clinical presentation, diagnosis of, 179 epidemiology, 178 histology, 180 pathogenesis, prognosis and mortality, 180 treatment, morphea

12 490 Index clinical presentation, histology, 182 prevalence in, 181 treatment, 183 mucosal lesions in.(see Mucosal lesions) naked skin, evolution of, 1 3 sarcoidosis clinical features, diagnostic workup and histology, incidence, 184 morbidity and mortality, 188 multisystem inflammatory disorder, 183 pathogenesis, treatment, skin aging. (See Skin aging) skin pigmentation concept of, 6 8 folate, photosensitivity of, 3 Homo sapiens, 4 6 primary role of, 3 skin cancer hypothesis, 2 3 UVR, 2 systemic lupus erythematosus CLE, epidemiology of, 162 clinical presentation, diagnosis of, 163 disease severity, epidemiology of, 168 histology of, 167 immunopathologic features of, 167 pathogenesis, survival and mortality, treatment, systemic sclerosis cutaneous and systemic features, diagnosis of, 174 disease severity and mortality, epidemiology of, 173 histology, 175 pathogenesis, serologic markers in, 176 treatment, 177 tinea capitis.(see Tinea capitis (TC)) tinea nigra. (See Tinea nigra) tinea versicolor. (See Tinea versicolor (TV)) Skin phototype system (SPS), 53 Skin pigmentation color-based race, concept of, 6 8 folate, photosensitivity of, 3 Homo sapiens MC1R gene, 5 melanin dust, 4 pre-vitamin D3, 5 skin color phenotypes, 6 UVB than UVA, 4 primary role of, 3 skin cancer hypothesis, 2 3 UVR, 2 Skindex 29, questionnaire, 14 Smoker s melanosis (SM), Socioeconomic status (SES), 470 Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 30 Solar lentigines, 395 Soy, 425 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 94 95, 258 clinical presentation, pathogenesis, 259 treatment, 261 Staphylococcus epidermidis., 112 Steroid-sparing agents, 181 Stratum corneum (SC), 27 architecture of, black and white skin, differences of, 36, 37t ceramides, 38 compartments, 36 factors influencing, 70 homeostatic biochemical barrier, lipid composition of, 36 lipid-rich membrane, 36 skin irritation, 37 skin ph, 38 transepidermal water loss, water content, 38 water-holding capacity.(see Water-holding capacity) Striae distensae (SD), 411 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), 164 Subcutis, 43 Submucous fibrosis, 93 Sun protection factor (SPF), 40, 55, 58 Superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), 266 Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER), 264 Systemic glucocorticoids, 183 Systemic lupus activity measure (SLAM), 169 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cutaneous lupus erythematosus, epidemiology of, 162 clinical presentation acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 164 categories, 163 chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 164

13 Index 491 chilblain lupus, 167 discoid lupus erythematosus lesion, 166 lupus panniculitis, 167 photosensitivity, 164 subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 164 subcategories, 163 disease severity Africans and African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, 169 diagnosis of, 163 epidemiology of, 168 histology of, 167 immunopathologic features of, 167 pathogenesis, survival and mortality, treatment, Systemic sclerosis (SSc) cutaneous and systemic features, diagnosis of, 174 disease severity and mortality, epidemiology of, 173 histology, 175 pathogenesis, serologic markers in, 176 treatment, 177 Systemic therapy, 149 T Telogen effluvium (TE), 335 Terbinafine, 149, 216 Thermal relaxation time (TRT), 452 Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), 132 Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), 278 Tinea capitis (TC), clinical presentation black dot, 146 diffuse pustular, 146 diffuse scale, 146 favus, 146 gray patch, 146 inflammatory variants, 147 kerion, 146 scarring alopecia, 147 differential diagnosis, 148 epidemiology, 144 fungal infection, 143 pathogenesis, 145 treatment, workup/diagnosis culture, 147 dermoscopy, 148 microscopy, 147 pathology, 148 wood s lamp, 147 Tinea nigra, Tinea versicolor (TV) clinical features, diagnosis, 153 differential diagnosis, 153 epidemiology, hypopigmentation and depigmentation, pathogenesis and etiology, treatment antifungal agents, 155 ketoconazole, 154 oral medications, 154, 154t prophylactic regimens for, 155t spectrum antifungal medication, 154 Tongue cancer, 95 Topical therapies, hyperpigmentation arbutin, 425 ascorbic acid, 425 azelaic acid, chemical sunscreens, 419 combination therapy, 423 emerging topical agents, FDA-approved sunscreen ingredients, 419, 419t hydroquinone, kojic acid, licorice, mequinol, 424 N-acetyl glucosamine, 426 niacinamide, 426 retinoids, soy, 425 sun protection factor, 418 strengths and weaknesses, 420t Traction alopecia (TA), 301 behavioral modification, 345 clinical, 343 dermoscopic findings, 344 differential diagnoses for, frontal alopecia, 344 histopathology, 344 risk of, 343 treatment of, 345 Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 28, 29, 36 37, 63 Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), 238 Transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), 173 Transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM), 303 Tretinoin, 199

14 492 Index Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), 444 Tricholosporum violaceum, 145 Trichophyton schoenleinii, 145 Trichophyton tonsurans, 143, 145 Trichorrhexis nodosa, 301 Trichrome vitiligo, 293 Tuberous sclerosis, 223 U Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), 201 biological effects of UVA, UVB, 52 clinical effects of, Ultraviolet (UV) rays, 40. See also Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) Unwanted hair, UVA darker skin types, 51 erythema, 54 photoaging, pigmentation, 54 UVA protection factor (UVAPF), 55 UVB darker skin, erythema, 55 pigmentation, V Varicosities, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 338 Visible light (VL), 53 erythema and pigmentation, 56 ultraviolet radiation, biological effects of, 53 Vitamin D, 41, 396 Vitamin D 3, 4 Vitiligo, 15 17, 223, , Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 223 Voight s lines, 289 Volar melanotic macules, 81 W Waardenburg syndrome, 223 Water-holding capacity corneocyte arrangement, 69 factors influencing, 70 intercellular lipids, natural moisturizing factor, 70 Wickham s striae, 136 X Xerosis, 218 Y Yeast, 143, 151, 153, 216 Z Zinc, 372 Zinc-finger neural crest transcription factor, 223 Zinc oxide (ZnO), 58, 117, 419 Zinc sulfate, 370, 371, 379 Zinc supplementation, 377