Analysis of the human blood

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Rhoda Grant
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1 Analysis of the human blood

2 Blood liquid connective tissue general functions: - transportation gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products - regulation ph, body temperature, osmotic pressure - protection clotting, white blood cells, proteins components: - blood plasma (liquid extracellular matrix) >90% water + solutes (proteins, waste products, sugars, etc) - formed elements cells and cellular fragments

3 Components of blood

4 Formed elements of blood

5 red blood cells (RBCs): Formed elements of blood - biconcave shape, no nucleus - hemoglobin: transport of O 2 - RBCs are also important in the transport of CO million RBCs / µl of human blood; 120 days in circulation

Formed elements of blood white blood cells

6 Formed elements of blood white blood cells (leukocytes; cells/µl blood): granulocytes: - contain nucleus and many granules - phagocyte intruders or dead cells, enter tissue - protect the body from infections - can also mediate allergic reactions 60-70% 2-4% 0.5-1%

Formed elements of blood white blood cells (leukocytes; 5000-10000 cells/µl blood): lymphocytes: 20-25% - contain large, round nucleus - main components of the immune system T cells: produced in the

7 Formed elements of blood white blood cells (leukocytes; cells/µl blood): lymphocytes: 20-25% - contain large, round nucleus - main components of the immune system T cells: produced in the thymus - mediate cellular immune response: attack viruses, recognise foreign cells - mediate allergic reaction B cells: produced in bone marrow - mediate humoral immune response: produce antibodies - memory cells

Formed elements of blood white blood cells (leukocytes; 5000-10000 cells/µl blood): monocytes: 3-8% - contain large, kidney shaped nucleus - phagocyte dead cells or cells recognised

8 Formed elements of blood white blood cells (leukocytes; cells/µl blood): monocytes: 3-8% - contain large, kidney shaped nucleus - phagocyte dead cells or cells recognised by the T cells platelets (thrombocytes): - small fragments of megakaryocytes - important in blood clotting reaction: platelet plug formation / µl blood Platelet plug

Blood groups and blood types - definitions agglutinogens surface of RBCs contain genetically determined

glycoproteins or glycolipids - at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens agglutinins soluble

9 Blood groups and blood types - definitions agglutinogens surface of RBCs contain genetically determined assortment of antigens [antigen: normally a foreign molecule which evokes immune response in the body] - glycoproteins or glycolipids - at least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens agglutinins soluble immunoglobulins (Igs, antibodies) in the blood plasma which react with foreign antigens - proteins; named after the antigen they recognize: eg. anti-a or anti-b transfusion transfer of donor blood components into the recipient s body hemagglutination aggregation / clumping of RBCs; antibodies recognize foreign RBCs and cross-link them

10 Blood groups and blood types the ABO blood group

11 Blood transfusion major rule: the recipient's blood plasma (the antibodies) should not react with the donor's antigens on the transfused RBCs who can give blood to whom? universal donor type 0 type A type B type AB universal recipient

evoked when meeting with Rh + blood Rh incompatibility: if blood from Rh + fetus contacts Rh -

12 Blood groups and blood types the Rh blood group Rh + (~85%): RBCs contain D antigen and no anti-d antibodies Rh - (~15%): RBCs does not contain D antigen; production of anti-d antibodies can be evoked when meeting with Rh + blood Rh incompatibility: if blood from Rh + fetus contacts Rh - mother during birth, anti-d antibodies are made 2nd Rh + baby is affected Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

13 Blood type testing 1. drops of different antisera (anti-a, anti-b, anti-a and anti-b + anti-d for Rh blood group) and physiological solution 2. mixed with small amount of blood 3. agglutination with an antisera indicates the presence of that antigen on the RBC A B AB 0

14 Blood glucose level glucose: major forms of energy (ATP production) in the body - aerob or anaerob oxidation - can be stored in the form of glycogen or triglycerids (absorptive state)

15 Blood glucose level during postabsorptive state / fasting, glucose can be mobilized from the internal stores

Blood glucose level normal pre-meal plasma level is 3.6-5.

16 Blood glucose level normal pre-meal plasma level is mmol/l regulated by 2 main pancretic hormones: insulin and glucagon diabetes mellitus: hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) Type 1: insulin dependent ~ - no endogenous insulin production Type 2: insulin independent ~ - no insulin receptors

Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting Administrative and Clinical Competencies

Pearson's Comprehensive Medical Assisting Administrative and Clinical Competencies THIRD EDITION CHAPTER 27 The Cardiovascular System Lesson 2: Composition and Function of Lesson Objectives Upon completion