Occurrence and Removal Through Conventional Water and Wastewater Treatment

Transcription

1 Occurrence and Removal Through Conventional Water and Wastewater Treatment

2 Goals On-going focus of wastewater treatment: Produce clean water with minimal risk to the environment and human health BOD, COD, pathogens, nutrients, metals On going focus of drinking water treatment: Produce clean, safe water with minimal health risk to the consumer Pathogens, carcinogens, metals, DBPs, SOCs/VOCs Traditional drivers don t cover emerging contaminant treatment 2

3 Historical Occurrence Typhoid Cases Philadelphia Filtration Sedimentation Chlorination From McGhee, 6 th Ed.,1991 James K. Edzwald, Drinking Water Treatment, NYC Water Summit, April 9, 2010 Waterborne Disease Control Essential human need provided by water engineers 20 th Century Control of waterborne diseases (Typhoid, Cholera, etc) through engineering Treatment technologies Role of the engineer in public health Water supply and distribution Last part of the 20 th and start of the 21 st Centuries New pathogen problems for developing countries Legionella, Giardia, Cryptosporidium 3

4 Occurrence Wastewater Effluent Detection Frequency (%) (# of samples = 20) 100% % 60-80% 40-60% 20-40% 90% Compounds have detection frequencies in raw surface water, WW effluent, and finished product. 80% Compounds have 0% detection frequencies in finished municipal drinking water. 70% 60% 50% Compounds have 0% detection frequencies in raw surface water but not in finished municipal drinking water. Compounds have 0% detection frequencies in finished product and raw surface water. 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Sucralose Iohexal Atenolol Dilantin Theobromine Meprobamate Primidone Cotinine Butalbital Carbamazepine DEET Diuron Dehydronifedipine Carisoprodol Triclosan TCEP Iopromide Theophylline Sulfamethoxazole Trimethoprim 2,4-D 1,7-Dimethylxanthine Simazine Amoxicillin (semi- Gemfibrozil Acetaminophen Lopressor DACT Ibuprofen Caffeine Naproxen Diclofenac Furosimide Sulfadiazine Ketorolac 4-nonylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol Erthyromycin Estrone Cimetidine DEA Bromacil DIA Albuterol Atrazine Lincomycin Nifedipine Ketoprofen Pentoxifylline BPA Lidocaine Isoproturon Estradiol Meclofenamic Acid Carbadox Bezafibrate Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamerazine Methylparaben Propylparaben Chloridazon Linuron Sulfathiazole Chloramphenicol Flumeqine Sulfamethazine Isobutylparaben Oxolinic Acid Sulfamethizole Norethisterone A. Eaton et al., 2010, WateReuse Symposium 4

5 Removal Efficiencies Raw Surface Water Detection Frequency (%) (# of samples = 43) 70% 40-60% 20-40% 0-20% 60% 50% 40% Compounds have detection frequencies in raw surface water, WW effluent, and finished municipal drinking water. Compounds have 0% detection frequencies in finished municipal drinking water 30% 20% 10% 0% detection frequency 0% DEET DIA DACT Simazine Theobromine Caffeine TCEP 4-nonylphenol DEA Atrazine Diuron Acetaminophen 2,4-D Butalbital Ibuprofen Sucralose Dehydronifedipine Iohexal Atenolol Meprobamate BPA Sulfamethoxazole Lopressor 4-tert-octylphenol Dilantin Furosimide Bromacil Carbamazepine Gemfibrozil Lidocaine Primidone Cotinine Carisoprodol Theophylline 1,7-Dimethylxanthine Erthyromycin Naproxen Iopromide Trimethoprim Amoxicillin (semi-quantitative) Methylparaben Propylparaben Cimetidine Albuterol Ketoprofen Diclofenac Sulfadiazine Ketorolac Nifedipine Meclofenamic Acid Linuron Sulfamethazine Triclosan Lincomycin Pentoxifylline Carbadox Bezafibrate Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamerazine Oxolinic Acid Estrone Isoproturon Estradiol Chloridazon Sulfathiazole Chloramphenicol Flumeqine Isobutylparaben Sulfamethizole Norethisterone A. Eaton et al., 2010, WateReuse Symposium 5

6 0% 0% 0% Removal Efficiencies 40-60% Finished Municipal Drinking Water Detection Frequency (%) (# of samples = 115) 20-40% 0-20% Compounds have detection frequencies in raw surface water, WW effluent, and finished product. Compounds have 0% detection frequencies in raw surface water 0% 0% 0% 0% detection frequency 0% DACT DEET Simazine DIA Atrazine DEA Sucralose Theobromine 2,4-D Caffeine Diuron Iohexal Theophylline TCEP 4-nonylphenol Meprobamate Acetaminophen Bromacil Iopromide BPA Carbamazepine Sulfamethoxazole Methylparaben Atenolol 1,7-Dimethylxanthine Diclofenac 4-tert-octylphenol Propylparaben Trimethoprim Ketoprofen Primidone Dehydronifedipine Naproxen Furosimide Cimetidine Butalbital Triclosan Gemfibrozil Ibuprofen Sulfadiazine Erthyromycin Albuterol Isoproturon Meclofenamic Acid Sulfadimethoxine Chloridazon Chloramphenicol Oxolinic Acid Norethisterone Dilantin Cotinine Carisoprodol Amoxicillin (semi- Lopressor Ketorolac Estrone Lincomycin Nifedipine Pentoxifylline Lidocaine Estradiol Carbadox Bezafibrate Sulfamerazine Linuron Sulfathiazole Flumeqine Sulfamethazine Isobutylparaben Sulfamethizole A. Eaton et al., 2010, WateReuse Symposium 6

7 Microconstituent Removal in Conventional Wastewater Treatment

8 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Primary Clarifier Plant Influent Aeration Secondary Clarifier Grit Chamber Bar Screen Internal Recycle Waste Sludge Plant Effluent Filters UV Disinfection 8

9 PPCPs in Wastewater WERF, 2007, Fate of PPCPs Through Wastewater Treatment To evaluate the fate of aqueous phase PPCPs in a wide range of full-scale wastewater treatment facilities as a function of SRT Compounds were sorted into bin classification on basis of frequency of occurrence in the influent and the degree of removal Antioxidants Pharmaceuticals Insect Repellents Fragrances Plasticizers Fire Retardants Sunscreens Surfactants Germicides 9

10 PPCPs in Wastewater Good removal Moderate Removal Poor Removal Infrequent Occurrence Methyl-3-phenylpropionate (fragrance) Octylphenol (Surfactant) Trichloroethyl phosphate (fire retardant) Intermediate Occurrence Ethyl-3-phenylproprionate (Fragrance) BHA (antioxidant) DEET (insect repellant) Musk Ketone (fragrance) Frequent Occurrence Caffeine Ibuprofen Oxybenzone (sunscreen) Chloroxylenol (germicide) Benzyl salicylate (sunscreen) Butylbenzylphthalate (plasticizer) Octylmethoxycinnamate (sunscreen) Triclosan (germicide) Benzophenone (sunscreen) Galaxolide (fragrance) WERF, 2007, Fate of PPCPs Through Wastewater Treatment 10

11 Primary Clarifiers 0% % Facilities with Primary Clarifiers TCEP * DEET * Galaxolide Facilities without Primary Clarifiers * Included in Eaton Study WERF, 2007, Fate of PPCPs Through Wastewater Treatment Caffeine * Ibuprofen * Triclosan * Oxybenzone Ethy-3-phenylproprionate Caffeine * Ibuprofen * Triclosan * TCEP * DEET * Oxybenzone Ethy-3-phenylproprionate Galaxolide % Removal 11

12 Occurrence of Estrogenic Activity and Phenolic Target Compounds in Primary and Secondary Treated Effluents 200 Concentration, ng/l Primary Effluent Secondary Effluent 11,697 1, , * Compounds in Eaton Study 20 0 WERF 2006, Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water Reclamation Processes 12

13 Role of SRT SRTs in the range of 5 to 10 days will remove certain PPCPs up to 80% Some compounds not removed at all Some compounds readily removed Other compounds need long acclimation periods and exhibit slow kinetic degradation Triclosan SRT (days) Ibuprofen Galaxolide WERF, 2007, Fate of PPCPs Through Wastewater Treatment 13

14 Disinfection Chlorine Disinfection (Free Chlorine, not Chloramines): Steroid concentration decreased Phenolic compound concentrations decreased Estrogenic activity decreased UV Disinfection: Medium pressure/high intensity decreased concentration of phenolic compounds Low pressure/high intensity exhibited no significant removal WERF 2006, Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water Reclamation Processes 14

15 Tertiary Treatment (Pilot MBR System) 0% % TCEP * Triclosan * DEET * Caffeine * Ibuprofen * % Removal Ethy-3-phenylproprionate Oxybenzone Galaxolide WERF, 2007, Fate of PPCPs Through Wastewater Treatment * Included in Eaton Study 15

16 MBR Compared to Activated Sludge - EDCs 0% % % Removal Estradiol Estriol Estrone NP Full-scale MBR pilot system Average of all facilities employing conventional activated sludge 4tOP BPA WERF 2006, Removal of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Water Reclamation Processes 16

17 Major Antibiotic Group Occurrence Conventional WWTP Advanced Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis WWTP Total Concentration (ng/l) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 β-lactams Quinolones Sulphonamides Other Total Concentration (ng/l) 1, β-lactams Quinolones Sulphonamides Other Influent Post Primary Settling Tank Post Bioreactor Post Final Settling Tank 0 Microfiltration Feed Microfiltration Permeate Reverse Osmosis Feed Reverse Osmosis Permeate Water Research, May 2007, Removal of Antibiotics in Conventional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment: Implications for Environmental Discharge and Wastewater Recycling 17

18 Microconstituents in Conventional Drinking Water Treatment

19 Conventional Treatment Raw Water Rapid Mix Flocculation Sedimentation Filters Cl 2 Contact Clearwell Finished Water Waste Sludge 19

20 EDCs PPCPs 20

21 Treatment Strategies Number of Detections Source Water Finished Water Distribution System Water 20 0 Pharmaceuticals Known or Potential EDCs Other Chemicals Data compiled from Benotti et. al., Pharmaceuticals and EDCs in U.S. Drinking Water,

22 Coagulation and Chemical Softening 0% % % Removal Acetaminophen DEET Estradiol Benzo(a)pyrene Estriol Estrone Ethinyl Estradiol Ibuprofen Oxybenzone TCEP Triclosan Caffeine DDT Data compiled from AwwaRF,

23 Why Doesn t It Work??? Coagulation is a particle removal process Very good at removing pathogens, particles and things stuck to particles Few compounds interact with weekly hydrophobic particles strongly enough to be well removed Compound Log K OW Polar Surface Area Benzo(a)pyrene DDT E2 Ibuprofen DEET Caffeine

24 3.5 ppm Chlorine at 24 Hour Contact Time 0% % DEET Testosterone Progesterone Androstenedione Atrazine Galaxolide Testosterone Iopromide Pentoxifylline Caffeine Fluoxetine Meprobamate Diazepam Dilantin Carbamazepine Ibuprofen Metolachlor Gemfibrozil Estriol Ethynylestradiol Estrone Estradiol Erythromycin Sulfamethoxazole Triclosan Trimethoprim Naproxen Diclofenac Hydrocodone Acetaminophen Musk Ketone % Removal 24

25 Chlorine Doesn t Removal Chemicals, It Changes Them BPA, E2, EE2 (nm) BPA Activity E2 Activity EE2 Activity BPA E2 0hr 1hr 2hr 4hr 12hr 24hr Proliferation Effect Data from Alum et al,

26 40 mj/cm 2 Ultraviolet Disinfection 0% % % Removal Acetaminophen Atrazine Caffeine DDT DEET Benzo(a)pyrene Galaxolide Ibuprofen TCEP Estradiol Estriol Estrone Diclofenac Sulfamethoxazole Triclosan Data compiled from AwwaRF,

27 Water and Wastewater Treatment Summary (Update) Most conventional Water and Wastewater treatment processes have not been shown to effectively degrade emerging contaminants. Chlorine Oxidation is an exception for some In order to effectively deal with emerging contaminants in direct potable reuse, some sort of advanced treatment will be necessary. 27