1. In a normal negative feedback loop the Comparator sends a(n) signal to the.

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1 Quiz 1-G 1. In a normal negative feedback loop the Comparator sends a(n) signal to the. a. Actuating, Sensor b. Effector, Sensor c. Error, Effector d. Actuating, Effector 2. What organ, discussed in lecture with respect to its role in the regulation of blood plasma levels of Ca++, secretes 1,25(OH) 2 Vitamin D 3? According to lecture does this molecule facilitate an increase or a decrease in plasma levels of Ca++? 3. A container is divided into two 1 L compartments by a completely impermeable membrane. The left side contains 1M solution of NaCl in water, the right side contains a 1M solution of KCl in water. At 6:30 am the membrane becomes permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. By 7:30 am the system will reach steady state. In the moments immediately after the membrane becomes permeable, is the net flux of Na+ ion from right to left or from left to right? At 7:30, is the amount of K+ ion in the right compartment greater than, less than, or equal to the amount of Na+ ion in the left compartment?

2 Quiz 1-N 1. In a normal negative feedback loop the performs a subtraction. a. Sensor b. Comparator c. Controlled Variable d. Amplifier 2. Identify two tissues which may be considered effectors in the negative feedback regulation of plasma levels of Ca++ described in lecture. 3. A container is divided into two 1 L compartments by a completely impermeable membrane. The left side contains 1M solution of NaCl in water, the right side contains a 1M solution of KCl in water. At 6:30 am the membrane becomes permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. By 7:30 am the system will reach steady state. In the moments immediately after the membrane becomes permeable, is the net flux of K+ ion from right to left or from left to right? At 7:30, is the amount of K+ ion in the right compartment greater than, less than, or equal to the amount of K+ ion in the left compartment?

3 Quiz 1-P 1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released into the blood stream by the parathyroid gland is a(n) in the negative feedback regulation of plasma levels of Ca++. a. Sensor b. Actuating Signal c. Effector d. Controlled variable 2. In the negative feedback regulation system described in lecture, as levels of Ca++ in the blood plasma decrease, the levels of 1,25(OH) 2 Vitamin D 3 released by the Kidney ; as a result, more Ca++ is absorbed by the helping to compensate for the original decrease. 3. A container is divided into two 1 L compartments by a completely impermeable membrane. The left side contains 1M solution of NaCl in water, the right side contains a 1M solution of KCl in water. At 6:30 am the membrane becomes permeable to Na+ ions only. By 7:30 am the system will reach steady state. In the moments immediately after the membrane becomes permeable, is the net flux of Na+ ion from right to left or from left to right? At 7:30, is the amount of Na+ ion in the right compartment greater than, less than, or equal to the amount of Na+ ion in the left compartment?

4 Quiz Week 2- G Name 1. Describe how the process of Endocytosis contributes to changes in the intracellular concentrations of glucose in a muscle cell. Be specific with respect to the critical molecules involved. 2. Draw and label the four cellular regions of the general example of a neuron described in lecture. In what portion of what region of the generalized neuron does an action potential originate? 3. At rest, is the conductance of the membrane of a generalized neuron to Na+ ion greater than, less than, or about the same as the conductance of that membrane to K+ ion? 4. For a properly functioning Na+ channel in the membrane of a normal nerve cell: a. As V increases, G Na+ increases. b. When G Na+ increases, [Na+] in increases c. When G Na+ increase, V increases d. Two of the above Which of the above is a correct channel statement?

5 Quiz Week 2- N Name 1. Name three subtypes of ion channels discussed in lecture. 2. You have properly assembled the experimental apparatus used to investigate neuronal activity in cells removed from a giant squid. At 1 am the resting membrane potential of the system is -70 mv and the threshold of the system is -55 mv. At 2 am you stimulate the axon to -50 mv. At 1 am what is the voltage in the fluid surrounding the squid axon? For the membrane very soon after 2 am: a. G Na+ increases b. [Na+] in increases c. V increases e. Two of the above At 3 am you add a large amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to both the intra- and extracellular fluid. At 3:01 am you stimulate the axon to -50 mv. For the membrane very soon after 3:01: a. G Na+ increases b. [K+] in decreases c. [Na+] out decreases 3. What is the resistance produced by a closed Na+ ion channel in a normal salamander plasma membrane at 15 degrees Celsius when the intracellular concentration of Na+ is twice as high as the extracellular concentration of Na+? 4. At 20 degrees Celsius the quantity 2.3(RT/ZF) = 58 mv for a particular neuron in an experimental system. If the resting membrane potential (RMP) is 58 mv what is the ratio of K+ concentration outside the cell to the K+ concentration inside the cell?

6 Quiz Week 2- P Name 1. Describe how the process of Exocytosis contributes to changes in the intracellular concentrations of glucose in a muscle cell. Be specific with respect to the critical molecules involved. 2. A new compound X has been discovered which when added to the extracellular environment of a neuron causes all of the Na+ channels to open and remain so indefinitely. At 1 am the resting membrane potential of a squid neuron in an experimental apparatus is -70 mv. At 2 am compound X is added to its extracellular environment. Initially does the membrane potential of the neuron increase, decrease or remain the same? What is the membrane voltage of the neuron a long time later? a. Near G Na+ b. -70 mv c. Near E K+ d. Near E Na+ 3. Draw an oscilloscope output for a normal neuron on a -100 to 100 mv scale. Begin and end with the cell at its resting membrane potential. Label the 2 other important electrical states of the plasma membrane and give the values of their potential in mv in a normal mammalian cell. On your drawing indicate where G Na+ is at its greatest value. 4. Which ion discussed in lecture is nearest it s Nernst equilibrium potential in a generalized neuron at its resting potential?

7 Quiz Week 3-G Name 1. In a particular healthy college sophomore, three excitatory neurons synapse on a toe corticospinal interneuron in the CNS whose resting membrane potential is -70 mv and which has a threshold for action potential at -55 mv. The RMP of the downstream toe motor neuron is also - 70 mv but has a threshold of -65 mv. In this individual all action potentials occurring within the Central Nervous System in any pre-synaptic cell cause a 5 mv depolarization of the post-synaptic cell via AMPA receptors only. The rest of the system is normal. - If two of the three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The E Na+ of the post synaptic neuron s axonal membrane increases b. The membrane voltage of the post synaptic neuron increases c. The G Na+ of the post-synaptic nerve s axonal membrane decreases d. The E K+ across the post-synaptic nerve s axonal membrane decreases e. The toe motor neuron releases ACh - This individual happens to be helping out with some field work on a newly discovered bird species in Venezuela. Soon after lunch she realizes that her tooth pick was actually a dart for an indigenous tribesman s blow gun and was laced with curare. The dose she received was effective but sub-lethal. Curare cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. If all three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The membrane potential in her Toe motor neuron reaches threshold b. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her Toe motor neuron increases c. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases d. The membrane potential across the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases 2. What is the difference between an Agonist and an Antagonist. Give an example of each. 3. What are the three types of muscle mentioned in lecure? Which type is anchored to bone? Which type is found in the Heart? 4. On the back of the quiz, draw a sarcomere and label the following: M-line, Z-line, H-Zone, A- Band. 5. Fill in the following blanks with the following terms: Thin, Thick, Actin, Myosin. is a major molecular component of the filaments of skeletal muscle. is a major molecular component of the filaments of skeletal muscle.

8 Quiz Week 3- N Name 1. In a particular college sophomore, three excitatory neurons synapse on a toe cortico-spinal interneuron in the CNS whose resting membrane potential is -70 mv and which has a threshold for action potential at -55 mv. The RMP of the downstream toe motor neuron is also -70 mv but has a threshold of -65 mv. In this individual all action potentials occurring within the Central Nervous System in any pre-synaptic cell cause a 5 mv depolarization of the post-synaptic cell via AMPA receptors only. The rest of the system is normal. - All three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The voltage gated Na+ channels in the axonal membrane of the cortico-spinal interneuron open b. The voltage gated K+ channels in the axonal membrane of the cortico-spinal interneuron open c. The toe motor neuron releases ACh d. There is a muscle contraction in the toe - This individual happens to be helping out with some field work on a newly discovered bird species in Venezuela. Soon after lunch she realizes that her tooth pick was actually a dart for an indigenous tribesman s blow gun and was laced with curare. The dose she received was effective but sub-lethal. Curare cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. If all three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The membrane potential in her Toe motor neuron reaches threshold b. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her Toe motor neuron increases c. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases d. The membrane potential across the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases 2. Fill in the blanks: Receptor Transmitter Agonist Antagonist Increased G of: GABA GABA nach ACh G K, G Na Strychnine G Cl AMPA G K, G Na mach G K GABA A -R nach curare Muscarine Strychnine CNQX Glycine G Cl GABA G K Nicotine Glutamate Glycine-R GABA B -R AMPA-R ACh G Na 3. On the back of this quiz draw a sarcomere and label the following: M-line, Z-line, H-Zone, A- Band.

9 Quiz Week 3- P Name 1. In a particular healthy college sophomore, three excitatory neurons synapse on a toe corticospinal interneuron in the CNS whose resting membrane potential is -70 mv and which has a threshold for action potential at -55 mv. The RMP of the downstream toe motor neuron is also - 70 mv but has a threshold of -65 mv. In this individual all action potentials occurring within the Central Nervous System in any pre-synaptic cell cause a 5 mv depolarization of the post-synaptic cell via AMPA receptors only. The rest of the system is normal. - If two of the three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The E Na+ of the post synaptic neuron s axonal membrane increases b. The membrane voltage of the post synaptic neuron increases c. The G Na+ of the post-synaptic nerve s axonal membrane decreases d. The E K+ across the post-synaptic nerve s axonal membrane decreases e. The toe motor neuron releases ACh - This individual happens to be helping out with some field work on a newly discovered bird species in Venezuela. Soon after lunch she realizes that her tooth pick was actually a dart for an indigenous tribesman s blow gun and was laced with curare. The dose she received was effective but sub-lethal. Curare cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. If all three pre-synaptic neurons simultaneously fire: a. The membrane potential in her Toe motor neuron reaches threshold b. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her Toe motor neuron increases c. The G Na+ of the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases d. The membrane potential across the axonal membrane of her cortico-spinal interneuron increases 2. On the back of this quiz, draw a sarcomere and label the following: M-line, Z-line, H-Zone, A-Band. 3. Fill in the blanks: Receptor Transmitter Agonist Antagonist Increased G of: GABA GABA nach ACh G K, G Na Strychnine G Cl AMPA G K, G Na mach G K GABA A -R nach curare Muscarine Strychnine CNQX Glycine G Cl GABA G K Nicotine Glycine-R Glutamate GABA B -R ACh AMPA-R G Na

10 Quiz Week 4 Section N Name 1. At 1 pm a skeletal muscle in a healthy individual is contracting normally. By 2 pm, the level of Ca 2+ in the cytosol very near the thin and thick filaments of this muscle is completely exhausted. At 2:01 pm: a. Contraction in the muscle continues normally b. All of the myosin binding sites on the thin filaments are exposed c. ATP is converted to GDP d. ATP is bound to Actin 2. Contractions in cardiac muscle: a. Propel blood toward the lungs via the pulmonary vein b. Propel blood toward the arms via the vena cava c. Induce bulk flow of blood from the Left Ventricle into the Aorta d. Are induced directly by action potentials traveling down cardiac baroreceptor neruons 3. The F-Channels: a. Conduct mono-valent cations b. Are closed at 0 mv c. Have an E F near 0 mv d. Are voltage gated 4. Heart valves close in response to: a. Neurons which synapse on them directly b. An electrical stimulus c. Force generated by the bulk flow of blood d. Skeletal muscle contractions e. Getting dumped by your sweetie 5. Name the three molecules which bind ATP during skeletal muscle contractions.

11 Quiz Week 4 Section G Name 1. At 1 pm a skeletal muscle in a healthy patient is contracting normally. At 2 pm as part of a medical experiment a physician injects a large amount of ATP into the cytosol very near the thick and thin filaments in a particular sarcomere within the muscle. In response: a. The strength of each power stroke of the Myosin heads increases b. The muscle instantly hits maximal contraction c. The frequency of power strokes of the Myosin heads increases d. G Ryanodine Channel goes up substantially 2. Cardiac muscle cells: a. Are connected to each other via chemical synapses b. Are connected to each other by intercalated disks c. Require input from the CNS to contract d. Have mach receptors e. Both a and b are correct f. Both a and c are correct g. Both c and d are correct h. Both b and d are correct 3. Patient L and patient M have the same blood pressure and the same stroke volume. The cardiac output of L is twice that of M. a. The amount of norepinepherine binding to α-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of L is greater than the amount in M b. The amount of norepinepherine binding to β-adrenergic receptors in the SA node of L is greater than that of M c. The carotid artery baroreceptors of L fire at twice the rate of the carotid artery baroreceptors of M. 4. An increase in G F Channel a. Results in an increase in the slope of the pace maker potential b. Results in an increase in heart rate c. Results in an increase in G Na+ d. Results in an increase in G K+ 5. Name the three molecules which bind ATP during skeletal muscle contractions.

12 Quiz Week 4 Section P Name 1. Name the three molecules which bind ATP during skeletal muscle contractions. 2. During a lengthening contraction: a. The amount of overlap between thin and thick filaments increases b. The I-Zone decreases in size c. The H-Zone decreases in size d. The M-line shifts to the right e. The distance between Z-Lines increases f. All of the above g. None of the above 2. The lub-dub sounds made by the heart: a. Mark the beginning and ending of Ventricular contraction b. Mark the beginning and ending of Atrial contraction c. Are made by blood slamming into the walls of the aorta d. Are made by the firing of the SA node and the AV node respectively e. Two or more of the above are correct are correct 3. When there is an increase in the activity of a parasympathetic neuron that synapses on the SA node there is: a. An increase in the conductance of Na+ and K+ b. An increase in cardiac output c. An increase in heart rate 4. The AV node a. Is responsible for the 100 msec delay between Atrial and Ventricular contraction b. Conducts action potentials from the ventricles to the atria c. Is located in the left ventricle 5. Force is generated between what two steps of the cross bridge cycle? a. A-M and A-M + ATP b. A-M + ATP and A +M-ATP c. A + M*-ADP-Pi and A-M*-ADP-Pi d. A-M*-ADP-Pi and A-M + ADP + Pi

13 Quiz Questions 5 Section G Name 1. During normal ventilation: a. Skeletal muscles in the lungs cause them to expand b. CO 2 goes down a concentration gradient from the alveoli to capillaries in the lungs c. O 2 is actively transported from the alveolar space to the blood d. Air moves into the lungs by bulk flow e. a and d are correct f. a and b are correct g. c and d are correct h. None of the above 2. The vast majority of O 2 that is carried to the body cells a. Is bound to Hb b. Is dissolved in the blood plasma c. Is found in the RBCs e. a and b are correct f. a and c are correct g. b and c are correct 3. Name three ways CO 2 is transported to and from body cells in the blood. 4. At 1 am an empty container is divided by a completely impermeable membrane. At 2 am both sides of the container are filled with physiologic saline. At 3 am 100 molecules of dissolved O 2 are added to both sides. At 3:10 am 10 molecules of Hemoglobin are added to the left. At 4 am the membrane becomes permeable to oxygen only. Assume all Hb molecules become fully saturated. In total how many molecules of O2 will be on the left side at 5 am?

14 Quiz Questions 5 Section N Name 1. Compound X is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. What would injecting this compound into a human do to the amount of CO 2 near their body cells? 2. Where is the concentration of CO 2 the highest in a normal, healthy individual? a. In alveoli just after inhalation b. In the RBCs moments before exhalation c. Near the body cells d. In blood plasma in the aorta 3. What is the controlled variable in the short term negative feedback regulation of O2/CO2 concentrations in the blood of a healthy individual at sea level? 4. What is the major excitatory neural transmitter of interneurons in the brainstem that regulate the rhythm of ventilation? 5. Which of the following serves as an actuating signal, or as part of an actuating signal in a negative feedback system? a. Blood plasma levels of Parathyroid hormone receptors b. Blood plasma levels of oxytocin c. Cell-surface calcium receptors of parthyroid gland cells

15 Quiz Questions 5 Section P Name 1. At 1 am an empty container is divided by a completely impermeable membrane. At 2 am both sides of the container are filled with oxygenated physiologic saline. At 3 am RBCs which have been prepared in such a way that they are very low in O 2 but are otherwise normal are added to the left side. Which of the following is true? a. The extracellular concentration of Cl- in the left at 3:30 is higher than the concentration of Cl- in the left side at 2:59 b. The extracellular concentration of O 2 is higher in the left than in the right at 4:00 am c. The concentration of HCO 3 - in the right at 2:30 is higher than the extracellular concentration of HCO 3 - in the left at 4 am d. The extracellular concentration of O2 in the left is higher at 3:30 am than at 2:30 2. Which of the following serves as a sensor or as part of a sensor in a positive feedback system? a. Plasma membrane calcium receptors in the parathyroid cells b. stretch-activated channels located in the carotid artery baroreceptor c. The S4 helix of a voltage gated Ca++ channel located in the SA node of the heart 3. Name three ways CO 2 is transported to and from body cells in the blood. 4. During normal ventilation: a. Skeletal muscles cause the pleural cavity to expand b. CO 2 goes down a concentration gradient from the alveoli in the lungs to capillaries in the lungs c. O 2 diffuses from the blood to the alveolar space d. Air moves into the lungs by bulk flow are correct f. c and d are correct g. a and b are correct h. a and d are correct i. None of the above 5. What is the controlled variable in the short term negative feedback regulation of O2/CO2 concentrations in the blood of a healthy individual at sea level?