Pulmonary Function Testing today! Hooray!...
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1 BI 121 Lecture 15 Pulmonary Function Testing today! Hooray!... I. Announcements Optional notebook + Lab 6 Pulmonary Function Testing today. Q? II. Pulmonary Function Lab Overview III.Muscle Structure & Function LS ch 8, DC Module 12 A. How is skeletal muscle organized? LS fig 8-2, DC fig 12-2 B. What do thick filaments look like? LS fig 8-4, DC fig 12-4 C. How about thin filaments? LS fig 8-5 D. Banding pattern? LS fig 8-3, fig 8-7 E. How do muscles contract? LS fig 8-6, 8-10 F. What's a cross-bridge cycle? LS fig G. Summary of skeletal muscle contraction H. Exercise adaptation variables: mode, intensity, duration, frequency, distribution, individual & environmental char...? I. Endurance vs. strength training continuum? fiber types...
2 Respirometer measures complete Pulmonary Function Test or PFT! NB: Should be able to blow out > 75-85% of VC/FVC in 1 second! That's FEV 1.0 /FVC > If less, may indicate asthma or other lung disease. VC Normal = Steep VC Abnormal = Flatter Downslope (eg, Asthma)
3 PFT measures all lung volumes & capacities (sum of > 2 volumes). Subject relaxes & breathes normally into and out of tank.
4 Spirogram graphing complete PFT from computer simulation.
5 Vitalometer Can only measure Vital Capacity (VC). No graph paper, so no time component.
6 Inhale air in room maximally! NB: noseclip & mouthpiece!
7 Exhale into tube maximally!
8 More modern-day computerized Pulmonary Function Testing Complete with HH! Happy Helpers!
9 How to put together?
10 Viola!!
11 Sample subject setup
12 Thoughtful, identical twin, group partner with incredible quickness, speed & agility!
13 Q about lab? Max I Sample data! I I I I FVC E E E E Max E
14 Skeletal Muscle Histology: Microscopic Anatomy x1000 H Howard 1980.
15 Organ = Muscle Cell = Myocyte = Fiber Subcellular = Cytoskeleton LS 2006, cf: LS 2012 fig 8-2 DC 2013 fig 12-3 Molecules = Actin & Myosin
16 Whole Muscle Organ Myocyte or Muscle Fiber Cell Myofibril Cytoskeleton Thick & Thin Filaments Myosin & Actin Molecules
17
18 Golf Club Analogy? LS 2006, cf: LS 2012 fig 8-4
19 Broccoli Analogy? Myosin Tails Bare Zone
20 LS 2006, cf: LS 2012 fig 8-5
21 Triad T tubule abutting cisternae Mitochondria
22 A Band = Dark Band Anisotropic = Light Can t Shine Through I A I I Band = Light Band Isotropic = Light Can Shine Through
23 LS 2012 fig 8-7
24 Discussion + Time for Questions!
25 What do we guess happens at the molecular level?
26 LS 2006, cf: LS 2012 fig 8-11
27 Relaxed: No Cross-Bridge Binding LS 2012 fig 8-6a
28 Excited: Calcium Triggers Cross-Bridge Binding LS 2012 fig 8-6b
29 Rope Climb or Tug of War Grasp, then Regrasp!
30
31 DN Laing & VP Lombardi, 1989
32 LS 2006 cf: LS 2012 fig 8-10
33 Muscle Contraction Resources A. Malcolm Campbell Davidson College, Davidson, NC David Bolinsky, XVIVO Rocky Hill, CT
34
35 Adaptations to Exercise? Body Levels of Organization? Which Body System? Organ Body System Cell/Tissue Molecular
36 Muscle Adaptations to Exercise
37 As muscles tug on bones, bones get stronger, too!...many systems adapt!!
38 Echocardiography documents hypertrophy... RV LV LA [RA] [RA] RV LA LV
39 Cardiac Adaptations to Exercise: Endurance vs. StrengthTraining 1 2 NB: 1 > LBM
40 Atrophy decrease in size & strength Hypertrophy increase in size & strength
41 Skeletal Muscle Atrophy
42 Women & Hypertrophy?
43 What happens in muscles at cellular & subcellular levels?
44 Myofibril Hypertrophy: Increased Number of Myofibrils Thick & Thin Filaments Myosin & Actin Molecules
45
46 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Fibers Characteristic TYPE OF FIBER Slow Oxidative Fast Oxidative Fast Glycolytic (Type I) (Type IIa) (Type IIb) Myosin-ATPase Activity Low High High Speed of Contraction Slow Fast Fast Resistance to Fatigue High Intermediate Low Aerobic Capacity High High Low Anaerobic Capacity Low Intermediate High Mitochondria Many Many Few Capillaries Many Many Few Myoglobin Content High High Low Color of Fibers Red Red White Glycogen Content Low Intermediate High LS 2012 tab 8-1 modified > VP Lombardi 1989
47
48 Changes in Muscle Due to Strength Training Size of larger fast vs smaller slow fibers CP as well as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) which enhances short-term power output Key enzymes which help store and dissolve sugar including glycogen phosphorylase (GPP) & phosphofructokinase (PFK) Mitochondrial # relative to muscle tissue Vascularization relative to muscle tissue Splitting of fast fibers? Hyperplasia? With growth hormone (GH), androgenicanabolic steroids (AAS)?
49 Changes in Muscle Due to Endurance Training Mitochondria, # & size Mitochondrial (aerobic) enzymes including those specific for fat burning Vascularization of muscles (better blood flow) Stores of fat in muscles accompanied by Triglycerides/fats in bloodstream Enzymes: activation, transport, breakdown ( -oxidation) of fatty acids Myoglobin (enhances O 2 transport) Resting energy levels which inhibit sugar breakdown Aerobic capacity of all three fiber types.
50 Which end of continuum? + Which energy nutrient/s?
51 + Which specific muscles?
52
53
54 Dancing can be super aerobic exercise, too, & you don t have to be a star!
55 Extremes of the energy continuum!
Thanks for your help with the blood chemistry lab!...
Thanks for your help with the blood chemistry lab!... BI 121 Lecture 12 I. Announcements Optional notebook check + Lab 6 tomorrow. Pulmonary Function Testing. Final exam > your Q on Wed. Q? II. Autonomic
Thanks for your help with the blood chemistry lab!...
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