1. Know the knee joints anatomical structures

Transcription

1 Final Exam Review

2 1. Know the knee joints anatomical structures

3 2. Types of bones and examples! Long " Found in arms and legs! Short " Found in wrists and ankles! Flat " Bones of the skull! Irregular " Bones of the vertebrae! Sesamoid " Wrapped within tendons (patella)

4 3. 5 Roles of the Skeleton t t t t t Protection Framework Attachments for muscles Storehouse for essential nutrients t The body needs calcium for vital operations, such as controlling muscular contractions, blood clotting, transmission of nerve impulses and other utterly essential tasks Blood-cell formation t Bone marrow transplants (Stem cells) Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

5 4. RecommendaBons on how to prevent osteoporosis! Remodelling declines from fourth decade onward " Process of bone remodelling reverses resorption occurs " Results in a 5 0% loss in bone mass per subsequent decade " Affects overall calcium levels in the body! Osteoporosis (low bone mass and deterioration of the bone tissue) may result from resorption " Leads to bone fragility " Increased susceptibility to bone fractures! Preventative measures include: " Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and a healthy lifestyle " Weight-bearing exercises " Bone density testing and medication when appropriate

6 5. Function and location of Cartilage (long Bone) 1. holding some bones together, 2. helping in the formabon of bones in growing children and 3. prevenbng Cartilage the bones from rubbing each other. Compact bone or Cortical Bone (cortex) Cancellous bone (Spongy Bone) Medullary cavity Periosteum Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphysis Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

7 6. Three main groups muscle Bssue! Skeletal muscles: " Voluntary, striated, and attach to bones by tendons and other tissue! Cardiac muscles: " Involuntary, striated, and found in one place the heart! Smooth muscles: " Involuntary, non-striated, and surround the body s internal organs can be classified

8 7. Three types of muscular contracbons! Concentric: " Muscle fibres shorten! Eccentric: " Muscle fibres lengthen! Isometric: " Muscle fibres do not change in length

9 8. 3 Major Functions of Muscles t t t Movement v Includes: breathing, eating, and the beating of our hearts Support Heat production There are over 600 muscles in the human body. Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

10 9. sliding filament theory know steps of muscle from thought to coming to rest

11 9. sliding filament theory know steps of muscle from thought to coming to rest t Summary of Sliding Filament Theory v Message release from the brain to contract muscle in central nervous system v Message then travels down spinal cord (223 mph, 100 m/s) go to peripheral nervous system more proximal to contracting muscle v Message then travels down axon branch to axon terminal where message is carried through to axon terminal v Message is carried via acetylcholine (Ach) to sarcolemma down the T tubules adjacent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (light weight few axon stimulate, heavier weight more axons are stimulated) v Ach causes sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to release calcium ions (Ca+) v Ca+ ions find their way to troponin which is on actin s tropomyosin and exposes binding sites for myosin s head, where they bind to the actin v ATP (adenosine triphosphate) broken down by ATPase (enzyme) to ADP and an inorganic phosphate producing energy and causing a power stroke and muscular contraction (the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments) v Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction) v When the brain tells the muscles to stop contracting the T-tubules pump the Ca+ out and the tropomyosin returns to original position and covers the binding sites for the myosin on the actin filament and the muscle will return resting state v Known as the sliding filament theory

12 10. Difference between tendon and ligaments! Tendons: " Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein) " Attach muscle to bone " Vascular! Ligaments: " Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue " Attach bone to bone " Avascular

13 11. Protocol to determine if ligament or tendon injured Pain through an acbve range of mobon usually indicates tendon, whereas pain during passive range of mobon Can be confirmed by acbve range of mobon test to rule out tendon

14 12. anatomical terminology planes, axis, anatomical

15 13. Big picture of nervous system The Components of the Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves Brain Spinal Cord Forebrain Hindbrain Midbrain

16 14. Stretch reflex.. The Stretch Reflex! Stretch reflex: " Simplest spinal reflex " Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle " Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract brings about knee-jerk action

17 14. Stretch reflex, Muscle Spindles at Work patellar reflex stretches muscle spindle in quads that causes contraction with hams relaxing Motor neuron Muscle fibres Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

18 The Stretch Reflex 14. Stretch reflex,! Stretch reflex: " Simplest spinal reflex " Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle " Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract brings about knee-jerk action

19 15. Able to read ECG The Electrical Activity of the Heart! Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG) " Graphical representation of electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart " Each wave generated during contraction is named: P wave: represents depolarization through the atria QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricle Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

20 15. Diagram conducbon of heart Excitation of the Heart! Sinoatrial node (SA node): " Specialized region of tissue found in wall of right atrium " Location where electrical signals are initiated ( pacemaker )! Atrioventricular node (AV node): " Passes electrical signal from atria into ventricles " Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)! Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje fibres! Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the myocardium! The myocardium contract " Leads to contraction of the heart " Leads to the pumping of blood Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

21 16. Blood pressure systolic / Diastolic pressure Cardiac Cycle Blood Pressure! Cardiac cycle: series of events occurring through one heartbeat! Involves two phases: " Diastole phase (relaxation) Heart fills with blood " Systole phase (contraction) Heart contracts and ejects blo

22 17. Three Metabolic (Energy) Pathways ATP-PC System (anaerobic alactic) Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic) 0-10 seconds PC + ADP >> ATP + CREATINE Type IIB of Fast-Glycolytic (FG) seconds C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2ADP = 2P i >> 2C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP + 2H 2 O (Glucose) (Lactate) Type IIA or Fast-Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG) Cellular respiration (aerobic) 70 seconds + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O ADP + 36P i >> 6CO ATP + 6H 2 O Type I or Slow-Oxidative (SO)

23 18. 4 functions of The Cardiovascular System Composed of: Heart Blood vessels Blood Functions: Delivery of O 2, fuel, and nutrients to the tissues of the body Removal of CO 2 and waste products from the tissues Maintenance of a constant body temperature (thermoregulation) Prevention of infection (immune function)

24 19. 3 main func-ons of respiratory system Composed of structures that allow: Passage of air from outside the body to the lungs Gas exchange to occur Three main functions: Supply O 2 to the blood Remove CO 2 from the blood Regulate blood ph (acid-base balance) Divided into two zones: Conductive zone Respiratory zone istockphoto.com/ Eraxion

25 20. & 21. Proper Treatment of an Injury S.H.A.R.P P.I.E.R. Principle Swelling: instantly or over time Heat: increased temperature in the area Altered: tissue will not function properly Red: in colour Pressure: tensor wrap Ice: placed on affected area Elevate: to reduce swelling Restrict: tensors, slings, or crutches Painful: to touch or move

26 22. Know what BMI stands for (Body Mass Index) and how to use the chart Body Mass Index (BMI): Used to assess extent to which a person is balancing the energy equation Ratio of a person s weight in kilograms to the square of his/her height in metres Correlates with increased risks of disease Does not distinguish between fat and excess muscle BMI calculator bmicalc.htm

27 23. Diseases from obesity The higher your BMI, the higher your risk for certain diseases such as: heart disease, high blood pressure type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, certain cancers.

28 23. Higher Body Mass Index and disease risk Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI is a useful measure or tool of overweight and obesity. It is calculated from your height and weight. BMI is an esbmate of body fat and a good gauge of your risk for diseases that can occur with more body fat. The higher your BMI, the higher your risk for certain diseases such as: heart disease, high blood pressure type 2 diabetes, gallstones, breathing problems, certain cancers.

29 24. 5 factors effecbng your metabolic rate Metabolic rate (MR) Measures energy that needs to be consumed in order to sustain essential bodily functions Affected by 1. age, 2. sex, 3. weight, 4. lean muscle mass 5. general level of physical fitness

30 Morphology

31 25. the energy equabon Energy equation: the food (or energy) we take in should closely match the effort we put out Energy storage = Energy intake Energy output

32 26. Three types of Ergogenic Aids Ergogenic aids are used by some athletes to: Improve physical appearance Prevent and/or treat injuries, illnesses, or disease Cope with stress Increase athletic potential Bridge the genetic gap Three types of Ergogenic Aids: Nutritional aids Pharmacological aids Physiological aids istockphoto.com/ Max Delson

33 27. What are three areas in sport and fitness that biomechanical principles are applied? Applications in Biomechanics Performance improvement Coaches and athletes focused on performance improvement within the aspects of technique and sport training Injury prevention and rehabilitation High level of interest in biomechanics from sports medicine specialists, trainers, and injured athletes in relation to injury prevention and rehabilitation Fitness and personal training Biomechanical analysis can be applied both to exercise and to equipment

34 28. Reversibility Use it or lose it Principle of Reversibility leads to: Atrophy Detraining Injury Lack of motivation Overtraining Burnout

35 29. Four components of fitness and test to assess each Baseline measures are useful in setting goals and can be used to monitor progress and adjust exercise programs Before an exercise prescription can be developed you must assess baseline values for selected components of fitness: Cardiovascular (step test, max VO2, Cooper 12 minute run, Beep Test) Body composition ( fat caliper test, BMI, Waist circumference test) Muscular strength and endurance (push ups, sit ups, vertical jump) Flexibility (sit and reach)

36 30. 4 components of a general exercise program Preparation (Warm-Up) Segment ROM movements to increase joint lubrication and body temperature Aerobic Segment Monitor heart rate Talk Test Resistance Segment Warm-up Adequate relief between sets Follow weight-room safety rules Cool-Down Segment Target muscles used in the workout Emphasis on static stretching

37 31. FITT principles and definibon of each F.I.T.T. Principle captures the four basic building blocks of any exercise program F = Frequency How many times per week I = Intensity How hard T = Type Anaerobic or aerobic eg. Cardio verse resistance training T = Time How long was your workout

38 31. F.I.T.T. Principle F.I.T.T. Principle captures the four basic building blocks of any exercise program F = Frequency amount of time per week spent on training I = Intensity how hard the individual works T = Type - Either aerobic or anaerobic training prescriptions or a combination of both T = Time - Amount of time spent in a single training session

39 32. Know the frequency, intensity, number of sets, number of reps and durabon of program when training a beginner in endurance and strength

40 33. Calcula-on training heart rate MHR = 220 age THR (60%) = MHR*60% = MHR X 0.6

41 34. Know the importance of a warm- up and cool- down Preparation (Warm-Up) Segment ROM movements to increase joint lubrication and body temperature Cool-Down Segment Target muscles used in the workout Emphasis on static stretching

42 35. 7 factors effect skill development Incorrect understanding of the movement Poor physical abilities Poor condition of movement Incorrect application of power Lack of concentration Inappropriate equipment, clothing, or footwear External factors Weather conditions

43 36. factors that lead to ideal performance state Ideal performance state The complete absence of doubt and fear of failure, and a general lack of inhibition A very narrow focus of attention with little or no signs of distraction from the goals of competition A sense of effortlessness and simply letting it happen Powerful feelings of being in control of one s performance

44 36. inverted U hypothesis

45 37. Three techniques to achieve ideal performance state Self talk Imagery and VisualizaBon Hypnosis

46 38. Know three areas in sport and fitness where applicabon of biomechanical principles are applied Performance improvement Coaches and athletes focused on performance improvement within the aspects of technique and sport training Injury prevention and rehabilitation High level of interest in biomechanics from sports medicine specialists, trainers, and injured athletes in relation to injury prevention and rehabilitation Fitness and personal training Biomechanical analysis can be applied both to exercise and to equipment

47 39. 7 Biomechanical principles Lower of center of mass, larger base and greater mass increases stability ProducBon of max force requires use of all possible joint movements ProducBon of maximum velocity use of joints in order Greater applied impulse the greater the increase in velocity Movement occurs in direcbon opposite that of applied force Angular mobon is result of force acbng at some distance from an axis by torque Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air

48 39. Know how to find the center of mass of a high jumper and why the flosbury flop is superior to the straddle

49 39. Know how to find the center of mass of a high jumper and why the flosbury flop is superior to the straddle

50 The End Good Luck next Tuesday Don t forget interview Thanks for a great semester