Test # 2 Review. Nervous System, Energy System, Cardio-respiratory System

Transcription

1 Test # 2 Review Nervous System, Energy System, Cardio-respiratory System

2 #1 & #2 Proper treatment of Soft Tissue injuries S.H.A.R.P P.I.E.R. Principle Swelling: instantly or over time Heat: increased temperature in the area Altered: tissue will not function properly Red: in colour Pressure: tensor wrap Ice: placed on affected area Elevate: to reduce swelling Restrict: tensors, slings, or crutches Painful: to touch or move

3 #1 Protocol to determine if ligament or tendon injured Pain through an active range of motion usually indicates tendon, whereas pain during passive range of motion Can be confirmed by active range of motion test to rule out tendon

4 he Components of the Nervous System #3 Major components of Nervous system Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System nial Nerves Spinal Nerves Brain Spinal Cord Forebrain Hindbrain Midbrain

5 #4-6 main part of the Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into two parts: The vertebral column and the spinal cord: Main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system The brain: Main control centre Receives and interprets endless signals Has six main parts: Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem Diencephalon Limbic system Reticular activating system

6 #5 - The Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Consists of those parts of the nervous system that lie outside the CNS Carries information in and out of the CNS Includes: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Contains both autonomic and somatic components

7 #6 - The Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Comprised of two systems: Sympathetic system: Causes localized bodily adjustments to occur Prepares body for emergencies (i.e. releases adrenaline, increases heart rate) Parasympathetic system: Returns body to normal (after it s been altered by the sympathetic system) Systems work in unison

8 # 7 - Somatic Nervous System Somatic nervous system: Handles the muscles in our extremities Contains both afferent and efferent nerve fibres: Afferent nerves: Send information to the CNS Efferent nerves: Send instructions to skeletal muscle PNS receives and processes information

9 #7 - Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems

10 #8 - The Reflex Arc (5 parts) t Reflex arc: v Pathway in which the initial stimulus and the corresponding response message travel Five parts to a reflex arc: Receptor Sensory (or afferent) nerve Intermediate nerve fibre Motor (or efferent) nerve Effector organ

11 #9 - Golgi Tendon Organs & Muscle Spindles Golgi Tendon Organs Muscle Spindles Location Position Respond to Sensory neurons Where tendon meets muscle fibre In series with muscle fibre Changes in muscle/ tendon tension 1 2 In belly of muscle fibre Parallel to muscle fibre Changes in muscle length

12 #10 - The Knee-Jerk Reflex (The Patella Reflex) monosynaptic 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 12

13 #10 Proprioception System and stretch reflex.. The Stretch Reflex! Stretch reflex: " Simplest spinal reflex " Depends on the single connection between primary afferent fibres and motor neurons of same muscle " Sequence of nerve impulses and motions (e.g. tapping patella ligament): Receptor muscle senses action of hammer against patella ligament through the muscle spindle s sensory neuron Message transmitted along afferent nerve axon to spinal cord Afferent neuron synapses with the efferent pathway of same muscle Impulse transmitted along efferent pathways to muscle Motor units contract brings about knee-jerk action

14 #11 - The Crossed-Extensor Reflex & Withdrawl reflex : A More Complex Reflex Action (Polysynaptic) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 60

15 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 3 #12 - What Are the three key Energy Nutrients The food we take in contains three key energy nutrients that are broken down over the course of digestion: Carbohydrates Protein Fats Of these three key nutrients, carbohydrates are our most important source of energy.

16 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. #13 ATP- The Common Energy Molecule To be usable, nutrients in the food we eat need to be reconstituted (or resynthesized) into a universal form of energy a free energy that can then be used for muscle contraction and many other physiological processes. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) The final form this free energy takes is adenosine triphosphate, ATP the common energy molecule for all living things. ATP captures the chemical energy resulting from the breakdown of food and is then used to fuel the various cellular processes in our bodies. 16

17 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. #14 - Approximate Energy Sources for Different Types of Sport Activities 17

18 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. #15a - The Release of Energy from ATP Energy is released when a trailing phosphate atom is broken from the ATP molecule. This results in ADP (adenosine diphosphate plus energy), as in the formula below: ATP > ADP + P + Energy 18

19 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 15 b - Two Energy Systems The anaerobic system occurs without the requirement of oxygen. It can occur in two separate metabolic pathways, one not involving the breakdown of glucose and the other involving the partial breakdown of glucose. The aerobic system, a separate but to some extent overlapping energy system, requires oxygen. It involves many enzymes and several complex sub-pathways, and it leads to the complete breakdown of glucose. (Fats and protein also enter the cycle at this stage.) 10

20 # 16 - Three Metabolic Pathways There are two energy systems (anaerobic and aerobic), but there are three metabolic pathways by which ATP energy reserves are restored. They are: ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic) sprint Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic) 400 meters Cellular respiration marathon In the presence of oxygen, the second pathway (glycolysis) is also the beginning of the third pathway (the aerobic system). 20

21 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. #17 & #18 The Chemical Equation for the ATP-PC Pathway Phosphocreatine (PC) is a high-energy molecule in which the phosphate can be broken off easily and which can be used to convert ADP (adenosine diphosphate) back to ATP. The chemical equation that represents this process is as follows: 21

22 #19, 20 & 21 22

23 #19 b - Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats Macronutrients are the human body s direct sources of energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Macronutrients supply us with the energy we need for daily life and for physical exercise. Carbohydrates 4 Calories per gram (kilocalories) Protein 4 Calories per gram (kilocalories) Fat 9 Calories per gram (kilocalories) 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2 3

24 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. #20 b - Muscle Fibre Types and Physical Activity Slow-twitch muscle fibres These are ideal for activities such as longdistance swimming, cycling, and running. Fast-twitch muscle fibres These can activate at a rate two to three times faster than slow-twitch muscles, making them ideal for the fast, powerful muscle contractions needed for activities such as short sprints, powerlifting, and explosive jumping. 24

25 #21 25

26 #22 - % Muscle fibre - Implications for Training For elite athletes, differences in muscle fibre types are often very pronounced. Olympic sprinters, for example, may possess as much as percent fast-twitch muscle fibres. Athletes in marathon-style events may possess that equivalent in slow-twitch fibres. But many factors contribute to an individualʼ s athletic performance. Physiology is just one of them. 26

27 Composed of: Heart Blood vessels Blood #23 - The Cardiovascular System Functions: Delivery of O 2, fuel, and nutrients to the tissues of the body Removal of CO 2 and waste products from the tissues Maintenance of a constant body temperature (thermoregulation) Prevention of infection (immune function)

28 #24 - Tracking the Flow of Blood 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 10

29 #24 & #25 The Flow of Blood through the Heart Blood is delivered to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava. It passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle. From there, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve and out through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. It then passes through the bicuspid valve and enters into the left ventricle. The blood is then pumped out through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and throughout the systemic circulation Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2 9

30 #26 - Properties of Blood Two main components: Plasma Fluid component of blood (mostly water) Blood cells Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Made in bone marrow Transport O 2 and CO 2 in the blood Transport nutrients and waste Contain hemoglobin White blood cells (leukocytes) Destroy foreign elements Critical in the function of the immune system Platelets Regulate blood clotting Plasma 55% 90% water 7% plasma proteins 3% other (acids, salts) Formed elements 45% >99% red blood cells <1% white blood cells and platelets

31 #27 & #28 CARDIAC TERMS Heart rate (HR) duration of each cardiac cycle Stroke volume(sv) volume of blood ejected by ventricles Cardiac output (Q) HR Î SV = Q Frank-Starling Law: Ability of the heart to stretch and increase the force of contraction LUB-DUB HEART SOUNDS : The lub is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound, dub or S2, is caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.

32 #29 & #30 Excitation of the Heart Sinoatrial node (SA node): Specialized region of tissue found in wall of right atrium Location where electrical signals are initiated ( pacemaker ) Atrioventricular node (AV node): Passes electrical signal from atria into ventricles Passes electrical signal to the bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle) Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje fibres Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the myocardium

33 #31 - The Electrical Activity of the Heart Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG) Graphical representation of electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart Each wave generated during contraction is named: P wave: represents depolarization through the atria QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle T wave: represents repolarization of the ventricle

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35 #33 & # 34 The 6 Causes of Coronary Artery Disease (Atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction) Besides a 1. poor diet, other risk factors associated with coronary artery disease include: 2. smoking, 3. elevated blood lipids, 4. hypertension, 5. family history, and 6. physical inactivity. Each factor individually increases the risk of development of coronary artery disease. When the factors are combined, the risk of coronary artery disease is magnified Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 30

36 #35 - The Respiratory System Composed of structures that allow: Passage of air from outside the body to the lungs Gas exchange to occur Three main functions: Supply O 2 to the blood Remove CO 2 from the blood Regulate blood ph (acid-base balance) istockphoto.com/ Eraxion Divided into two zones: Conductive zone Respiratory zone

37 #36 Different respiration systems (external, internal and cellular) The respiratory system supplies O2 to the blood, removes CO2 from the blood, and regulates blood ph (acid-base balance). All aspects of breathing are closely associated with the overall need of O2, metabolic processes, and muscle activity. External respiration occurs within the lungs and involves the exchange of O2 and CO2. Internal respiration refers to the exchange of gases at the tissue level. Cellular respiration is the process in which the cells use oxygen to generate energy cells use O2 to generate energy Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 37

38 #37 - The Conductive and Respiratory Zones 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 38

39 Expiration # Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 39

40 # 39 - Diffusion The primary factor that mediates gas exchange both at the lung (where blood becomes oxygenated and CO2 is removed) and at the tissue (where O2 is delivered for metabolism and CO2 is removed) is diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of a gas, liquid, or solid from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through random movement. Diffusion can only occur if a difference in concentration exists, and such a difference is called a concentration gradient Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 40

41 #40 - Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation When lactate levels begin to accumulate rapidly in the blood, this is referred to as the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA). With training, the curve for lactate threshold and OBLA can shift to the right Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 41

42 #41 - Oxygen Deficit and EPOC

43 #42 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Describes a family of diseases that lead to a reduction in airflow through the respiratory system Often fatal in severe cases Persistent conditions cannot be relieved (quickly or effectively) through the use of medications Individuals experience dyspnea while performing everyday activities Treatment includes: Medication Oxygen therapy Respiratory muscle training

44 # 43 - Training at High Altitude Proponents claim that when such athletes travel to competitions at lower altitudes they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for days, and this gives them a competitive advantage. Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts.

45 Final thoughts Final Thoughts 1.Know the multiple choice questions 2.Good Luck on your Exam J