Industrial Flow Measurement 3rd Edition. David W. Spitzer

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1 Industrial Flow Measurement 3rd Edition David W. Spitzer

2 Contents Preface WHY MEASURE FLOW? xi ABOUT THE BOOK xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives, 1 Prerequisites and Audience, 2 Learning Objectives, 2 Chapter 2 FLUID FLOW FUNDAMENTALS 3 Introduction, 3 Temperature, 3 Pressure, 4 Density, 7 Expansion of Liquids, 7 Expansion of Solids, 9 Boyle s Law, 9 Charles Law, 10 Ideal Gas Law, 11 Non-Ideal Gas Law, 11 Specific Gravity, 16 Flow, 17 Inside Pipe Diameter, 19 Kinematic Viscosity, 20 Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity, 20 Velocity Profile and Reynolds Number, 22 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Liquids, 36 v

3 vi Industrial Flow Measurement Friction Losses, 37 Miscellaneous Hydraulic Phenomena, 39 Chapter 3 PERFORMANCE MEASURES 49 Introduction, 49 Performance Statements, 49 Repeatability and Hysteresis, 53 Linearity, 53 Accuracy, 55 Composite Accuracy, 59 Turndown, 60 Rangeability, 61 Long Term Stability, 61 Chapter 4 LINEARIZATION AND COMPENSATION 63 Introduction, 63 Linear and Nonlinear Flowmeters, 63 Gas Flow Pressure and Temperature Compensation, 65 Liquid Temperature Compensation, 67 Pressure and Temperature Tap Location, 68 Flow Computers, 71 Multivariable Flowmeters, 71 Chapter 5 TOTALIZATION 73 Introduction, 73 Analog and Digital Flowmeters, 73 Implementation, 75 Chapter 6 FLOWMETER CALIBRATION 79 Introduction, 79 Calibration Techniques, 79 Dry Calibration, 81 Verification of Operation, 85 Chapter 7 MEASUREMENT OF FLOWMETER PERFORMANCE 87 Introduction, 87 Applicable Range, 87 Flowmeter Composite Accuracy, 88 Transmitter Accuracy, 88 Linearization Accuracy, 89 Digital Conversion Accuracy, 90 Indicator Accuracy, 91 Totalization Accuracy, 91 Overall Flowmeter System Accuracy, 91

4 Table of Contents vii Chapter 8 MISCELLANEOUS CONSIDERATIONS 97 Introduction, 97 Materials of Construction, 97 Piping Considerations, 101 Safety, 107 Wiring, 108 Chapter 9 INTRODUCTION TO FLOWMETERS 111 Introduction, 111 Flowmeter Categories, 111 Flowmeter Types, 112 Introduction to Flowmeter Technology Sections, 115 Chapter 10 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOWMETERS 117 Introduction, 117 Orifice Plate Flowmeters, 117 Other Technologies, 148 Chapter 11 MAGNETIC FLOWMETERS 159 Introduction, 159 Principle of Operation, 159 Construction, 165 Operating Constraints, 167 Performance, 169 Applications, 170 Sizing, 173 Installation, 173 Maintenance, 178 Chapter 12 MASS FLOWMETERS 183 Introduction, 183 Coriolis Mass Flowmeters, 183 Hydraulic Wheatstone Bridge, 196 Chapter 13 OPEN CHANNEL FLOWMETERS 199 Introduction, 199 Weirs, 199 Parshall Flumes, 204 Chapter 14 OSCILLATORY FLOWMETERS 209 Introduction, 209 Fluidic Flowmeters, 209 Vortex Precession Flowmeters, 214 Maintenance, 215 Vortex Shedding Flowmeters, 216

5 viii Industrial Flow Measurement Chapter 15 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FLOWMETERS 243 Introduction, 243 Helical Gear Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 245 Nutating Disc Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 251 Oscillating Piston Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 254 Oval Gear Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 259 Piston Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 267 Rotary Positive Displacement Flowmeter, 275 Chapter 16 TARGET FLOWMETERS 281 Introduction, 281 Principle of Operation, 281 Construction, 282 Performance, 285 Applications, 285 Sizing, 286 Installation, 287 Maintenance, 289 Chapter 17 THERMAL FLOWMETERS 291 Introduction, 291 Principles of Operation, 291 Construction, 294 Operating Constraints, 296 Performance, 296 Applications, 297 Sizing, 297 Installation, 298 Maintenance, 298 Chapter 18 TURBINE FLOWMETERS 301 Introduction, 301 Axial Turbine Flowmeters, 301 Other Turbine Flowmeter Designs, 313 Chapter 19 ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS 315 Introduction, 315 Principle of Operation, 315 Construction, 319 Operating Constraints, 320 Performance, 321 Applications, 322 Sizing, 322 Installation, 322 Maintenance, 324

6 Table of Contents ix Chapter 20 VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETERS 327 Introduction, 327 Principle of Operation, 327 Construction, 328 Operating Constraints, 334 Performance, 334 Applications, 334 Sizing, 335 Installation, 335 Maintenance, 337 Chapter 21 CORRELATION FLOWMETERS 341 Principle of Operation, 341 Chapter 22 INSERTION FLOWMETERS 347 Introduction, 347 Principle of Operation, 347 Available Technologies, 353 Operating Constraints, 357 Performance, 359 Applications, 359 Sizing, 360 Installation, 360 Maintenance, 362 Chapter 23 BYPASS FLOWMETERS 365 Introduction, 365 Principle of Operation, 365 Types of Bypass Flowmeters, 366 Chapter 24 FACTORS IN FLOWMETER SELECTION 369 Introduction, 369 Flowmeter Categories, 369 Flowmeter Types, 369 Performance, 371 End Use, 372 Power Requirement, 373 Safety, 374 Rangeability, 374 Materials of Construction, 374 Maintainability, 374 Ease of Application, 374 Ease of Installation, 375 Installed Cost, 375 Operating Cost, 376 Maintenance Cost, 376

7 x Industrial Flow Measurement Chapter 25 DATA REQUIRED FOR FLOWMETER SELECTION 383 Introduction, 383 Performance, 384 Fluid Properties, 385 Installation, 387 Operation, 388 Future Considerations, 389 Risk, 389 Flowmeter Information Sheet, 389 Chapter 26 FLOWMETER SELECTION PROCEDURE 391 Introduction, 391 Flowmeter Selection Procedure, 391 Applications, 394

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Standards. Certification. Education & Training. Publishing. Conferences & Exhibits. Table of Contents. View Excerpt. Buy the Book Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits Table of Contents View Excerpt Buy the Book Industrial Flow Measurement 3rd Edition David W. Spitzer Notice The information