International Journal Of Basic And Applied Physiology

Transcription

1 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology ASSESSMENT OF GENDER AND BMI DIFFERENCES ON HEART RATE AND SYSTOLIC BLOOD RESSURE IN YOUNG HEALTHY ADULTS AFTER ENDURANCE EXERCISE TRAINING rashath N Dixit ; Vijayaath ; Y Raghavedra Babu, Dr rakash S B, Dept of hysiology KIMS Koppal,. Dept of Foresic Medicie KIMS Koppal Abstract : Itroductio: Cardiac automaticity is itrisic to various pace maker tissue, which are largely uder cotrol of autoomic ervous system, the heart rate i the ormal healthy idividual represets the et effect of cardiac sympathetic ad parasympathetic ervous system o myocardial activity. Methods: The preset study aims to examie ad aalyse the patter of blood pressure (B) ad heart rate () before ad after edurace exercise traiig o the Bicycle ergometer, i healthy youg adults ( males, females). A attempt has bee made to assess the effect of edurace exercise traiig o systolic blood pressure () ad heart rate () i o-athletic youg adults durig the first mi of exercise ad also its effect o geder ad basal metabolic rate. A radomized crossover study over a period of -week period ivolvig sedetary me ad wome was performed; participats exercised at lower or higher itesity (% or % of reserve) i radom order, with a sedetary period i betwee. Traiig programmes were idetical for both geder except for itesity, ad were performed uder supervisio daily for hr. Results: The results showed that edurace exercise traiig reduces sigificatly (p) both i males ad females whe aalysed it shows reductio i at differet itesity of exercise but BMI showed o sigificat chages. The effect of exercise traiig o showed reductio i sigificatly at rest ad also reduced sigificatly as the itesity of exercise icreases whe both the geder take tougher(), whe we compared males ad females separately o sigificat decrease was see i case of. coclusio: Edurace exercise traiig, sigificatly decreases the systolic blood pressure ad heart rate, which tells the improvemet of the parasympathetic activity which i tur helps our uderstadig of the developmet of cardio vascular disease (CVD). Keywords: Exercise, systolic blood pressure, itesity, edurace, parasympathetic Correspodig Author: ; Dr. Vijayaath drpddvg@gmail.com INTRODUCTION: The cardio vascular system is mostly cotrolled by the autoomic ervous system though the complex iterplay betwee the parasympathetic ad sympathetic divisio. Cardiac automaticity is itrisic to various pace maker tissue, which are largely uder cotrol of autoomic ervous system, the heart rate i the ormal healthy idividual represets the et effect of cardiac sympathetic ad parasympathetic ervous system o myocardial activity. Exercise is a activity that ehaces ad maitais physical fitess ad esures overall health or welless that may iclude stregtheig of muscles, the cardiovascular system, ad for ejoymet as well. Despite coflictig evidece o the atihypertesive effect of dyamic exercise o restig B, aerobic exercise, i additio to diet modificatio ad drug therapy, is frequetly recommeded by physicias ad allied health professioals for the treatmet of hypertesio,, although the log-term ifluece of physical traiig o restig arterial B has bee widely studied -. Because exercise is oly oe of may stresses to which humas ca be exposed, it is more appropriate to call a exercise test ot a stress test. This is particularly relevat cosiderig the icreased use of o-exercise stress tests. As exercise is iitiated ad itesity of exercise icreases, there is icreasig oxyge demad from the body, usually from the workig muscles. To meet the requiremets, cardiac output is icreased by a augmetatio i stroke volume (mediated through the Frak-Starlig mechaism) ad heart rate as well as a icreasig peripheral arterio veous oxyge differece. However, at moderate to high- It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

2 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology itesity exercise, the rise i cardiac output is primarily attributable to a icrease i heart rate, as stroke volume reaches a plateau at % to % of maximal oxyge uptake except i elite athletes. Thus, maximal cardiac output durig exercise is the product of both stroke volume ad heart rate. The immediate respose of the cardiovascular system to exercise is a icrease i heart rate that is attributable to a decrease i vagal toe, followed by a icrease i sympathetic outflow. Durig dyamic exercise, heart rate i sius rhythm icreases liearly with workload ad oxyge demad. The expected value of heart rate ca be predicted from oe of several available equatios, which are derived separately for me ad wome. The basic way to calculate maximum heart rate is to subtract age from. It is kow that moderate exercise itesity results i -% of maximum heart rate, ad vigorous exercise results i -% of maximum heart rate. The regular practice of physical exercises is a importat factor to reduce morbidity ad mortality rates of cardiovascular ad all other coditios, ; there also seems to have further ad idepedet beefits from the practice of physical exercises ad improvemet of the aerobic coditio -, urpose of this study is to assess the effect of edurace exercise traiig o systolic blood pressure () ad heart rate () i oathletic youg adults durig the first mi of exercise also its effect o geder ad BMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS Oe hudred healthy adults i age group of - years ( Male sad females) voluteered to participate i the study. Clearace from the Istitutioal Ethical Committee was obtaied before udertakig the study. The study was coducted i the hysiology departmet Laboratory. articipats were istructed ot to cosume beverages cotaiig alcohol or coffee ad ot to eat a heavy meal immediately before the test. The study was coducted durig morig hours after light breakfast, ad commeced with the measuremet ad recordig of the body weight, height ad body mass idex of the subjects. Height was measured i cetimetres without footwear usig a vertically movable scale. Weight was measured to the earest grams by usig a digital scale. Body Mass Idex was derived by Quetelet Idex. Restig blood pressure was measured usig a digital electroic blood pressure moitor (maufactured by Kawamoto corporatio, Osaka Japa model o: KBM-), with the subject restig i a supie posture for miutes. Measuremet was doe two times durig two differet visits to the laboratory. O the occasio of each visit, blood pressure was measured by the same experieced observer usig a digital electroic blood pressure moitor. Subjects were excluded if the average of the last two values obtaied durig each visit for systolic ad diastolic blood pressures was greater tha ad mmhg respectively. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, respiratory disease ad orthopaedic or musculoskeletal lesios. Subjects selected were oathletic but physically active, osmokers, o-alcoholics, o-obese, odiabetics, o-asthmatics, o-hypertesive, apparetly healthy ad free of cardiovascular ad respiratory diseases ay disorder; which would iterfere the autoomic resposes or is a cotraidicatio for exercise as per the guidelies give by America college of sports medicie, ad ot takig medicatios that could affect cardiovascular fuctios. A writte iformed coset was obtaied from each participat after explaiig about the objectives of the study. All the idividuals were asked to do cyclig o bicycle ergo meter, Durig the first six miutes of exercise, the heart rate was moitored by usig the ibuilt electroic display device of the bicycle ergo meter, which showed the pulse rate of the exercisig subjects, ad was measured by the digital electroic blood pressure moitor. All the idividuals were subjected to physical traiig for weeks i early morig hours i the departmet of physiology for two hours for six days i a week. hysical traiig icludes warm up exercise followed by joggig; the duratio of It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

3 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology exercise was persoally supervised by istructor, after that each subject exercised o a bicycle ergo meter with a gradually icreasig itesity every miutes, startig from watts, Moderate exercise itesity was calculated as to percet of maximum heart rate i.e. to heart beats per miute, exercise was stopped immediately whe the idividual complais of ay discomfort. completio of weeks of physical traiig the idividuals were agai subjected for exercise test ad the procedure was repeated to study ay chage i the,. Descriptive data are preseted as meas ± SD. Test of ormal distributio of data was aalysed. Studet was used to compare the differeces betwee values. The accepted level of sigificace for differeces was equal to or less tha. for all tests ( value<.). RESULTS I our study males were aged.. ad females were.,. Geeral characteristics of Subjects (by age, geder ad BMI) (table ) Table : Basal characteristics of the study populatio by age ad geder. Whe compared the ad i females before ad after exercise traiig showed that had sigificatly reduced at rest ad durig exercise, whereas reduced after exercise but sigificat chages see at rest ad i st ad th mi of exercise, (table ) Table : Compariso before ad after traiig i females At Res t Traii g Mea SD.. Traii g Mea SD... - value At Rest st d rd th th th sigificatly reduced durig first six miutes of exercise after the edurace exercise traiig for weeks, i all the participats, whereas reduced sigificatly () at rest ad i st, th, th, ad th mi after traiig, ( table ) Age.... BMI.... Table : Compariso before ad after traiig for all Traiig Mea SD Male Traiig Mea SD Female -value It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

4 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology st d rd th th th < I males both the ad reduced after edurace exercise traiig, but sigificat reductio i is see at rest ad i first mi of the exercise. Later as the itesity icreases o sigificat reductio i is see. Whereas is reduced at rest ad i st ad th mi of the exercise. (table ) Table : Compariso before ad after traiig i males At Res t st d rd Traii g Mea SD Traii g Mea SD value.. th... It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

5 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology th th Whe we compared ad i males ad females before exercise traiig, we foud that the restig i females is sigificatly more tha the males but restig is less i females without ay sigificace, ad durig the time of exercise the is sigificatly more i females, (table ) Table : compariso of males ad females before exercise traiig d rd th th th At Res t st Traii g Mea SD Traii g Mea SD value. At the same time, after edurace exercise traiig i females ad males both ad is reduced; but is sigificatly more i females tha males both i restig state ad durig exercise. Whereas does ot show ay sigificat chages. (Table ) Table : compariso of males ad females after exercise traiig Traii g Mea SD Traii g Mea SD - value At... It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

6 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology Res t st d rd th th th Whe compared With BMI less tha ad more tha o sigificat chages see i both the geder. DISCUSSION Exercise is a cetral characteristic of a healthy lifestyle, but the cardio protective Mechaisms uderlyig its effects are uclear. We coducted a radomized cotrolled trial cotrastig the autoomic effects of aerobic coditioig i healthy, sedetary youg me ad wome. The mai results of the curret report show that i both coditios that is, at rest ad durig exercise, aerobic traiig programmes reduce sigificatly but ot the. The preset results show comparable reductios of at fixed absolute workloads durig the maximal graded exercise test. The decrease i raged from mmhg, which is i agreemet with previous studies showig a decrease i exercise at fixed absolute workloads,. A acute bout of exercise elicits a umber of trasiet physiological resposes, whereas accumulated bouts of acute exercise produce more permaet chroic adaptatios that may be termed the exercise traiig respose. Some authors observe a immediate reductio i B after a sigle bout of exercise. This pheomeo may have sigificat beefits by lowerig B for certai periods of the day. However, most of the literature documetig B reductio after acute exercise comes from sedetary participats, the possibility remais that this acute effect is merely owig to the effect of a ovel stressor o a sedetary system. Where as may authors have cotradictory results to our study, Irrespective of the traiig programme, o a average, a sigle bout of exercise did ot cause sigificat reductios i i ormotesive humas,. Further, oly recetly, others showed a reductio i B after a short maximal field exercise i moderately traied soccer players. However, o cotrol observatio or o-athletes were icluded, hece it is difficult to iterpret these results. The preset data further show that aerobic traiig programmes causes reductios i at the same absolute workloads durig the graded exercise test, which is moreover, i agreemet with others,. It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

7 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology Age, Sex, educatio, Body weight, alcohol cosumptio, physical fitess, ad medicatio have all bee show to affect the B respose to exercise idepedetly ad sigificatly. Numerous physiologic differeces exist betwee me ad wome icludig: height, weight, body compositio, hormoes ad also haemoglobi levels. revious work shows cotributig to ehacemet of cardiac performace durig aerobic exercise betwee geders, with differet mechaism, where females have demostrated a steep icrease i ejectio fractio with exercise, ulike me,. Wome demostrated o icrease i stroke volume with exercise traiig, whereas heart rate icreases i them, which is i agreemet with our study. LIMITATIONS Our study was desiged oly to assess the effect of aerobic coditioig traiig o cardiac autoomic modulatio. It was ot desiged particularly to examie geder differeces ad was ot powered to detect such differeces; we could ot be certai that the both the groups exercised as expected. However, because the groups differed precisely as predicted o aerobic capacity after traiig, it idicates that participats exercised as istructed. As we studied healthy youg adults, who are at low risk of heart disease, it could be argued that our fidigs lack public health sigificace. Such a view is icosistet with evidece that atherosclerosis begis very early i life risk factors for adult coroary heart disease also characterize atherosclerosis i childhood. True primary prevetio of atherosclerosis, as cotrasted with primary prevetio of cliically maifest atherosclerotic disease, must begi i childhood or adolescece. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT TOIC. Aerobic edurace traiig reduces at rest ad durig submaximal exercise.. is reduced after a acute bout of exercise i sedetary idividuals.. is reduced after traiig period but so sigificat chages see. CONCLUSIONS Our aalyses suggest that although there is evidece for cardio protectio through icreased autoomic activity geerated by aerobic exercise i our overall sample which gives a wealth of evidece of the health beefits of physical activity, o sigle study ca justify modifyig cliical ad public health recommedatios to egage i exercise. However, our fidigs, combied with evidece demostratig a cardio protective effect of exercise traiig, support the hypothesis that aerobic coditioig, as a measure of parasympathetic activity, cofers greater cardio protectio. A decrease i restig ad is perhaps the most obvious maifestatio of regular physical activity. Cotiuous pulse data provide a useful simple idex of the respose to traiig. Uderlyig mechaisms iclude a altered autoomic balace, at ay give rate of exercise are lower after traiig, ad this is beig augmeted by a stregtheig of the skeletal musculature. These fidigs are cosistet with the hypothesis that aerobic coditioig icreases cardiac vagal modulatio. However, a post hoc aalysis suggested a geder effect o traiig-iduced chages i is more evidet i females at higher itesity where as i males showed at lower itesity of work load. Further study is required to test this hypothesis ad examie the operative mechaisms. REFERENCES. A Fioretii, A erciaccate, A aris, Serra ad L Tubai Circadia rhythm of autoomic activity i o diabetic offsprigs of type diabetic patiets. Cardiovascular Diabetology, ; :,-. Jalife J, cheals DC. Neural cotrol of sioatrial pacemaker activity vagal cotrol of heart. Experimetal basis ad cliical implicatios. Armak: Futura. ;- It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),

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9 Origial Article Iteratioal Joural Of Basic Ad Applied hysiology fitess? Br J Sports Med ; :.. Church TS, Corad E, Skier JS, Blair SN. Effects of differet doses of physical activity o cardiorespiratory fitess amog sedetary overweight or obese postmeopausalwome with elevated blood pressure: a radomized cotrolled trial. JAMA ; :.. Criqui MH, Haskell WL, Heiss G, Tryoler HA, Gree, Rubestei CJ; redictors of systolic blood pressure respose to treadmill exercise: the Lipid Research Cliics rogram revalece Study. Circulatio ; :.. Charkoudia N, Joyer MJ () hysiologic cosideratios for exercise performace i wome. Cli Chest Med :. Adams KF, Vicet LM, McAllister SM, el-ashmawy H, Sheps DS () The ifluece of age ad geder o left vetricular respose to supie exercise i asymptomatic ormal subjects. Am Heart J ():. Higgibotham MB, Morris KG, Colema RE, Cobb FR () Sexrelated differeces i the ormal cardiac respose to upright exercise. Circulatio ():. Spia RJ, Ogawa T, ller TR, Kohrt WM, Ehsai AA () Effect of exercise traiig o left vetricular performace i older wome free of cardiopulmoary disease. Am J Cardiol (): Disclosure: No coflicts of iterest, fiacial, or otherwise are declared by authors It J Basic Appl hysiol., (),