Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

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1 Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acidosis hypercapnic, pulmonary circulation effects of, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, permissive hypercapnia for, Aerodigestive tract, anatomy of, definition of, 642 disorders of evaluation of, gastroesophageal reflux, overview of, symptoms of, 640 embryology of, physiology of, protective mechanisms of, 644 reflex mechanisms in, Air embolism, with CPAP, 486 Air-leak syndromes pulmonary circulation in, 665 with CPAP, 485 Alkalosis, pulmonary circulation effects of, Alveolar dysplasia, pulmonary circulation effects of, 672, 687 Alveolar recruitment, poor, pulmonary circulation effects on, 668 Antireflux mucosal defenses, Apnea of prematurity, 504 Arabella ventilator, 490 Asphyxia, pulmonary circulation effects of, Aspiration. See Aerodigestive tract, disorders of. Aspirin, maternal, fetal pulmonary circulation effects of, 658 Automated systems, for oxygen saturation control, Autonomic nervous system function, in weaning from mechanical ventilation, 554 Avea ventilator, 499 Avoidance of Mechanical Ventilation Trial, 476 B Babylog 8000 ventilator, 499, 515, , 521 Bear Cub ventilator, 499 Beer-Lambert law of light absorption, 574 Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting (BOOST) trial, 548, 564, 593 Betamethasone chorioamnionitis and, Clin Perinatol 39 (2012) perinatology.theclinics.com /12/$ see front matter ª 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2 742 Betamethasone (continued) pulmonary circulation effects of, 659 Bilevel CPAP, 491 Bird VIP ventilator, 521 Birth, pulmonary circulation changes at, Birth weight, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 590 Black-lung persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 661, 664 BOOST (Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting Trial), 548, 564, 593 Bosentan, for pulmonary hypertension, 672 Brain injury, in ventilation, animal studies of, brain development timing and, epigenetic hypothesis for, prematurity role in, 728 vulnerability of, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia causes of, chorioamnionitis and, definition of, diagnosis of, 587 economic impact of, 615 pathogenesis of, predictors of, after birth, at birth, 590 description of, models for, prenatal risk factors, prevention of, nitric oxide-based therapy for, pulmonary circulation in, 665 pulmonary hypertension in, 688 severe, cell-based strategies for, Bubble NCPAP, , 502 C Caffeine after weaning from mechanical ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 594 for weaning from mechanical ventilation, Cell signaling, nitric oxide and, Chest physiotherapy, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, 550 Chorioamnionitis, animal models of, antenatal corticosteroids and, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, , 589 diagnosis of, 442 exposure in, 443 fetal effects of, immune modulation and, organisms causing, 442 overview of,

3 respiratory distress syndrome and, Clinical Inhaled Nitric Oxide Research Group (CINRGI) trial, 668 COIN (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure or Intubation) trial, 463, 466, 468, 544 Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary circulation in, 664 Congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension in, 663, 688 Constant-flow CPAP, Continuous positive airway pressure, adverse effects of, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, benefits of, 461 bilevel, 491 clinical outcomes of, commercially available devices for, constant-flow, desirable features of, drawbacks of, early, versus standard care, ease of care for, 486 electronic feedback control valve, 489 extrinsic work of breathing and, , flow-opposition, fluidic flow-opposition, for initial respiratory support, , gas exchange in, high-flow, 488 history of, 484 indications for, 486 interfaces for, 461 liquid-seal, lung volume recruitment in, nasal, versus NIPPV, 499, patient interfaces with, physiologic consequences of, pressure transmission in, 490 safety of, system components of, variable flow, weaning from, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure or Intubation (COIN) trial, 463, 466, 468, 544 Cord clamping, timing of, pulmonary circulation effects of, 659 Corticosteroids antenatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 589 chorioamnionitis and, pulmonary circulation effects of, 659 postnatal after weaning from mechanical ventilation, 556 bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, 549 CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure. CURPAP trial, 466,

4 744 D DART (Dexamethasone: A Randomized Trial) study, 592 Delivery methods and timing, pulmonary circulation and, Dexamethasone, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, 556 Dexamethasone: A Randomized Trial (DART) study, 592 Diaphragmatic electromyography, adult studies of, animal studies of, controlled by electrical activity of diaphragm (Edi), in pediatric patients, measurements in, 526 neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and, neuroventilatory coupling in, patient-ventilator interaction and, Diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary circulation in, 664, 668 Diuretics, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, Dopamine, for pulmonary hypertension, 673 Doppler imaging, for right ventricular evaluation, Ductus arteriosus, closure of, 658, 688 Dysphagia. See Aerodigestive tract, disorders of. E Ear, seroma of, with CPAP, 486 Echocardiography, for right ventricular volumes and flow characteristics, Electrical activity of diaphragm (Edi), for mechanical ventilation, Electrocortical arousals, in aerodigestive tract, 647 Electromyography, diaphragmatic. See Diaphragmatic electromyography. Electronic feedback control valve CPAP, 489 ELEGAN (Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn) study, , Embolism, air, with CPAP, 486 Emphysema pulmonary circulation in, 665 pulmonary interstitial, with CPAP, 485 scalp, with CPAP, 486 Endothelins, pulmonary circulation effects of, 672 Epigenetic hypothesis, for brain injury in ventilation, Epinephrine, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, 556 Esophageal manometry, for aerodigestive disorders, 650 Esophagus, disorders of. See Aerodigestive tract, disorders of. Ethyl nitrite, as nitric oxide source, Expired tidal volume, in volume-targeted ventilation, 516 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry, 664 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, for pulmonary hypertension, 674 Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn (ELGAN) study, , Extubation, from mechanical ventilation, readiness for, F Fetal circulation, persistence of, pulmonary hypertension in, 686 Fetal growth restriction, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, Flow-opposition CPAP,

5 745 Fluidic flow-opposition CPAP, Fluoroscopy, for aerodigestive disorders, 650 Fluoxetine, maternal, fetal pulmonary circulation effects of, 658 FOXF1 gene mutations, pulmonary hypertension in, 687 Furosemide, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, G Gas exchange, in CPAP, Gender, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 590 Gestational age, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 590 Glottal closure reflexes, 647 Glucocorticoids. See Corticosteroids. H Heart, malformations of, pulmonary hypertension in, 688 Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula systems, 485, Hering-Breuer reflex, in diaphragmatic electromyography, 527 Hernia, diaphragmatic, pulmonary hypertension in, 688 High-frequency oscillation ventilation, pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 High-frequency ventilation nasal, pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 weaning from, Histone, in brain injury in ventilation, 732 Humidification, for CPAP, 486 Hyaline membrane disease, pulmonary hypertension in, 686 Hypercapnia, permissive, 547, Hyperoxemia and hyperoxia in mechanical ventilation, pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 Hypertension, pulmonary. See Pulmonary hypertension. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary hypertension in, 688 Hypothermia, pulmonary circulation effects of, 659, 687 Hypoxemia and hypoxia in mechanical ventilation, permissive, pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 Hypoxic respiratory failure, pulmonary circulation in, in air-leak syndromes, 665 in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 665 in congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 664 in meconium aspiration syndrome, in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, 664 in pulmonary hypertension, 665 in transient tachypnea of the newborn, 665 I Immune modulation, chorioamnionitis and, Infant Flow ventilator, , 499 Infant Star ventilator,

6 746 Inflammation, nitric oxide and, 624 Initial respiratory support, conventional/standard approach, , , CPAP in, , history of, 460 INSURE (intubate, surfactant, and extubation) approach, minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST), nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, optimization of, 477 Inotropes, for pulmonary hypertension, Insulin-like growth factor-1, for brain injury in ventilation, INSURE (intubate, surfactant, and extubation) approach description of, early versus early CPAP, versus standard care, late, Inter Neo ventilator, 499 Interleukins, in chorioamnionitis, Intermittent mandatory ventilation, synchronized, 529 Intraluminal impedance monitoring, for aerodigestive disorders, 650 Intravascular fluid volume, assessment of, photoplethysmography for, 579 Intubate, surfactant, and extubation approach. See INSURE (intubate, surfactant, and extubation) approach. L Laryngeal chemo reflex, 647 Lipopolysaccharide, in chorioamnionitis animal studies, , 452 Liquid ventilation, partial, for pulmonary hypertension, Liquid-seal CPAP, Lung bronchopulmonary dysplasia of. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. developmental stages of, hypoplasia of, pulmonary hypertension in, 688 inflammation of, in chorioamnionitis, , 452 parenchymal disease of, pulmonary hypertension in, 686 structural malformations of, pulmonary hypertension in, 688 M Magnetic resonance imaging, for right ventricular volumes, 694 Manometry esophageal, for aerodigestive disorders, 650 Mechanical ventilation brain injury in, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. continuous positive airway pressure systems for. See Continuous positive airway pressure. in delivery room, initial, noninvasive, oxygenation control in,

7 747 permissive hypercapnia in, 547, photoplethysmography monitoring in, pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 synchronized, volume-limited and volume-targeted, weaning from, Meconium aspiration, pulmonary circulation effects of, 661, , 687 Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, pulmonary circulation effects of, Microcirculation, assessment of, photoplethysmography for, Milrinone, for pulmonary hypertension, 672 Minimally invasive surfactant therapy (MIST), for initial respiratory support, Mucosal trauma, with CPAP, 485 Mycoplasma, in chorioamnionitis, , 446 Myocardial isovolumic acceleration, right ventricular, 694 Myocardial performance index, right ventricular, N Nasal cannula after weaning from mechanical ventilation, for CPAP, Nasal CPAP, versus NIPPV, 499, Nasal high-frequency ventilation, Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), , complications of, 505 current use of, 498 high-frequency ventilation, 503 history of, long-term outcomes of, 505 mechanism of, 498 primary mode, secondary mode, strategies for, synchronized (SNIPPV) mechanism of, 498 outcomes of, 505 primary mode, , 506 secondary mode, , 506 strategies for, technique for, versus NIPPV, 503 technique for, versus SNIPPV, 503 Nasal prongs migration of, 486 types of, 487 Nasal snubbing, with CPAP, 486 Nasogastric tube, in diaphragmatic electromyography, 526 National Institutes of Health, nitric oxide therapy statement of, Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis (NeOProM), 548 Neonatal Research Network Benchmarking Trial, 595 NeOProM (Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis), 548

8 748 Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist, for mechanical ventilation, Neuroventilatory coupling, in diaphragmatic electromyography, NIPPV. See Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Nitrates and nitrites, as nitric oxide sources, Nitric oxide for bronchopulmonary dysplasia prevention, aberrant nitrosylation and, animal studies of, biology of, clinical problem and, clinical trials for, endogenous bioactivity and, exogenenous, history of, 614 lung developmental stages and, mechanism of action of, 627 National Institute of Health statements on, S-nitrosothiols in, pulmonary circulation effects of, 668 Nitric oxide synthases, S-Nitrosothiols, in nitric oxide therapy, for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Noninvasive respiratory support. See Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, maternal, fetal pulmonary circulation effects of, 658 Nutritional support, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, 550 O Oxygen therapy bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, oxygen targets for, pulmonary circulation effects of, 660, 666 Oxygenation control of, nitric oxide and, 624 Oxyhood, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, P Patent ductus arteriosus, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, Perfluorocarbon liquid ventilation, for pulmonary hypertension, Perfusion index, measurement of, Peristaltic reflexes, Permissive hypercapnia, advantages of, 604 animal studies of, clinical studies of adult, neonatal, 608 for weaning from mechanical ventilation, 547 Permissive hypoxemia, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn,

9 causes of, , , idiopathic, 661, 664 pulmonary circulation in, 664 therapy-related, ph monitoring, for aerodigestive disorders, 650 Pharynx, disorders of. See Aerodigestive tract, disorders of. Photoplethysmography, description of, limitations of, morphologic analysis of, principles of, Pleth variability index, measurement of, 578 Pnemocephalus, with CPAP, 486 Pneumomediastinum, pulmonary circulation in, 665 Pneumonia chorioamnionitis and, 441, pulmonary circulation effects of, 661, 686 Pneumo-orbitis, with CPAP, 486 Pneumothorax pulmonary circulation in, 665 with CPAP, 485 Positive pressure ventilation nasal intermittent, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, 555 pulmonary circulation effects of, 666 Pressure-limited ventilation versus volume-targeted ventilation, 515 weaning from, Preterm infants brain injury in, bronchopulmonary dysplasia in. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. chorioamnionitis effects on, delivery room care of, initial respiratory support for, noninvasive respiratory support for, oxygenation control in, permissive hypercapnia in, respiratory distress syndrome in, Progenitor cells. See Stem cells. Proportional-assist ventilation, Pulmonary circulation, anomalies of, , fetal, in hypoxemic respiratory failure, therapy effects on, transition at birth, versus systemic circulation, Pulmonary hypertension, See also Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. conditions causing, definition of, 686 right ventricular assessment in 749

10 750 Pulmonary hypertension (continued) flow characteristics, function, structure, volumes, 694 Pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension in, Pulmonary vascular resistance fetal, in hypoxemic respiratory failure, Pulmonary veins, malformations of, pulmonary hypertension in, Pulse oximetry for oxygenation control, 565 photoplethysmography and, R REduction of VEntilation (REVE) trial, 470 Reflexes, of aerodigestive tract, Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, pulmonary circulation effects of, Respiratory care bronchopulmonary dysplasia and. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. chorioamnionitis effects and, for aerodigestive disorders, for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. See Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. for pulmonary hypertension, mechanical ventilation in. See Mechanical ventilation. nitric oxide in, photoplethysmography monitoring in, pulmonary circulation issues in, Respiratory distress syndrome, chorioamnionitis and, Respiratory patterns, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 590 REVE (REduction of VEntilation) trial, 470 Right heart structure and function, in pulmonary hypertension. See Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular assessment in. ROS NITRIc oxide, pulmonary circulation effects of, S Sechrist IV-200 DAVI ventilator, 498 Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, maternal, fetal pulmonary circulation effects of, 658 Sepsis bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 594 chorioamnionitis and, 441 pulmonary hypertension in, 686 Servo ventilators, 499, , 521 Sildenafil, for pulmonary hypertension, 670 SiPAP device, 491 SLE 2000 ventilator, 499 SNIPPV. See Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), synchronized. Sphincteric reflexes, Spironolactone, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, Spontaneous breathing trials, in weaning from mechanical ventilation,

11 751 Star Sync module, 498 Stem cells, for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, basic concepts of, challenges remaining, developmental potency of, hierarchies of, 705 in pathogenesis, resident cells in, therapeutic potential of, STOP-ROP (Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity), 548 Strain imaging, for right ventricular functional assessment, Stridor, after weaning from mechanical ventilation, 556 Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP), 548 SUPPORT (Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Pulse Oximetry Randomized Trial), 463, 465, 468, 548, , Surfactant deficiency of, pulmonary circulation effects of, 672 pulmonary circulation effects of, 668 Surfactant, Positive Pressure, and Pulse Oximetry Randomized Trial (SUPPORT), 463, 465, 468, 548, , Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, 529 Synchronized noninvasive respiratory support. See Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), synchronized. Synchrony, diaphragmatic electromyography for, Systemic inflammatory response, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 594 T Tei index, Texas Neonatal Research Group, respiratory support trial of, 474 Thiazides, for weaning from mechanical ventilation, Transient tachypnea of the newborn, pulmonary circulation in, 665 U Ultrasonography, for right ventricular evaluation, Umbilical cord clamping, timing of, pulmonary circulation effects of, 659 Ureaplasma, in chorioamnionitis, V Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, for pulmonary hypertension, 674 Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, for pulmonary hypertension, 674 Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction, 528 Ventricle(s) left, dysfunction of, pulmonary circulation effects of, right, in pulmonary hypertension. See Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular assessment in. Vermont Oxford Network Delivery Room Management (VON DRM) trial, 465, 468,

12 752 VIP Bird-R Sterling ventilator, 499 Vitamin A, bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk and, 594 Volume-limited and volume-targeted ventilation, clinical trials of, history of, indications for, 514 physiologic principles of, tidal volume accuracy in, 516 tidal volume control in, versus pressure-limited vantilation, 515 volume targeting use in, weaning from, 545 VON DRM (Vermont Oxford Network Delivery Room Management) trial, 465, 468, W Water-seal CPAP, Weaning, from mechanical ventilation, adjunctive therapies for, extubation readiness decisions, failure of, gradual reduction of support, management after, protocols for, 550 reintubation during, 552