Ambulatory Electrocardiography. Holter Monitor Electrocardiography
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1 Ambulatory Electrocardiography Holter Monitor Electrocardiography
2 Edward K. Chung Ambulatory Electrocardiography Holter Monitor Electrocardiography With 152 Electrocardiograms Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin
3 Edward K. Chung, M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.C. Professor of Medicine Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University and Director of the Heart Station Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, PA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Chung, Edward K Ambulatory electrocardiography. Includes index. 1. Arrhythmia-Diagnosis. 2. Electrocardiography. 3. Monitoring (Hospital care) 4. Ambulatory medical care. I. Title. II. Title: Holter monitor electrocardiography. [DNLM: 1. Ambulatory care. 2. Electrocardiography. 3. Monitoring, Physiologic. WG C559a] RC685.A65C '2' ISBN-13: All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13:
4 To my wife, Lisa, and my children, Linda and Christopher
5 Preface Ambulatory (Holter monitor) electrocardiography has been one of the most essential and most useful noninvasive diagnostic tools in the field of cardiovascular disea~e in the past decade. The primary indication for ambulatory (Holter monitor) electrocardiography is to document any cardiac arrhythmia, particularly when the rhythm disturbance occurs transiently or intermittently. The Holter monitor electrocardiography has an equally important role in the evaluation of various symptoms, such as dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and palpitations, which may be related to cardiac rhythm disturbances. In addition, the Holter monitor electrocardiography provides useful information for the diagnosis of transient myocardial ischemia and the evaluation of anti-arrhythmic drug therapy as well as artificial pacemaker function. The purpose of this book is to provide practical information regarding Holter monitor electrocardiography to assist the physician in diagnosing and treating cardiac patients. This book presents 100 cases that illustrate various cardiac rhythm problems. The actual case histories, with the Holter monitor electrocardiograms in the many different clinical circumstances that are frequently encountered in daily practice, are discussed. In many cases, 12-lead electrocardiograms are included with the Holter monitor ECG tracings to better understand the clinical situation. Diagrams and tables considered to be clinically pertinent are also shown. In some instances, the clinically important electrocardiographic rhythm strips obtained in our Emergency Room and Cardiac Clinic are illustrated. The exercise electrocardiograms (treadmill stress ECG testing) are included in cases in which they are clinically useful. In General Considerations, indications, the proper approach to interpretation, and technical aspects, as well as lead systems of the Holter monitor electrocardiography, are discussed. The value of Holter monitor electrocardiography is compared with that of the exercise (stress) ECG test. The Appendix summarizes the material by way of 11 tables. This book will be of particular value to all primary physicians, including family physicians, emergency room physicians, internists, cardiologists, cardiology fellows, and medical residents, as well as medical students and coronary care unit nurses. The most valuable and cheerful assistance of my personal secretary, Theresa McAnally, in the preparation of this book is sincerely appreciated. Edward K. Chung, M.D. King of Prussia, Pa.
6 Contents Abbreviations xi General Considerations 1 Introduction 3 Indications for the Use of Holter Monitor Electrocardiography 4 Value of Holter Monitor versus Exercise Electrocardiography 4 Interpretation of the Holter Monitor Electrocardiogram 5 Electrode Placement 5 The Holter Monitor Recorder 6 The Holter Monitor Scanner 6 Diary Card 7 Factors Influencing the Therapeutic Approach 7 The Therapeutic Approach to Cardiac Arrhythmias 7 Cardiac Arrhythmias Requiring Treatment 9 Malignant Ventricular Premature Contractions 10 Electrocardiographic Manifestations of the Sick Sinus Syndrome 11 Diagnostic Criteria of Bilateral Bundle Branch Block 11 Benign Ventricular Arrhythmias 12 Case Histories 13 Appendix 225 Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Diary Card 227 Indications for the Use of the Ambulatory (Holter Monitor) ECG 228 Value of the Holter Monitor ECG versus the Exercise ECG 228 Interpretations of the Ambulatory (Holter Monitor) ECG 228 Factors Influencing the Therapeutic Approach 228 The Therapeutic Approach to Cardiac Arrhythmias 228 Cardiac Arrhythmias Requiring Treatment 228 Malignant Ventricular Premature Contractions 229 Electrocardiographic Manifestations of the Sick Sinus Syndrome 229 Diagnostic Criteria of Bilateral Bundle Branch Block 229 Benign Ventricular Arrhythmias 229 Conclusion 231 Suggested Readings 235 Index 239
7 A b brevia tions AF: Atrial fibrillation LAHB: Left anterior hemiblock AP1: Atrial flutter LBBB: Left bundle branch block AMI: Anterior myocardial LPHB: Left posterior hemiblock infarction LVH: Left ventricular APCs: Atrial premature hypertrophy contractions MAT: Multifocal atrial tachycardia APIVR: Artificial MI: Myocardial infarction pacemaker-induced MVPS: Mitral valve prolapse ventricular rhythm syndrome ASMI: Anteroseptal myocardial PAT: Paroxysmal atrial infarction tachycardia AVC: Aberrant ventricular PVT: Paroxysmal ventricular conduction tachycardia BBBB: Bilateral bundle branch RBBB: Right bundle branch block block RVH: Right ventricular BFB: Bifascicular block hypertrophy BTS: Brady-tachyarrhythmia SSS: Sick sinus syndrome syndrome TFB: Trifascicular block COPD: Chronic obstructive VP: Ventricular fibrillation pulmonary disease VPCs: Ventricular premature DC shock: Direct current shock contractions DMI: Diaphragmatic myocardial VT: Ventricular tachycardia infarction WPW syndrome: W olff-parkinson-white LAH: Left atrial hypertrophy syndrome
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