Carotid-Subclavian Artery Index: New Echocardiographic Index to Detect Coarctation in Neonates and Infants
|
|
- Colleen Wilkinson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CARDIOVASCULAR Carotid-Subclavian Artery Index: New Echocardiographic Index to Detect Coarctation in Neonates and Infants Ali Dodge-Khatami, MD, PhD, Stephanie Ott, MD, Stefano Di Bernardo, MD, and Felix Berger, MD Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Congenital Cardiology, University Children s Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland, and Clinic for Congenital Heart Diseases, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany Background. In neonates and young infants (less than 3 months), coarctation may be missed or underestimated by echocardiography, especially with a patent ductus arteriosus or severe concurrent illness. A reliable noninvasive screening tool for coarctation would be useful for these patients. Methods. From 1997 to 2003, echocardiographic evaluation was performed in 63 consecutive patients with coarctation (47 neonates and 16 infants) as well as in 23 controls (16 neonates and 7 infants). End-systolic measurements were obtained from 12 different sites of the aortic arch. Results. In patients, the diameters of the ascending and descending aorta were comparable to controls, but the dimensions of the transverse arch were significantly smaller. The distances between the origins of the great vessels were longer in patients with coarctation than in controls. The ratio of the aortic arch diameter at the left subclavian artery, to the distance between the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery, which we propose as the carotid-subclavian artery index, was significantly smaller in patients with coarctation. A cut-off point at 1.5 showed a sensitivity of 97.7% and 94.7%, and a specificity of 92.3% and 100%, for neonates and young infants, respectively. The positive predictive value to have coarctation was 97.7% and 100%, for neonates and infants, respectively. Conclusions. The carotid-subclavian artery index is a simply obtainable noninvasive screening parameter, showing high sensitivity and specificity for coarctation, and may be useful in unstable patients or in those with a patent ductus arteriosus in which coarctation may be overlooked. (Ann Thorac Surg 2005;80:1652 8) 2005 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Coarctation of the aorta is a very common congenital heart malformation that occurs in approximately 5% of all congenital heart diseases [1]. It is frequently associated with other abnormalities such as tubular hypoplasia of the aortic arch (63%), left ventricular outflow obstruction (40%), bicuspid aortic valve (40%), ventricular septal defect (28%), and atrial septal defect (12%). It is defined as a narrowing of the aorta immediately distal to the origin of the subclavian artery. In most cases, a ridge protrudes into the lumen of the vessel from the posterior and lateral walls. In older children, clinical manifestations range from mild clinical symptoms such as hypertension in the upper extremity, a systolic murmur, or diminished femoral pulses, and echocardiographic diagnosis is straightforward [2]. In newborns or young infants, the presentation is often more severe, in the form of shock or severe congestive heart failure. A concomitant large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may render the Accepted for publication April 25, Address correspondence to Dr Dodge-Khatami, Division of Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery, Children s University Hospital Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland; ali.dodgekhatami@kispi.unizh.ch. diagnosis difficult, thus delaying surgical intervention until after the ductus closes [3]. In these situations, an easily measurable, yet sensitive and specific parameter would be useful, to reliably screen for and diagnose coarctation in all neonates and young infants. Importantly, the timing of diagnosis should be established before closure of a patent ductus arteriosus to avoid deterioration of cardiac function and global systemic perfusion. This study aims at finding a noninvasive echocardiography parameter to predict coarctation, independent of clinical status or other confounding factors relating to the patient. Material and Methods Approval for this study was given by our Institutional Review Board, and informed parent consent was obtained systematically. Between January 1997 and February 2003, preoperative echocardiographic studies and demographics of 63 consecutive neonates and young infants with coarctation who underwent corrective cardiac surgery at our hospital were recorded. Young infants were included until an age of 3 months. Echocardiographic investigations were performed by two cardiologists (S.D.B. and F.B.) with the 2005 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons /05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc doi: /j.athoracsur
2 Ann Thorac Surg DODGE-KHATAMI ET AL 2005;80: CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INDEX 1653 CARDIOVASCULAR Fig 1. Scheme of a normal aortic arch (left) and of coarctation of the aorta (right). The following measurements were obtained: d1 proximal ascending aorta diameter (measured at the level of the right pulmonary artery); d2 distal ascending aorta diameter (at the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk); d3 proximal transverse arch diameter (at the origin of the left carotid artery); d4 distal transverse arch diameter (at the origin of the left subclavian artery); d5 descending aorta diameter (distal to the isthmic region); d6 distance between the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk and the origin of the left carotid artery; d7 distance between the origin of the left carotid artery and the origin of the left subclavian artery; d8 distance between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the coarctation of the aorta; d9 diameter of the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk; d10 diameter of the origin of the left carotid artery; d11 diameter of the origin of the left subclavian artery; and d12 narrowest diameter of the coarctation. same ultrasonography equipment, and recorded on video for retrospective analysis. Measurements of the aortic arch were obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography at the end of systole from the suprasternal notch view, after calibrating the system using the two-dimensional centimeter scale. Morphologic parameters and distances (d1 to d12) were measured by three independent observers (S.O, S.D.B, and F.B.) as described in Figure 1, and noted separately. During the same time frame, 23 controls (16 neonates and 7 infants) were admitted to the hospital because of infectious diseases or respiratory distress syndrome, but with a structurally normal heart, and underwent the same detailed echocardiographic measurements. For this group of patients, the measurement of d8 was left out, and d12 was defined as the narrowest diameter of the isthmus of the aorta. Statistical Methods Masked interobserver variability pertaining to echocardiographic measurements was not significant. Measurements were recorded in millimeters and represent absolute values. All data are presented as mean values and standard deviations in parentheses. Windows Excel Version 97 and the Statview 5.01 statistical program were used for calculations and statistical analysis. Mean values and standard deviations of demographic and echocardiography data of both groups were compared with the unpaired Student t test. Statistical significance was defined as a p value of less than Results Of the 47 neonates and 16 infants undergoing surgical repair for coarctation, there was no surgical mortality. Two neonates with severe aortic arch hypoplasia required early redo surgery for residual coarctation (3.2%), and subsequently fared well. There was no morbidity in the infant group. The data are hereafter regrouped and presented for the 63 neonates and 23 infants. The demographic and echocardiographic data of the 63 neonates are summarized in Table 1. Associated cardiac defects in the group with coarctation (n 47) were as follows: patent ductus arteriosus in 20 patients (42%), ventricular septal defect in 20 patients (42%), bicuspid aortic valve with or without aortic valve stenosis in 20 patients (42%), and atrial septal defect or foramen ovale in 14 patients (30%). Two patients had chromosomal abnormalities, 1 with Down syndrome, and 1 with Turner syndrome. During the same period, echocardiographic measurements from 23 infants were obtained; 16 of these underwent surgery for repair of coarctation, and 7 belong to the control group. The demographic and echocardiographic data of these infants are summarized in Table 2. Associated cardiac defects in the group with coarctation were bicuspid aortic valve with or without aortic valve stenosis in 12 patients (75%), ventricular septal defect in 10 patients (63%), and patent ductus arteriosus in 3 patients (19%). None of the controls had associated cardiac defects or a PDA. Great Vessel and Aortic Arch Dimensions The diameters of the ascending and descending aorta were not significantly different in patients with coarctation, neither for neonates nor for infants, as compared with controls. The dimensions of the transverse arch were significantly smaller in the coarctation group, especially in neonates. The distances between the origins of the great vessels were larger in patients with coarctation
3 CARDIOVASCULAR 1654 DODGE-KHATAMI ET AL Ann Thorac Surg CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INDEX 2005;80: Table 1. Demographic Data and Variables in Neonates: Coarctation and Controls Neonates Coarctation Patients n 47 Controls n 16 p Value Table 2. Demographic Data and Variables in Infants: Coarctation and Controls Infants Coarctation Patients n 16 Controls n 7 p Value Demographic data Age (days) 12 (10) 16 (12) 0.15 Weight (kg) 3.0 (0.6) 3.2 (0.9) 0.37 Length (cm) 50 (7) 50 (4) 0.90 Body surface (m 2 ) 0.20 (0.02) 0.20 (0.04) 0.52 Further measurements Shortening fraction 34 (9) 36 (7) of LV (%) Gradient maximum 31 (18) at COA (mm Hg) Flow velocity 267 (80) 130 (28) maximum at COA (cm/s) Aortic dimension d1 (mm) 6.8 (1.5) 7.5 (1.3) d2 (mm) 5.6 (1.1) 7.1 (1.2) d3 (mm) 4.3 (1.0) 6.2 (1.3) d4 (mm) 3.4 (0.8) 5.9 (1.4) d5 (mm) 6.2 (1.4) 5.9 (1.1) d6 (mm) 2.8 (1.5) 1.5 (0.4) d7 (mm) 7.3 (3.0) 2.4 (0.8) d8 (mm) 3.6 (1.6) d9 (mm) 4.1 (0.9) 3.8 (1.1) d10 (mm) 2.8 (0.6) 2.4 (0.5) d11 (mm) 2.2 (1.2) 2.2 (0.4) d12 (mm) 2.1 (0.9) 5.0 (1.1) Mean values are given, followed by standard deviation in parentheses. COA coarctation; LV left ventricle. Demographic data Age (days) 75 (34) 55 (12) Weight (kg) 4.43 (1.38) 4.45 (0.64) Length (cm) 56 (6) 55 (3) Body surface (m 2 ) 0.23 (0.07) 0.24 (0.02) Further measurements Shortening fraction 34 (6) 38 (5) of LV (%) Gradient maximum 48 (26) at COA (mm Hg) Flow velocity 319 (116) 121 (12) maximum at COA (cm/s) Aortic dimension d1 (mm) 7.8 (1.1) 8.2 (2.2) d2 (mm) 6.8 (1.1) 7.4 (1.8) d3 (mm) 5.5 (1.4) 6.6 (0.8) d4 (mm) 4.5 (0.9) 6.3 (0.9) d5 (mm) 7.3 (1.9) 6.5 (0.8) d6 (mm) 3.9 (1.8) 2.0 (0.6) d7 (mm) 7.3 (2.4) 2.7 (0.8) d8 (mm) 5.6 (2.5) d9 (mm) 4.7 (1.2) 4.4 (0.5) d10 (mm) 3.3 (0.8) 2.4 (0.2) d11 (mm) 2.5 (0.5) 2.4 (0.2) d12 (mm) 2.3 (0.8) 5.6 (0.9) Mean values are given, followed by standard deviation in parentheses. COA coarctation; LV left ventricle. than in controls, both in neonates and infants: the mean distance from the brachiocephalic trunk to the carotid artery (d6) in neonate patients with coarctation was 2.8 mm, compared with 1.5 mm in controls (p ). In infants, the distance in patients with coarctation was 3.9 mm, compared with 2 mm in controls. The mean distance from the left carotid artery (LCA) to the left subclavian artery (LSA [d7]) in the neonate group with coarctation was 7.32 mm, compared with 2.37 mm in neonate controls (p ). In infants, the mean distance from the LCA to the LSA (d7) was 7.27 mm in those with coarctation, compared with 2.67 mm in controls (p ) (Fig 2). The diameters of the great vessels were larger in the coarctation group for neonates and infants; however, significant increases were found in d10 only. Upon subgroup analysis of patients with associated intracardiac shunts or a PDA, there was no significant difference in great vessel or arch dimensions, as compared with patients without associated defects. To have a comparative parameter, we calculated the ratios d1 to d7, d3 to d7, and d4 to d7. These indices were proportionally significantly smaller in coarctation patients, when compared with either control neonates or control infants (Table 3). We used these ratios, d1/d7, d3/d7, and d4/d7, to find predictive accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of coarctation for neonates, as well Table 3. Ratios of Aortic Arch Dimensions to Great Vessel Distances: Coarctation and Controls Coarctation Patients n 63 Controls n 23 p Value Neonates Index d1/d (0.83) 3.56 (1.55) Index d3/d (0.87) 3.38 (1.43) Index d4/d (0.86) 2.95 (1.24) Infants 16 7 Index d1/d (0.43) 3.17 (0.83) Index d3/d (0.43) 2.94 (0.88) Index d4/d (0.29) 2.66 (0.78) Mean values are given, followed by standard deviation in parentheses.
4 Ann Thorac Surg DODGE-KHATAMI ET AL 2005;80: CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INDEX Table 4. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Values According to Cut-Off Sensitivity % Specificity % Positive Predictive Value % Negative Predictive Value % Neonates Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d4/d Index d4/d Index d4/d Index d4/d Infants Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d1/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d3/d Index d4/d Index d4/d Index d4/d Index d4/d CARDIOVASCULAR as for infants. To facilitate the recognition of coarctation, we defined the index d4/d7 as the carotid-subclavian artery index. This ratio was significantly smaller in the coarctation group in neonates and infants, compared with their respective controls. If the cut-off point for the carotid-subclavian artery index is fixed at 1.5, there is a sensitivity of 97.7% and a specificity of 92.3% for a neonate to have coarctation, with a positive predictive value of 97.7%, and a negative predictive value of 92.3%. With a similar cut-off for the carotid-subclavian artery index in infants, our data show a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 100%. The positive predictive value is 100%, and the negative predictive value 90.9% (Table 4). Regarding neonates only, an index d4/d7 below 2 gives a very specific and sensitive result, but when infants are included, a d4/d7 index below 1.5 gives the most accurate results taking both age groups into consideration. Comment Since the early 1980s, the method of diagnosis for coarctation has changed from using clinical data, with or without preoperative catheter confirmation, to relying almost exclusively on echocardiography [4]. Echocardiography can allow noninvasive assessment of the aortic arch, identification of the narrowing at the aortic isthmus, flow measurement, and determination of the instant gradient over the coarctation [5 7]. However, a significant number of patients with coarctation are not properly diagnosed during the neonatal period [5, 6]. That may be due to patent ductus arteriosus without flow acceleration at the isthmus of the aorta, to poor image quality, or to a location further downstream in the descending aorta. Furthermore, clinical judgment may be impaired in situations with diminished contractility of the left ventricle and poor cardiac output, or other reasons such as infection or breathing artifacts [8]. Another potential problem is, that even with the use of Doppler flow assessment in the descending aorta, the anatomic severity of coarctation cannot always be assessed [2, 9 11]. Other authors have tried to find a reliable echocardiographic parameter to predict aortic coarctation in the newborn using morphologic measurements, including aortic arch diameters at different sites, calculations and comparison of diameter ratios, or measurements of distances between the great vessels of the aortic arch [12, 13]. That has to date not given satisfying results to clearly identify a coarctation in difficult situations, and too many diagnoses have gone unrecognized. The study by Morrow and coworkers [12] enforces our results, reporting significant alterations in the dimensions of arch diameters, although by invasive angiogra-
5 CARDIOVASCULAR 1656 DODGE-KHATAMI ET AL Ann Thorac Surg CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INDEX 2005;80: Fig 2. Echocardographic images of two different aortic arches with a large distance between the left carotid artery and the left subclavian artery and significant narrowing of the transverse arch. Calculation of the carotid-subclavian index is highly specific for the presence of coarctation. (AAO ascending aorta; LCA left carotid artery; LSA left subclavian artery; TAA transverse aortic arch; Tr. brach. brachiocephalic trunk.) phy. They found no differences between patients and controls concerning the descending aorta and left subclavian artery diameters, but demonstrated that the length of the transverse arch between the LCA and LSA was significantly increased in patients with coarctation [12]. Our results support his findings and add a useful and reproducible index, with the use of a noninvasive diagnostic tool. Nihoyannopoulos and associates [14] assessed the predictive accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in defining aortic arch obstruction. Using viewing of the aortic arch only, the overall sensitivity of the method was only 88%. They found twodimensional echocardiography to be more specific than sensitive for the prediction of aortic arch obstruction, noting that with a low origin of the LSA, particular attention should be paid to the visualization of the isthmus [14]. Contrary to our findings, Aluquin and coworkers [13] found the distal ascending root diameter and descending aorta to be significantly larger in patients with coarctation. Our data show that the proximal and distal diameters of the ascending aorta are smaller in patients with coarctation, and that the diameter of the descending aorta is larger in coarctation patients, either due to increased resistance before the stenosis or to poststenotic dilatation from turbulent flow. Nevertheless, our data concur with theirs regarding the transverse arch, which was notably longer in the coarctation group, as compared with controls. Excluding older invasive angiographic studies, newer noninvasive modalities to accurately assess and diagnose coarctation in the younger population exist, and are both reliable and reproducible [2, 15]. These include axial, multiplanar computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging, which are more expensive, cumbersome, and could require anesthesia and intubation in the newborn and infant population. Because of the significant decrease in diameter of the distal transverse aortic arch just before the LSA (d4) in patients with coarctation, and the significant prolongation of the distance from the origin of the LCA to the origin of the LSA (d7), we found it useful to use these two variables as part of the carotid-subclavian artery index. Therefore, we propose the carotid-subclavian artery index, where the diameter of the transverse arch at the origin of the LSA (d4), is put in ratio to the distance from the origin of the LCA to the origin of the LSA (d7), as a screening tool for coarctation. In neonates and young infants with coarctation, the carotid-subclavian artery index yields a sensitivity of 97.7% for neonates and 94.7% for infants, using a cut-off point below 1.5. The longer the distance (d7) and the smaller the diameter of the aortic arch at the origin of the LSA (d4), the smaller the carotid-subclavian artery index, and the higher the predictability of coarctation. These findings remain valid regardless of the presence or absence of an associated intracardiac shunt or PDA. Study Limitations The results of our study are to be taken into the perspective of a retrospective design and its limitations. To achieve validity, the carotid-subclavian artery index should be prospectively assessed in patients with only mild hypoplasia of the aortic arch, with or without coarctation. Also, the numbers are relatively small, reducing the power of the finding. To establish the usefulness of the carotid-subclavian artery index as a screening tool for coarctation, a prospective study with a greater population of newborns and infants is needed, both with and without coarctation. In conclusion, the carotid-subclavian artery index is a simple screening parameter, readily obtained, and standardized from two-dimensional echocardiography visualization of the aortic arch. It shows high sensitivity and specificity for coarctation in our population of newborns and infants with a cut-off point below 1.5, independently of concomitant intracardiac or extracardiac shunts. In difficult subsets of patients with a large PDA and severe concurrent illness with hemodynamic instability, measuring the carotid-subclavian artery
6 Ann Thorac Surg DODGE-KHATAMI ET AL 2005;80: CAROTID-SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY INDEX index may lead to earlier diagnosis and subsequent surgical correction, before ductal closure and diminished cardiac output with reduced systemic perfusion occurs. References 1. Jenkins NP, Ward C. Coarctation of the aorta: natural history and outcome after surgical treatment. Q J Med 1999;92: Lim DS, Ralston MA. Echocardiographic indices of Doppler flow patterns compared with MRI or angiographic measurements to detect significant coarctation of the aorta. Echocardiography 2002;19: Rothman A. Coarctation of the aorta, an update. Curr Probl Pediatr 1998;28: Grech V. Diagnostic and surgical trends, and epidemiology of coarctation of the aorta in a population-based study. Int J Cardiol 1999;68: Strattford MA, Griffiths SP, Gersony WM. Coarctation of the aorta, a study in delayed detection. Pediatrics 1982;69: Thoele DG, Master AJ, Paul MH. Recognition of the coarctation of the aorta: a continuing challenge for the primary care physician. Am J Dis Child 1987;141: Robinson PJ, Wyse RKH, Deanfield JE, et al. Continues wave doppler velocimetry as an diagnosis of critical left heart obstruction in neonates. Br Heart J 1984;52: Rinelli G, Marino B, Santoro G, et al. Pitfalls in echocardiographic-based repair of aortic coarctation. Am J Cardiol 1997;80: Stern HC, Locher D, Wallnofer K, et al. Noninvasive assessment of coarctation of the aorta: comparative measurements by two-dimensional echocardiography, magnetic resonance, and angiography. Pediatr Cardiol 1991;12: Muhler EG, Neuerburg JM, Ruben A, et al. Evaluation of aortic coarctation after surgical repair: role of magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasound. Br Heart J 1993;70: Seifert BL, DesRochers K, Ta M, et al. Accuracy of Doppler methods for estimating peak-to-peak instantaneous gradients across coarctation of the aorta: an in vitro study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12: Morrow WH, Huhta JC, Murphy DJ, et al. Quantitative morphology of the aortic arch in neonatal coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8: Aluquin VPR, Shutte D, Nihill MR, et al. Normal aortic arch growth and comparison with isolated coarctation of the aorta. Am J Cardiol 2003;91: Nihoyannopoulos P, Karas S, Sapsford RN, et al. Accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of aortic arch obstruction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10: Lee EY, Siegel MJ, Hildebolt CF, Gutierrez FR, Bhalla S, Fallah JH. MDCT evaluation of thoracic aortic anomalies in pediatric patients and young adults: comparison of axial, multiplanar, and 3D images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182: CARDIOVASCULAR INVITED COMMENTARY This article [1] describes a novel and potentially important new echocardiographic index for the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta in neonates and infants. The authors have proposed the index because of the frequent difficulty in confidently establishing the diagnosis of coarctation, particularly in the smallest and youngest patients. Three anatomic features create this difficulty: the coexistence of a large ductus arteriosus, the presence of hypoplasia of the aortic arch, and the lack of coplanarity of the aortic arch, ductus, and descending aorta. Previous investigators [2, 3] have suggested that specific dimensional thresholds for the aortic isthmus of 4.5 mm [2] or3mm[3] allow the diagnosis of coarctation. However the specificity and sensitivity of such a measure are far from perfect, and the application of either standard to very small infants will certainly lead to overdiagnosis of coarctation. The addition of Doppler assessments has variously been believed to be of limited value [4] or of significant help if combined with size criteria [3]. In present day practice, despite the several proposed diagnostic tests for coarctation, it is still quite common to allow the ductus to close under observation to allow a coarctation to declare itself if present. Such a declaration will take the form of the acute development of aortic obstruction with potential consequences of distal hypoperfusion and metabolic acidosis, renal injury, left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hypertension. In effect, the patient is forced to prove he has a disease by becoming ill. The validation of the carotid-subclavian artery index would allow the relegation of observed ductal closure to the slagheap of history where it rightly belongs. The measurements required to calculate the index are readily obtained from standard suprasternal views of the distal arch. Accurately aligned Doppler windows are not required, and there is no necessity for co-planarity of the aortic arch, ductus, and descending aorta. There is also no requirement for detecting a coarctation shelf as described by other authors [5]. Another advantage of using the index is the fact that it is a ratio, and thus it would not be confounded by extremely small patient size. However several caveats are worth mentioning in regard to the new measure, which has not yet been tested in other centers. Despite the excellent sensitivity and specificity of this index, it is important that it not be applied in isolation. There is the occasional neonate, with transverse aortic arch hypoplasia and a large patent ductus arteriosus, who does not develop coarctation of the aorta, and an aggressive strategy of surgical intervention in these patients based on an as-yet unconfirmed echocardiographic index that could result in unnecessary procedures and exposure to potential late complications, such as recurrent arch obstruction and distortion. Beyond 2005 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons /05/$30.00 Published by Elsevier Inc doi: /j.athoracsur
Debate in Management of native COA; Balloon Versus Surgery
Debate in Management of native COA; Balloon Versus Surgery Dr. Amira Esmat, El Tantawy, MD Professor of Pediatrics Consultant Pediatric Cardiac Interventionist Faculty of Medicine Cairo University 23/2/2017
More informationCardiac MRI in ACHD What We. ACHD Patients
Cardiac MRI in ACHD What We Have Learned to Apply to ACHD Patients Faris Al Mousily, MBChB, FAAC, FACC Consultant, Pediatric Cardiology, KFSH&RC/Jeddah Adjunct Faculty, Division of Pediatric Cardiology
More informationAdult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Adult Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 2 3 4 5 Anatomy and Physiology Pathology Clinical Care and Safety Measurement Techniques, Maneuvers,
More informationAORTIC COARCTATION. Synonyms: - Coarctation of the aorta
AORTIC COARCTATION Synonyms: - Coarctation of the aorta Definition: Aortic coarctation is a congenital narrowing of the aorta, usually located after the left subclavian artery, near the ductus or the ligamentum
More informationChapter 3.14 Aortic arch interruption
Chapter 3.14 Aortic arch interruption z Definition The aortic arch is described as three segments: proximal, distal and isthmus. The proximal component extends from the takeoff of the innominate artery
More informationROLE OF CONTRAST ENHANCED MR ANGIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC COARCTATION
ROLE OF CONTRAST ENHANCED MR ANGIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC COARCTATION By Adel El Badrawy, Ahmed Abdel Razek, Nermin Soliman, Hala El Marsafawy *, Sameh Amer** From Radiodiagnosis, Pediatric Cardiology* & Cardiothoracic
More informationCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD)
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE (CHD) DEFINITION It is the result of a structural or functional abnormality of the cardiovascular system at birth GENERAL FEATURES OF CHD Structural defects due to specific disturbance
More informationAdult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016
1 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: What All Echocardiographers Should Know Sharon L. Roble, MD, FACC Echo Hawaii 2016 DISCLOSURES I have no disclosures relevant to today s talk 2 Why should all echocardiographers
More informationIndex. cardiology.theclinics.com. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACHD. See Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), 503 512 across life span prevalence of, 504 506
More informationAortic arch anomalies Coarctation of the Aorta Interrupted Aortic Arch Echocardiography
Aortic arch anomalies Coarctation of the Aorta Interrupted Aortic Arch Echocardiography V.Tomek, J. Marek, J. Škovránek, J. Gilík No disclosures Kardiocentrum, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech
More informationRecent technical advances and increasing experience
Pediatric Open Heart Operations Without Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization Jean-Pierre Pfammatter, MD, Pascal A. Berdat, MD, Thierry P. Carrel, MD, and Franco P. Stocker, MD Division of Pediatric Cardiology,
More informationHow to Assess and Treat Obstructive Lesions
How to Assess and Treat Obstructive Lesions Erwin Oechslin, MD, FESC, FRCPC, Director, Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults Peter Munk Cardiac Centre University Health Network/Toronto General Hospital
More informationCase Report DOUGLAS H. KING, MD, JAMES C. HUHTA, MD, HOWARD P. GUTGESELL, MD, FACC, DAVID A. OTT, MD*
lacc Vol. 4, No.2 August 198'
More informationPediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline
Pediatric Echocardiography Examination Content Outline (Outline Summary) # Domain Subdomain Percentage 1 Anatomy and Physiology Normal Anatomy and Physiology 10% 2 Abnormal Pathology and Pathophysiology
More informationAppendix II: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS
Appendix II: ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ANALYSIS Two-Dimensional (2D) imaging was performed using the Vivid 7 Advantage cardiovascular ultrasound system (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee) with a frame rate of 400 frames
More informationAortic Coarctation: Evaluation with Computed Tomography Angiography in Pediatric Patients
Med. J. Cairo Univ., Vol. 83, No. 2, June: 63-70, 2015 www.medicaljournalofcairouniversity.net Aortic Coarctation: Evaluation with Computed Tomography Angiography in Pediatric Patients MOHAMED ZAKI, M.D.
More informationStandardising echocardiography and images. Version 2, 13/04/15
Standardising echocardiography and images 1. Review of ECHO eligibility criteria - trial entry - rescue treatment 2. Assessments - personnel - timing 3. Technical aspects of ECHO examination 1. Trial entry
More informationUncommon Doppler Echocardiographic Findings of Severe Pulmonic Insufficiency
Uncommon Doppler Echocardiographic Findings of Severe Pulmonic Insufficiency Rahul R. Jhaveri, MD, Muhamed Saric, MD, PhD, FASE, and Itzhak Kronzon, MD, FASE, New York, New York Background: Two-dimensional
More informationfound that some patients without stenotic lesions had blood velocity or pressure measurement across the
Br Heart J 1985; 53: 640-4 Increased blood velocities in the heart and great vessels of patients with congenital heart disease An assessment of their significance in the absence of valvar stenosis STANLEY
More informationQuantitative Morphology of the Aortic Arch in Neonatal Coarctation
616 JACC Vol. 8, No.3 PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY Quantitative Morphology of the Aortic Arch in Neonatal Coarctation W. ROBERT MORROW, MD, JAMES C. HUHTA, MD, FACC, DANIEL J. MURPHY, JR., MD, DAN G. McNAMARA,
More informationScreening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease Caroline K. Lee, MD Pediatric Cardiology Disclosures I have no relevant financial relationships or conflicts of interest 1 Most Common Birth Defect Most
More information9/8/2009 < 1 1,2 3,4 5,6 7,8 9,10 11,12 13,14 15,16 17,18 > 18. Tetralogy of Fallot. Complex Congenital Heart Disease.
Current Indications for Pediatric CTA S Bruce Greenberg Professor of Radiology Arkansas Children s Hospital University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences greenbergsbruce@uams.edu 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
More informationCase submission for CSI Asia-Pacific Case 2
Case submission for CSI Asia-Pacific 2018- Case 2 Title Page Case category: Coarctation and ducts, valves Title: Simultaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty with transcatheter closure of large hypertensive
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acute coronary syndrome(s), anticoagulant therapy in, 706, 707 antiplatelet therapy in, 702 ß-blockers in, 703 cardiac biomarkers in,
More informationCoarctation of the aorta: difficulties in prenatal
7 Department of Fetal Cardiology, Guy's Hospital, London G K Sharland K-Y Chan L D Allan Correspondence to: Dr G Sharland, Department of Paediatric Cardiology, 1 lth Floor, Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital,
More informationEchocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease
Chapter 44 Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease John L. Cotton and G. William Henry Multiple-plane cardiac imaging by echocardiography can noninvasively define the anatomy of the heart and the
More informationAnomalous origin of the right subclavian artery from main pulmonary artery
Anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery from main pulmonary artery Award: AOSR Best Exhibit Prize - Bronze Poster No.: R-0178 Congress: RANZCR-AOCR 2012 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: U. Chaumrattanakul,
More informationHISTORY. Question: What category of heart disease is suggested by the fact that a murmur was heard at birth?
HISTORY 23-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Decreasing exercise tolerance of several years duration. PRESENT ILLNESS: The patient is the product of an uncomplicated term pregnancy. A heart murmur was discovered
More informationCoarctation of the Aorta
Interventional Management of Coarctation of the Aorta Lee Benson MD Professor Pediatrics (Cardiology) Director, Cardiac Diagnostic & Interventional Unit The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, Canada Outline
More informationEchocardiography in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Echocardiography in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Michael Vogel Kinderherz-Praxis München CHD missed in childhood Subsequent lesions after repaired CHD Follow-up of cyanotic heart disease CHD missed in
More informationLow-dose prospective ECG-triggering dual-source CT angiography in infants and children with complex congenital heart disease: first experience
Low-dose prospective ECG-triggering dual-source CT angiography in infants and children with complex congenital heart disease: first experience Ximing Wang, M.D., Zhaoping Cheng, M.D., Dawei Wu, M.D., Lebin
More informationDiagnostic approach to heart disease
Diagnostic approach to heart disease Initial work up History Physical exam Chest radiographs ECG Special studies Echocardiography Cardiac catheterization Echocardiography principles Technique of producing
More informationDR Turner, JA Vincent, and ML Epstein. Isolated right pulmonary artery discontinuity. Images Paediatr Cardiol Jul-Sep; 2(3):
IMAGES in PAEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY Images PMCID: PMC3232486 Isolated right pulmonary artery discontinuity DR Turner, MD, * JA Vincent, ** and ML Epstein *** * Senior Fellow, Division of Cardiology, Children's
More informationHeart and Lungs. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship of pulmonary parenchyma to heart and chest wall.
Heart and Lungs Normal Sonographic Anatomy THORAX Axial and coronal sections demonstrate integrity of thorax, fetal breathing movements, and overall size and shape. LUNG Coronal section demonstrates relationship
More informationNatural history of innocent heart murmurs in newborn babies: controlled echocardiographic study
F166 Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;78:F166 F170 ORIGINAL ARTICLES Natural history of innocent heart murmurs in newborn babies: controlled echocardiographic study Romaine Arlettaz, Nicholas Archer,
More informationDaniela Toma 1*, Simina-Elena Rusu 2*, Cristina Blesneac 1,3, Marian Pop 2, Rodica Togănel 1,3 ABSTRACT CORRESPONDENCE
ORIGINAL RESEARCH CARDIOLOGY // PEDIATRICS Comparative Measurements of Aortic Diameters Using Transthoracic Echocardiography and Thoracic Computed Tomography Angiography in Neonatal Aortic Coarctation
More informationAnatomy & Physiology
1 Anatomy & Physiology Heart is divided into four chambers, two atrias & two ventricles. Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & mitral) separate the atria from ventricles. they open & close to control flow
More informationS. Bruce Greenberg, MD FNASCI and President, NASCI Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
S. Bruce Greenberg, MD FNASCI and President, NASCI Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences No financial disclosures Aorta Congenital aortic stenosis/insufficiency
More informationCongenital Heart Defects
Normal Heart Congenital Heart Defects 1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus The ductus arteriosus connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta. In utero, it allows the blood leaving the right ventricle to bypass
More informationTranscatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus using the new Amplatzer duct occluder: Initial clinical applications in children
Transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus using the new Amplatzer duct occluder: Initial clinical applications in children Basil Thanopoulos, MD, PhD, a Nikolaos Eleftherakis, MD, a Konstantinos
More informationPART II ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY LABORATORY OPERATIONS ADULT TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TESTING
PART II ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY LABORATORY OPERATIONS ADULT TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY TESTING STANDARD - Primary Instrumentation 1.1 Cardiac Ultrasound Systems SECTION 1 Instrumentation Ultrasound instruments
More informationResearch Presentation June 23, Nimish Muni Resident Internal Medicine
Research Presentation June 23, 2009 Nimish Muni Resident Internal Medicine Research Question In adult patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot, how does Echocardiography compare to MRI in evaluating
More informationAccuracy and Pitfalls of Doppler Evaluation of the Pressure Gradient in Aortic Coarctation
JACC Vol 7. No.6 June 1986: 1379-85 1379 PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY Accuracy and Pitfalls of Doppler Evaluation of the Pressure Gradient in Aortic Coarctation GERALD R. MARX, MD, FACC, HUGH D. ALLEN, MD, FACC
More informationPolicy #: 222 Latest Review Date: March 2009
Name of Policy: MRI Phase-Contrast Flow Measurement Policy #: 222 Latest Review Date: March 2009 Category: Radiology Policy Grade: Active Policy but no longer scheduled for regular literature reviews and
More informationBy Dickens ATURWANAHO & ORIBA DAN LANGOYA MAKchs, MBchB CONGENTAL HEART DISEASE
By Dickens ATURWANAHO & ORIBA DAN LANGOYA MAKchs, MBchB CONGENTAL HEART DISEASE Introduction CHDs are abnormalities of the heart or great vessels that are present at birth. Common type of heart disease
More informationLeft atrial function. Aliakbar Arvandi MD
In the clinic Left atrial function Abstract The left atrium (LA) is a left posterior cardiac chamber which is located adjacent to the esophagus. It is separated from the right atrium by the inter-atrial
More informationHypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Echocardiographic Assessment
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Echocardiographic Assessment Craig E Fleishman, MD, FACC, FASE Director, Non-invasive Cardiac Imaging The Hear Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando SCAI
More informationEgyptian Society of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (2011) 42, 297 303 Egyptian Society of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine www.elsevier.com/locate/ejrnm
More informationCoarctation of aorta in an adult-a case report
Coarctation of aorta in an adult-a case report Poster No.: P-0057 Congress: ESTI 2014 Type: Educational Poster Authors: R. Challa, R. Ahmed; Bolton/UK Keywords: Imaging sequences, CT, Thorax, Congenital
More informationCase Report International Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies (IJBCS) 2013;1(1): Elbey MA et al.
Treatment of Interrupted Aorta in Adult Patients; a Challenge Both in Surgery and Transcatheter Intervention Mehmet Ali Elbey MD 1, Ahmet Caliskan MD 2, Ferhat Isık MD 1, Faruk Ertas MD 1, Mehmet Serdar
More informationULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART
ULTRASOUND OF THE FETAL HEART Cameron A. Manbeian, MD Disclosure Statement Today s faculty: Cameron Manbeian, MD does not have any relevant financial relationships with commercial interests or affiliations
More informationHybrid Stage I Palliation / Bilateral PAB
Hybrid Stage I Palliation / Bilateral PAB Jeong-Jun Park Dept. of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan CASE 1 week old neonate with HLHS GA 38 weeks Birth weight 3.0Kg
More information5.8 Congenital Heart Disease
5.8 Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart diseases (CHD) refer to structural or functional heart diseases, which are present at birth. Some of these lesions may be discovered later. prevalence of Chd
More information가천의대길병원소아심장과최덕영 PA C IVS THE EVALUATION AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT STRATEGY
가천의대길병원소아심장과최덕영 PA C IVS THE EVALUATION AND PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT STRATEGY PA c IVS (not only pulmonary valve disease) Edwards JE. Pathologic Alteration of the right heart. In: Konstam MA, Isner M, eds.
More informationLarge veins of the thorax Brachiocephalic veins
Large veins of the thorax Brachiocephalic veins Right brachiocephalic vein: formed at the root of the neck by the union of the right subclavian & the right internal jugular veins. Left brachiocephalic
More informationHISTORY. Question: What category of heart disease is suggested by this history? CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy.
HISTORY 18-year-old man. CHIEF COMPLAINT: Heart murmur present since early infancy. PRESENT ILLNESS: Although normal at birth, a heart murmur was heard at the six week check-up and has persisted since
More informationUptofate Study Summary
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE Uptofate Study Summary Acyanotic Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent foramen ovale Patent ductus arteriosus Aortic coartation Pulmonary stenosis Cyanotic Tetralogy
More information3/14/2011 MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORNS CARDIAC INTENSIVE CARE CONFERENCE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IRVINE, CA. MARCH 7, 2011 WITH HEART DEFECTS
CONFERENCE FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS IRVINE, CA. MARCH 7, 2011 MANAGEMENT OF NEWBORNS WITH HEART DEFECTS A NTHONY C. CHANG, MD, MBA, MPH M E D I C AL D I RE C T OR, HEART I N S T I T U T E C H I LDRE N
More informationSurgical Treatment of Aortic Arch Hypoplasia
Surgical Treatment of Aortic Arch Hypoplasia In the early 1990s, 25% of patients could face mortality related to complica-tions of hypertensive disease Early operations and better surgical techniques should
More informationMagnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of a high field strength
Br Heart J 1989;62:97-101 Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of a high field strength E J BAKER, VICTORIA AYTON,* M A SMITH,* J M PARSONS, M N MAISEY,* E J LADUSANS,
More informationCoarctation of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the
Operative Risk Factors and Durability of Repair of Coarctation of the Aorta in the Neonate Walter H. Merrill, MD, Steven J. Hoff, MD, James R. Stewart, MD, Charles C. Elkins, MD, Thomas P. Graham, [r,
More informationAortic Coarctation Imaging and Management in Adults. Michael D. Hope, MD
Aortic Coarctation Imaging and Management in Adults Michael D. Hope, MD 1 Background 2 Imaging - Morphology 3 Imaging - Hemodynamics 4 Associations and Complications Campbell M. British Heart Journal 1970
More informationIntroduction. Study Design. Background. Operative Procedure-I
Risk Factors for Mortality After the Norwood Procedure Using Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery Shunt Ann Thorac Surg 2009;87:178 86 86 Addressor: R1 胡祐寧 2009/3/4 AM7:30 SICU 討論室 Introduction Hypoplastic
More informationDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, 830 Japan. Received for publication October 26, 1992
THE KURUME MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol.39, p.291-296, 1992 Jon-Invasive Evaluation of Pulmonary Arterial and Right Ventricular Pressures with Contrast Enhanced Doppler Signals of Tricuspid Regurgitation Flow Using
More informationPRACTICAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ADULT with Doppler and color-doppler flow imaging
PRACTICAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ADULT with Doppler and color-doppler flow imaging PRACTICAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ADULT with Doppler and color-doppler flow imaging by J.P.M. HAMER Thoraxcentre, Department
More informationPediatric Echocardiographic Normal values. SIEC Firenze Febbraio 2016
Pediatric Echocardiographic Normal values Massimiliano Cantinotti MD Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio and Institute of Clinical Physiology (CNR) Massa and Pisa SIEC Firenze 18-20 Febbraio 2016 Background
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FETAL HEART R. GOWDAMARAJAN MD Disclosure No Relevant Financial Relationships with Commercial Interests Fetal Echo: How to do it? Timing of Study -optimally between 22-24 weeks
More informationWhat is the Definition of Small Systemic Ventricle. Hong Ryang Kil, MD Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University
What is the Definition of Small Systemic Ventricle Hong Ryang Kil, MD Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Contents Introduction Aortic valve stenosis Aortic coarctation
More informationPattern of Congenital Heart Disease A Hospital-Based Study *Sadiq Mohammed Al-Hamash MBChB, FICMS
Pattern of Congenital Heart Disease A Hospital-Based Study *Sadiq Mohammed Al-Hamash MBChB, FICMS ABSTRACT Background: The congenital heart disease occurs in 0,8% of live births and they have a wide spectrum
More informationList of Videos. Video 1.1
Video 1.1 Video 1.2 Video 1.3 Video 1.4 Video 1.5 Video 1.6 Video 1.7 Video 1.8 The parasternal long-axis view of the left ventricle shows the left ventricular inflow and outflow tract. The left atrium
More informationViosWorks: A Paradigm Shift in Cardiac MR Imaging
Figure 1. ViosWorks image of a patient with shunted pulmonary venous return. Image courtesy of Dr. Shreyas Vasanawala, Stanford University. ViosWorks: A Paradigm Shift in Cardiac MR Imaging The value of
More informationGeneral Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2 General Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging 19 Peter G. Danias, Cardiovascular MRI: 150 Multiple-Choice Questions and Answers Humana Press 2008 20 Cardiovascular MRI: 150 Multiple-Choice Questions
More informationCardiac Emergencies in Infants. Michael Luceri, DO
Cardiac Emergencies in Infants Michael Luceri, DO October 7, 2017 I have no financial obligations or conflicts of interest to disclose. Objectives Understand the scope of congenital heart disease Recognize
More informationCase Report Computed Tomography Angiography Successfully Used to Diagnose Postoperative Systemic-Pulmonary Artery Shunt Narrowing
Case Reports in Cardiology Volume 2011, Article ID 802643, 4 pages doi:10.1155/2011/802643 Case Report Computed Tomography Angiography Successfully Used to Diagnose Postoperative Systemic-Pulmonary Artery
More informationThe management of patients born with multiple left heart
Predictors of Outcome of Biventricular Repair in Infants With Multiple Left Heart Obstructive Lesions Marcy L. Schwartz, MD; Kimberlee Gauvreau, ScD; Tal Geva, MD Background Decisions regarding surgical
More informationFetal Tetralogy of Fallot
36 Fetal Tetralogy of Fallot E.D. Bespalova, R.M. Gasanova, O.A.Pitirimova National Scientific and Practical Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow Elena D. Bespalova, MD Professor, Director Rena M,
More informationCase 47 Clinical Presentation
93 Case 47 C Clinical Presentation 45-year-old man presents with chest pain and new onset of a murmur. Echocardiography shows severe aortic insufficiency. 94 RadCases Cardiac Imaging Imaging Findings C
More informationAssessing Cardiac Anatomy With Digital Subtraction Angiography
485 JACC Vol. 5, No. I Assessing Cardiac Anatomy With Digital Subtraction Angiography DOUGLAS S., MD, FACC Cleveland, Ohio The use of intravenous digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of patients
More informationImaging Assessment of Aortic Stenosis/Aortic Regurgitation
Imaging Assessment of Aortic Stenosis/Aortic Regurgitation Craig E Fleishman, MD FACC FASE The Heart Center at Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando SCAI Fall Fellows Course 2014 Las Vegas Disclosure
More informationHybrid Procedure of Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Banding and Bilateral Ductal Stenting in an Infant With Aortic Atresia and Interrupted Aortic Arch
Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 84:1157 1162 (2014) Hybrid Procedure of Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Banding and Bilateral Ductal Stenting in an Infant With Aortic Atresia and Interrupted
More informationHow to Recognize a Suspected Cardiac Defect in the Neonate
Neonatal Nursing Education Brief: How to Recognize a Suspected Cardiac Defect in the Neonate https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthcareprofessionals/education/continuing-medical-nursing-education/neonatalnursing-education-briefs/
More informationvelocimetry to assess the severity of coarctation of the aorta by measurement of aortic flow velocities
Br Heart J 1984; 52: 278-83 Use of continuous wave Doppler ultrasound velocimetry to assess the severity of coarctation of the aorta by measurement of aortic flow velocities R K H WYSE, P J ROBINSON, J
More informationAortic stenosis (AS) is common with the aging population.
New Insights Into the Progression of Aortic Stenosis Implications for Secondary Prevention Sanjeev Palta, MD; Anita M. Pai, MD; Kanwaljit S. Gill, MD; Ramdas G. Pai, MD Background The risk factors affecting
More informationNotes by Sandra Dankwa 2009 HF- Heart Failure DS- Down Syndrome IE- Infective Endocarditis ET- Exercise Tolerance. Small VSD Symptoms -asymptomatic
Congenital Heart Disease: Notes. Condition Pathology PC Ix Rx Ventricular septal defect (VSD) L R shuntsdefect anywhere in the ventricle, usually perimembranous (next to the tricuspid valve) 30% 1)small
More informationFoetal Cardiology: How to predict perinatal problems. Prof. I.Witters Prof.M.Gewillig UZ Leuven
Foetal Cardiology: How to predict perinatal problems Prof. I.Witters Prof.M.Gewillig UZ Leuven Cardiopathies Incidence : 8-12 / 1000 births ( 1% ) Most frequent - Ventricle Septum Defect 20% - Atrium Septum
More informationDoppler-echocardiographic findings in a patient with persisting right ventricular sinusoids
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 1990 Doppler-echocardiographic findings in a patient with persisting right
More informationMultimodality Imaging of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary
1 IMAGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR ULTRASOUND 2 3 4 Multimodality Imaging of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery 5 6 7 Byung Gyu Kim, MD 1, Sung Woo Cho, MD 1, Dae Hyun Hwang, MD 2 and Jong
More informationThe application of autologous pulmonary artery in surgical correction of complicated aortic arch anomaly
Original Article The application of autologous pulmonary artery in surgical correction of complicated aortic arch anomaly Shusheng Wen, Jianzheng Cen, Jimei Chen, Gang Xu, Biaochuan He, Yun Teng, Jian
More informationIdentification of congenital cardiac malformations by echocardiography in midtrimester fetus*
Br Heart J 1981; 46: 358-62 Identification of congenital cardiac malformations by echocardiography in midtrimester fetus* LINDSEY D ALLAN, MICHAEL TYNAN, STUART CAMPBELL, ROBERT H ANDERSON From Guy's Hospital;
More informationAortic Arch Abnormalities
Aortic Arch Abnormalities IPOK Norman H Silverman MD, D Sc (Med.). FACC, FAHA. Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children s Hospital E mail: norm.silverman@stanford.edu. NHS. www.md1world.com Abnormalities
More informationCYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES. PRESENTER: DR. Myra M. Koech Pediatric cardiologist MTRH/MU
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES PRESENTER: DR. Myra M. Koech Pediatric cardiologist MTRH/MU DEFINITION Congenital heart diseases are defined as structural and functional problems of the heart that are
More informationCases in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Cases in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Sabrina Phillips, MD FACC FASE Associate Professor of Medicine The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center No Disclosures I Have Palpitations 18 Year old Man
More informationHemodynamic Assessment. Assessment of Systolic Function Doppler Hemodynamics
Hemodynamic Assessment Matt M. Umland, RDCS, FASE Aurora Medical Group Milwaukee, WI Assessment of Systolic Function Doppler Hemodynamics Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Cardiac Index Tei Index/Index of myocardial
More informationProject 1: Circulation
Project 1: Circulation This project refers to the matlab files located at: http://www.math.nyu.edu/faculty/peskin/modsimprograms/ch1/. Model of the systemic arteries. The first thing to do is adjust the
More informationPathophysiology: Left To Right Shunts
Pathophysiology: Left To Right Shunts Daphne T. Hsu, MD dh17@columbia.edu Learning Objectives Learn the relationships between pressure, blood flow, and resistance Review the transition from fetal to mature
More informationEchocardiographic Guidance During Placement of the Buttoned Double-Disk Device for Atrial Septa1 Defect Closure
Echocardiographic Guidance During Placement of the Buttoned Double-Disk Device for Atrial Septa1 Defect Closure L. LUANN MINICH, M.D., and A. REBECCA SNIDER, M.D. Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children
More informationThe production of murmurs is due to 3 main factors:
Heart murmurs The production of murmurs is due to 3 main factors: high blood flow rate through normal or abnormal orifices forward flow through a narrowed or irregular orifice into a dilated vessel or
More informationFor Personal Use. Copyright HMP 2013
12-00415 Case Report J INVASIVE CARDIOL 2013;25(4):E69-E71 A Concert in the Heart. Bilateral Melody Valve Implantation in the Branch Pulmonary Arteries Nicola Maschietto, MD, PhD and Ornella Milanesi,
More informationCongenital heart disease. By Dr Saima Ali Professor of pediatrics
Congenital heart disease By Dr Saima Ali Professor of pediatrics What is the most striking clinical finding in this child? Learning objectives By the end of this lecture, final year student should be able
More informationPATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA)
PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) It is a channel that connect the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta (isthumus part). It results from the persistence of patency of the fetal ductus arteriosus after
More information